sirolimus and Malignant-Carcinoid-Syndrome

The author aims to review the established medical treatment options of neuroendocrine tumours, which have expanded greatly in recent years and present the most important aspects to be considered in planning patients' management. Medical treatment is usually considered in advanced stages of these tumours, as well as in cases of hormone overproduction. Somatostatin analogues have been known to be effective in alleviating hormone excess syndromes, especially carcinoid syndrome for the past 25 years. There is a convincing evidence that the somatostatin analogue octreotide is useful as an antitumor agent, at least in well-differentiated small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours and probably also in those of pancreatic origin. Interferons may be also used and the indications for their use may be almost the same. Optimal patient selection is mandatory for the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Streptozotocin- and, recently, temozolomide-based chemotherapies should be considered in progressive phases of well differentiated (G1/G2) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. A cisplatin-etoposide combination is the first choice for the treatment of G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas of any origin. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus and the combined tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib were registered for the treatment of G1/G2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. The most recent drug treatment recommendations and therapeutic algorithms to improve systemic therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumours are summarized and novel drug candidates with particular potential for future management of these tumours are outlined.. A szerző áttekinti a neuroendokrin daganatoknak az utóbbi években jelentősen kibővült gyógyszeres kezelési lehetőségeit. Tárgyalja azokat a legfontosabb szempontokat, amelyeket a gyógyszeres kezelési terv kialakításakor figyelembe kell venni. Gyógyszeres kezelést rendszerint az előrehaladott stádiumú daganatoknál, valamint a hormontúltermeléssel járó esetekben alkalmaznak. A szomatosztatinanalógokkal 25 éve kezelik a hormontúltermelő daganatos, köztük a carcinoid szindrómás betegeket. Egyre több bizonyíték van arra is, hogy a szomatosztatinanalógok daganatellenes hatással is bírnak, különösen a vékonybél-eredetű, valamint feltételezhetően a pancreaskiindulású jól differenciált (G1/G2) daganatok esetében. Csaknem azonos az indikációs területe az interferonoknak. Jól meghatározható esetekben a citosztatikus kemoterápiának változatlanul helye van ezeknek a daganatoknak a kezelésében. A G1/G2 fokozatú, progresszív pancreas neuroendokrin daganatok esetében streptozotocin- és újabban temozolomidalapú kemoterápia alkalmazható. A G3 neuroendokrin carcinomákban ciszplatin-etopozid kombináció javasolt. A közelmúltban két új célzott gyógyszert, az emlős rapamycin célpont everolimust és a kombinált tirozinkináz-gátló sunitinibet törzskönyvezték a G1/G2 pancreas neuroendokrin daganatok kezelésére. A szerző összegzi a legújabb gyógyszeres kezelési ajánlásokat és algoritmusokat. Röviden bemutatja azokat a fejlesztés alatt álló molekulákat, amelyek további reményt nyújtanak a neuroendokrin daganatok kezelésében. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1556–1564.

Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Catheter Ablation; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; Embolization, Therapeutic; Everolimus; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Indoles; Liver Neoplasms; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Octreotide; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Pyrroles; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; Somatostatin; Sunitinib

Everolimus, an oral inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), has shown antitumour activity in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. We aimed to assess the combination of everolimus plus octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in patients with low-grade or intermediate-grade neuroendocrine tumours (carcinoid).. We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study comparing 10 mg per day oral everolimus with placebo, both in conjunction with 30 mg intramuscular octreotide LAR every 28 days. Randomisation was by interactive voice response systems. Participants were aged 18 years or older, with low-grade or intermediate-grade advanced (unresectable locally advanced or distant metastatic) neuroendocrine tumours, and disease progression established by radiological assessment within the past 12 months. Our primary endpoint was progression-free survival. Adjusted for two interim analyses, the prespecified boundary at final analysis was p≤0·0246. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00412061.. 429 individuals were randomly assigned to study groups; 357 participants discontinued study treatment and one was lost to follow-up. Median progression-free survival by central review was 16·4 (95% CI 13·7-21·2) months in the everolimus plus octreotide LAR group and 11·3 (8·4-14·6) months in the placebo plus octreotide LAR group (hazard ratio 0·77, 95% CI 0·59-1·00; one-sided log-rank test p=0·026). Drug-related adverse events (everolimus plus octreotide LAR vs placebo plus octreotide LAR) were mostly grade 1 or 2, and adverse events of all grades included stomatitis (62%vs 14%), rash (37%vs 12%), fatigue (31%vs 23%), and diarrhoea (27%vs 16%).. Everolimus plus octreotide LAR, compared with placebo plus octreotide LAR, improved progression-free survival in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome.. Novartis Pharmaceuticals.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Carcinoid Tumor; Delayed-Action Preparations; Disease Progression; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Everolimus; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Middle Aged; Octreotide; Sirolimus; Young Adult

Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine; Everolimus; Female; Humans; Interferon alpha-2; Interferon-alpha; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Middle Aged; Octreotide; Recombinant Proteins; Sirolimus

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Carcinoid Tumor; Everolimus; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Octreotide; Sirolimus