sepharose and Nervous-System-Diseases

Natural biomaterials are well positioned to play a significant role in the development of the next generation of biomaterials for nervous system repair. These materials are derived from naturally occurring substances and are highly diverse and versatile. They are generally biocompatible and are well tolerated in vivo, and therefore have a high potential to be successful as part of clinical repair strategies in the nervous system. Here we review recent reports on acellular tissue grafts, collagen, hyaluronan, fibrin, and agarose in their use to repair the nervous system. In addition, newly developed advanced fabrication techniques to further develop the next generation natural biomaterials-based therapeutic devices are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Collagen; Fibrin; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Nervous System Diseases; Sepharose; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Transplants

Seven different formulae and agarose isoelectrofocusing (AIF) using immunolabelling for IgG were compared for their ability to discriminate between intrathecally produced IgG and transudated IgG in cerebrospinal fluid. All reference limits were set to a specificity of 97.5% (reference group, n = 211). The probability of a positive test (p+) was evaluated for 112 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 42 with meningitis, 114 with noninflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), 23 with Guillain-Barré syndrome, and 56 with various diseases not affecting the CNS. Agarose isoelectrofocusing had the best diagnostic sensitivity (93%) for MS, combined with a low p+ (0-19%) for other diseases. Among the formulae, the IgG extended index and Reiber's hyperbolic formula were equivalent, giving high (75-79%) diagnostic sensitivity for MS combined with low p+ (4-22%) for other diseases. All other formulae, although sensitive for MS, had a higher rate of false positive results.

Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Isoelectric Focusing; Meningitis; Multiple Sclerosis; Nervous System Diseases; Polyradiculoneuropathy; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sepharose

Human cerebrospinal fluid contained both acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and they were estimated in the presence of selective inhibitors. Butyrylcholinesterase of human cerebrospinal fluid was similar to human serum butyrylcholinesterase in its electrophoretic mobility, glycoprotein nature and tyramine activation of the aryl acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.13) activity exhibited by butyrylcholinesterase. Moreover antibody raised against human serum purified butyrylcholinesterase could completely immunoprecipitate butyrylcholinesterase from human cerebrospinal fluid without affecting acetylcholinesterase. It is suggested that a useful method for the precise determination of acetylcholinesterase in human cerebrospinal fluid would be removal of butyrylcholinesterase by immunoprecipitation using antibody raised against human serum butyrylcholinesterase.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Aged; Amidohydrolases; Antibodies; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, Affinity; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme Activation; Humans; Middle Aged; Nervous System Diseases; Precipitin Tests; Procainamide; Sepharose; Serotonin; Tyramine

To detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) oligoclonal bands in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) we used a recently developed method combining agarose isoelectric focusing (IEF) and double immunofixation peroxidase staining with Avidin-Biotin amplification. We studied 65 CSF and serum paired specimens from normals, multiple sclerosis (MS), other neurological diseases (OND) and benign monoclonal gammopathies (BMG). We found that the oligoclonal IgG pattern can be demonstrated after IEF of 15 microliter of CSF specimens with an IgG concentration of 15 mg/L. In 98% of CSF from patients with clinically definite MS a sharp oligoclonal band pattern was detected. The reliability and the sensitivity of this powerful technique is compared to agarose IEF of concentrated CSF, followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. This method constitutes a real improvement in the detection of CSF IgG oligoclonal bands because it avoids CSF concentration and allows the detection of IgG bands only.

Topics: Avidin; Biotin; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulins; Isoelectric Focusing; Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance; Multiple Sclerosis; Nervous System Diseases; Oligoclonal Bands; Ovalbumin; Sepharose; Staining and Labeling

Agarose isoelectric focusing (AIEF) of concentrated CSF was compared with AIEF of unconcentrated CSF and subsequent immunofixation with radiolabeled antihuman IgG Fc Fragment antiserum and autoradiography for the demonstration of oligoclonal bands in CSF from 287 neurological patients. Oligoclonal bands were demonstrated by AIEF in 98% of 43 patients with multiple sclerosis, 72% of 18 patients with infectious CNS diseases, and 23% of 226 patients with other neurological diseases. The corresponding figures obtained with AIEF of unconcentrated CSF and radioimmunofixation were 98%, 67% and 21%, respectively. In 15 of the patients, oligoclonal bands were demonstrated in CSF and serum by both techniques. They are both useful alternatives for the demonstration of oligoclonal bands in CSF, and the method for unconcentrated CSF can be safely applied when only small CSF volumes are available. The oligoclonal IgG pattern obtained by AIEF was not influenced by concentration of CSF by ultrafiltration and subsequent dilution to the original IgG concentration, nor by storage for 6 months.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Immunologic Techniques; Iodine Radioisotopes; Isoelectric Focusing; Male; Meningitis; Meningoencephalitis; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Nervous System Diseases; Oligoclonal Bands; Polysaccharides; Preservation, Biological; Sepharose; Specimen Handling