sodium-bicarbonate and Dental-Caries

Although the prevalence of dental caries has decreased gradually in the past three decades in the Australian population, dental caries remains the primary reason for tooth loss in Australia. At the community level, total health expenditure on the treatment of dental caries (and its consequences) is substantial. Accordingly, caries prevention is an important focus at both the individual and community levels. This paper outlines the principles upon which modern caries prevention is based and stresses the importance of manipulating the oral environment (in terms of salivary parameters, ions, pH and the oral flora) as a major strategy for effective long-term caries prevention. Practical advice is provided on the correct home use of preventive agents, including chewing gums, chlorhexidine, fluorides, bicarbonate rinses and phosphopeptides.

Topics: Alkalies; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Australia; Bacteria; Cariostatic Agents; Chewing Gum; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Fluorides; General Practice, Dental; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouthwashes; Phosphopeptides; Prevalence; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of professional prophylactic methods on the DIAGNOdent 2095, DIAGNOdent 2190 and VistaProof performance in detecting occlusal caries. Assessments were performed in 110 permanent teeth at baseline and after bicarbonate jet or prophylactic paste and rinsing. Performance in terms of sensitivity improved after rinsing of the occlusal surfaces when the prophylactic paste was used. However, the sodium bicarbonate jet did not significantly influence the performance of the fluorescence-based methods. It can be concluded that different professional prophylactic methods can significantly influence the performance of fluorescence-based methods for occlusal caries detection.

Topics: Area Under Curve; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dental Prophylaxis; Dentin; Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Lasers; Photography, Dental; Rhodamines; ROC Curve; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sodium Bicarbonate; Time Factors; Tooth Crown; Toothpastes; Water

This investigation evaluated the efficacy of two bicarbonate-containing dentifrices (one with fluoride and one without) against one placebo dentifrice (containing neither fluoride nor bicarbonate) in vivo in a panel of human volunteers to determine whether or not sodium bicarbonate would affect salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Ten caries-inactive adults were divided randomly into three groups, each of which was exposed to all three dentifrices, in a crossover manner, during three 4-week test periods. Saliva samples were taken at 1-week intervals. Samples were stored on ice, and microbiological analyses were conducted. The statistical analyses showed that, over a 4-week period, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in numbers of mutans streptococci with the two bicarbonate dentifrices as compared with the placebo dentifrice. Although not statistically significant, a similar trend was observed with lactobacilli. Longer-term, large-scale studies need to be conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms of action of sodium bicarbonate on these organisms and to relate the results to possible cariostatic effects in humans.

Topics: Adult; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Fluorides; Humans; Lactobacillus; Placebos; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Streptococcus mutans

Topics: Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Sodium Bicarbonate

In this paper, the characteristics of the early stage of dental caries are discussed and the methods we used to treat the early stage of dental caries to increase the number of caries-free patients are presented. Studies from in vitro to in situ experiments and a clinical study were carried out to support clinical remineralization therapy.. To clarify the effect of time for remineralization, the degree of remineralization was assessed at 2 days, 6 days, and 10 days after 2-day demineralization in 0.01 M/L lactic acid buffer (pH 4.0 at 37 degrees ). The remineralization solution contained 3.0 mM/L Ca, 1.8 mM/L P, and 3 ppm fluoride adjusted to pH 7.0. A 10-day continuous remineralization with a 3 ppm fluoride resulted in a high fluoride concentration. To evaluate mineral loss from sound tooth structure and white spot lesions, thin sections (about 90 microm) including white spots (WS) were prepared and exposed to oral conditions for 2 weeks continuously. The mineral loss from sound tooth structure was found to be twice that from WS. In another experiment during the remineralization period, enamel samples were immersed in three different bicarbonate solutions; 0.5, 5.0 and 50 mM/L for 30 minutes, two times per day. Both the bicarbonate and fluoride applied groups showed higher improvement in acid resistance and the amount of remaining mineral was almost two times higher than the controls (p < 0.01). In a clinical study we demonstrated remineralization in patients who followed professional mechanical tooth cleaning and fluoride prophylaxis paste. Using this regime, in patients with deciduous caries present at baseline, over 80 per cent of permanent teeth were caries free at the age of 12 years. In these studies the digital camera with CasMaTCH and an image analysis system showed several advantages for monitoring in de- and remineralization.. White spot lesions, rather than intact tooth surfaces, can be mineralized through the daily clinical procedures described in this paper.

Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Activity Tests; Early Diagnosis; Fluorescence; Fluorides; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Light; Photography, Dental; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Remineralization

A new version of an air abrasion device, which expelled abrasive sodium bicarbonate powder, was fabricated to remove carious tissue. This device had a motor-driven mechanism to control the amount of powder expelled. The purpose of this study was to estimate the abrading efficacy of this device, in particular the new jet nozzle, for removal of carious dentin. Powder was supplied to the handpiece by a rotary gear attached to the powder control motor. Two types of jet nozzles, a cylinder-type and a bugle-type, were fabricated and evaluated. The duct of bugle-type nozzle had an isthmus to increase the air pressure on the powder and to spread it out in a cone-shaped flow. Results obtained showed that the bugle-type jet nozzle exhibited a more prominent abrasive capability. Compared to the cylinder-type nozzle, it was thus more effective in removing the carious dentin which remained in the undercut region of the cavities.

Topics: Air Abrasion, Dental; Dental Caries; Dentin; Equipment Design; Humans; Materials Testing; Powders; Pressure; Sodium Bicarbonate; Surface Properties; Time Factors

Topics: Dental Caries; Diet, Cariogenic; Humans; Mouthwashes; Preventive Dentistry; Sodium Bicarbonate

The effectiveness of 5 different brands of dentifrices on caries and plaque were tested in rats in 2 experiments. 10 litters of rats each were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ-176 and Actinomyces viscosus Ny1. The rats were offered the diet 2000a containing either 40% of sucrose (study I) or 10% of sucrose (study II). The following products were tested topically: (1) H2O, (negative control); (2) chlorhexidine diacetate, (positive control); (3) Parodontax NF; (4) Meridol; (5) Colgate Total; (6) Mentadent C; (7) Dent Xpress. Comparisons with the water control in study I showed that plaque extent was decreased by chlorhexidine diacetate, Dent Xpress and by Mentadent C only. All fluoride-containing dentifrices tested reduced caries. In study II, comparisons with the water control showed that plaque extent was reduced by chlorhexidine diacetate, Parodontax, Meridol, Dent Xpress and by Mentadent C. All dentifrices reduced caries, however, the incidence was low. These 2 studies confirm that fluorides incorporated in dentifrices decrease dental caries in the rat. Differences in the effectiveness of caries inhibition between the 5 dentifrices could not be explained either by the form of fluoride utilized or by the antimicrobials added. Rather, the performance of a given dentifrice depended upon the concerted action of the particular ingredients. It appears that the effect of antiplaque agents should be evaluated in the rat model using a diet containing sucrose at a low level.

Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Administration, Topical; Amines; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Diet, Cariogenic; Dietary Sucrose; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Fluorides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silicic Acid; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus sobrinus; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Water

Sugar-based Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is still the conventional treatment for diarrhoeal diseases. The WHO/UNICEF, and other groups endorse and actively promote its use for all cases of diarrhoea. Despite the deleterious effects of sugars promotion on dental health, and the incontrovertible role of sugars as the major factor responsible for the present upsurge in dental caries prevalence in the developing countries, the search for an ideal Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) has so far completely ignored any dental considerations. Of the presently available rehydration solutions, the cereal or food-based solutions offer greater advantages over the sugar based solutions. Further research efforts must be directed at non-sugar based ORT, and funding organisations should give support to researchers and research institutions working to replace sugars with cereal flours, improve food-based ORS, or develop novel approaches to ORT that are based on non-cariogenic ingredients. Policy makers, researchers and health care workers generally must always consider, in addition to other factors, the dental implications of their recommendations on ORT.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Developing Countries; Diarrhea, Infantile; Edible Grain; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Infant; Potassium Chloride; Rehydration Solutions; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sucrose; World Health Organization

The antibacterial activity of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) was assessed using three different experimental approaches. Standard minimum inhibitory concentration analyses revealed substantial inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans that was not due to ionic strength or high osmolarity. Short-term exposure assays showed significant killing of bacterial suspensions when baking soda was combined with the detergent sodium dodecylsulfate. Multiple, brief exposures of sucrose-colonized S mutans to baking soda and sodium dodecylsulfate caused statistically significant decreases in numbers of viable cells. Use of oral health care products with high concentrations of baking soda could conceivably result in decreased levels of cariogenic S mutans in saliva and plaque.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Detergents; Fluorides; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Saliva; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus mutans; Sucrose; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors

Enamel cylinders, submitted to the action of NaHCO3 solutions or kept in water, were immersed in a remineralizing solution containing radioactive calcium and phosphate. The calcium uptake was increased in NaHCO3 treated samples, but not the phosphate uptake. Less calcium adsorption was found in 72 h--NaHCO3 treated samples, than after 1 h and 24 h respectively.

Topics: Bicarbonates; Calcium; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Humans; Phosphates; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth Remineralization

Tooth sections were treated in vitro for 4 min with APF, SnF2, or received no treatment. Each treatment group then received washes of KOH, (24 h), an inorganic solution (24 h), or DDH2O (2 min) and were placed into dialyzed 15% w/v gel (pH 4.3) containing 0.15 mM hydroxyapatite, but no fluoride (less than 0.02 ppm F). Adjacent nontreated sound enamel acted as the control. Lesion microdissection, after 2 weeks exposure to the acidified gel, revealed an inverse relationship between lesion body fluoride concentration and lesion depth. The lesion depth was smallest, and the lesion body fluoride concentration was greatest in both fluoride-treated groups after a 2-min DDH2O wash, a 24-hour inorganic wash, and a 24-hour KOH wash, respectively. These data support the theory that the progress of carious lesions is related to the fluoride concentration in the lesion and that the fluoride concentration in the lesion is related to the acquired fluoride concentration in sound enamel.

Topics: Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; Bicarbonates; Calcium Chloride; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Hydroxides; Phosphates; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Fluorides; Phosphates; Rats; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth; Tooth Erosion

Topics: Alginates; Aluminum Hydroxide; Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Drug Combinations; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Silicic Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sucrose

The effects of NaHCO3-based dental powder containing NaF and sodium saccharin on dental caries and Streptococcus sobrinus recoveries in rats were studied. Weanling specific-pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel (SPFOM) rats were inoculated with S. sobrinus 6715-13WT. One of six infected groups was topically treated with either demineralized water (DW), a dental powder suspended such that there was 1 part solid per 2 parts DW, 0.073% NaF, 0.5% Na-saccharin (Nas), or a combination of NaF and Nas at the same concentrations. NaF-supplemented DW (at 10 ppm F-) was provided to the 6th group of infected rats as a positive treatment control, but this group was otherwise untreated. A seventh but uninfected group was topically treated with DW. All topical treatments were given once for one min daily per rat, for five days per week. Animals' teeth were swabbed for recovery of 6715-13WT and total recoverable flora. At 37 days after start of treatment, S. sobrinus recoveries were lower only for those rats topically treated with the dental powder (p less than 0.05) by comparison with recoveries from the infected, topical DW-treated group. Caries scores, however, were 42% lower for the groups receiving the dental powder (p less than 0.005), 30% lower for those treated with the combined NaF-Nas (p less than 0.005), and 47% lower for the NaF-supplemented drinking water group (p less than 0.005). The dental powder effects, like those for the combined NaF-Nas and NaF drinking water, were evident on both smooth and fissure tooth surfaces. Both the 10 ppm F- drinking water and the dental powder significantly (p less than 0.005) reduced fissure caries scores below the level elicited by the indigenous mutans-free flora in the DW-treated uninfected rats; however, these reduction were not significantly different from one another. Thus, the 10 ppm F- drinking water and the dental powder equally inhibited not only the S. sobrinus-attributable component of caries but probably also the component of caries attributable to the indigenous oral flora.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Powders; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Saccharin; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Streptococcus; Water

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Bicarbonates; Carbamide Peroxide; Carbonates; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Female; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Peroxides; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium Bicarbonate; Urea

Topics: Child; Dental Care; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Humans; Incidence; Podiatry; Sodium Bicarbonate

Topics: Bicarbonates; Dental Caries; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Tooth