salicylates and Virus-Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salicylates; Seizures; Valproic Acid; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Child; Humans; Infant; Intracranial Pressure; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Toxins, Biological; Virus Diseases

Topics: Age Factors; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Reye syndrome has emerged as the quintessential example of an acute metabolic encephalopathy. The clinical presentation is quite stereotyped in most instances permitting rapid, accurate diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention. Intoxications and certain inborn metabolic errors may mimic Reye syndrome. All patients with a recurrent episode should be investigated thoroughly for evidence of a metabolic disorder associated with an enzyme deficiency. Notable in this regard are inborn errors affecting organic acid, ammonia, and carbohydrate metabolism. The mitochondrial disturbance in Reye syndrome is well documented but the pathophysiologic sequence linking the antecedent viral illness to the mitochondrial injury remains obscure. Recent identification of a spontaneous Reye-like illness in mice that is associated with a coronavirus infection may provide an opportunity to investigate this initial phase of the pathophysiologic sequence. The primary cerebral insult presumably derives from insufficient substrate availability and results in massive cytotoxic cerebral edema. Treatment revolves around the continuous infusion of hypertonic glucose and intermittent infusion of hypertonic mannitol. Management is designed to attenuate or avoid the various compounding metabolic insults during this critical period when the child is metabolically crippled. In 1963, the disorder was considered to be rare and almost irreversibly fatal. Today, the disorder is recognized to be more common, and the outcome is very satisfactory in 85 to 90 per cent of the cases. The role of aspirin remains very controversial. A number of studies suggest an association between this potential mitochondrial toxin and Reye syndrome, but a causal relationship has not been established. Until better understood, it seems advisable to avoid use of aspirin in children exhibiting symptoms suggestive of Reye syndrome.

Topics: Aflatoxins; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Ferrets; Fluid Therapy; Hospitalization; Humans; Hypertonic Solutions; Infant; Liver; Male; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Mitochondria; Pentobarbital; Respiration, Artificial; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Succinylcholine; Virus Diseases

Reye's syndrome, encephalopathy and fatty change in the liver and other viscera, typically occurs suddenly in infants and children recovering from a viral illness, particularly influenza or varicella. Its rapid clinical course may suggest a drug-related insult and the differential diagnosis includes a variety of toxins. There are grounds for suspicion that exogenous substances--including aspirin--may be cofactors with recent viral illness in the syndrome's pathogenesis. For these reasons, medical examiners may be called upon to rule the diagnosis in or out, to assess the possibility of direct toxic injury, or to document presence or absence of possible cofactors. With these tasks in mind, this review summarizes the diagnostic, pathologic, and laboratory findings of Reye's syndrome and considers the roles of viral infection, heritable predispositions, and exogenous toxins in its causation. It singles out salicylate treatment for special considerations as a possible cofactor, and concludes with a suggested approach to the forensic medical investigation of possible cases of Reye's syndrome.

Topics: Aflatoxins; Ammonia; Child; Coroners and Medical Examiners; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Infant; Insecticides; Mitochondria; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Transaminases; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimetabolites; Antiviral Agents; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Flufenamic Acid; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Mefenamic Acid; Phenylbutazone; Salicylates; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication; Viruses

The therapeutic efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate was examined in a randomized double-blind fashion in 59 volunteers who were inoculated with Norwalk agent. Sixty-eight percent of the volunteers demonstrated seroconversion; 57% became ill. The severity and duration of the illness in 32 volunteers in the treatment and placebo groups were compared. Significant reduction in the severity and duration of abdominal cramps (P less than 0.01) and in the median duration of GI symptoms (P less than 0.05) was noted in the treatment group. There was no difference in the number, weight, or water content of stools, or in the rate of viral excretion between the two groups. The median duration of illness was 20 hr in the treatment group and 27 hr in the placebo group (0.1 greater than P greater than 0.05).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Bismuth; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gastroenteritis; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Parvoviridae; Random Allocation; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

A gene encoding putative ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library from the resistant hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) inoculated with avirulent tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) pathotype P0. In hot pepper plants, transcripts of the CaODC1 (C. annuum ODC1) gene started to accumulate at 24 h post-inoculation of TMV-P0 and the signal was spread systemically. The transcript level of CaODC1 was increased rapidly in a hot pepper resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) but not in a susceptible hot pepper after inoculation. These results suggest possible role(s) for CaODC1 in plant defense against a broad range of pathogens including viruses and bacteria.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Capsicum; DNA, Complementary; Genetic Vectors; Immunity, Innate; Molecular Sequence Data; Ornithine Decarboxylase; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Salicylates; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Virus Diseases; Xanthomonas campestris

Reye's syndrome is characterized by encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the liver, usually after influenza or varicella. Beginning in 1980, warnings were issued about the use of salicylates in children with those viral infections because of the risk of Reye's syndrome.. To describe the pattern of Reye's syndrome in the United States, characteristics of the patients, and risk factors for poor outcomes, we analyzed national surveillance data collected from December 1980 through November 1997. The surveillance system is based on voluntary reporting with the use of a standard case-report form.. From December 1980 through November 1997 (surveillance years 1981 through 1997), 1207 cases of Reye's syndrome were reported in patients less than 18 years of age. Among those for whom data on race and sex were available, 93 percent were white and 52 percent were girls. The number of reported cases of Reye's syndrome declined sharply after the association of Reye's syndrome with aspirin was reported. After a peak of 555 cases in children reported in 1980, there have been no more than 36 cases per year since 1987. Antecedent illnesses were reported in 93 percent of the children, and detectable blood salicylate levels in 82 percent. The overall case fatality rate was 31 percent. The case fatality rate was highest in children under five years of age (relative risk, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 2.1) and in those with a serum ammonia level above 45 microg per deciliter (26 micromol per liter) (relative risk, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 6.2).. Since 1980, when the association between Reye's syndrome and the use of aspirin during varicella or influenza-like illness was first reported, there has been a sharp decline in the number of infants and children reported to have Reye's syndrome. Because Reye's syndrome is now very rare, any infant or child suspected of having this disorder should undergo extensive investigation to rule out the treatable inborn metabolic disorders that can mimic Reye's syndrome.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Ammonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Population Surveillance; Reye Syndrome; Risk Factors; Salicylates; Seasons; Severity of Illness Index; United States; Virus Diseases

Cyclophilins (Cyp) are ubiquitous proteins with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity that catalyses rotation of X-Pro peptide bonds and facilitates the folding of proteins; these enzymes are believed to play a role in in vivo protein folding. During development of normal bean plants, Cyp transcripts are first detected three days after beginning of germination and are present in all plant tissues examined. In a general way, higher amounts of Cyp mRNAs are found in developing tissues. Cyp mRNA accumulates in alfalfa mosaic virus-infected bean leaves and after ethephon and salicylic acid treatments. In response to a localized chemical treatment Cyp mRNA accumulation is observed in the untreated parts of the plants; however these changes in mRNA levels are restricted to the aerial part of the plant. A comparative study of Cyp mRNA accumulation in bean and maize in response to various external stimuli shows striking differences in profiles between the two plants. For instance, in response to heat shock, maize Cyp mRNA significantly accumulates, whereas no remaining mRNA is observed a few hours after the beginning of the heat stress in bean. Differences in mRNA accumulation profiles are also observed upon salt stress which induces the response earlier in maize than in bean, whereas the opposite situation is observed when plants are cold-stressed. All these findings further suggest that cyclophilin might be a stress-related protein.

Topics: Alfalfa mosaic virus; Amino Acid Isomerases; Carrier Proteins; Ethylenes; Fabaceae; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Heat-Shock Proteins; Mercuric Chloride; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase; Plants, Medicinal; RNA, Messenger; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Tissue Distribution; Virus Diseases; Zea mays

Reye's syndrome is an acute disease of childhood characterized by non-inflammatory cerebral pathology associated with hepatic pathology (steatosis). When untreated, its course is very severe, with a 30 p. 100 mortality rate. The diagnosis rests on the occurrence of a suggestive clinical sequence (influenza-like syndrome followed by a latent period, then vomiting and disturbances of consciousness) and on particular laboratory findings: high serum ammonia and transaminase levels, hypoprothrombinaemia and frequent hypoglycaemia in neonates. As soon as the condition is diagnosed, massive intravenous carbohydrate therapy must be initiated. Several factors intervene in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome; the responsibility of treatment with salicylates and of hereditary enzymopathies is discussed.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

The records of 49 cases of Reye's syndrome at three pediatric hospitals in Australia are compared with 94 controls. The diagnosis of Reye's syndrome was confirmed pathologically in 42 of 49 cases (86%). Aspirin or salicylate ingestion occurred in only 4 (8%), and paracetamol (acetaminophen) ingestion in 12 (24%) (P greater than 0.05 by chi-square analysis). Of the controls, 3 (3%) had taken aspirin and 39 (41%) had taken paracetamol. Associated viruses included paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, and occasional varicella-zoster (herpesvirus). No influenza A or B viruses were recovered from any patient. This case control study of Reye's syndrome in Australia confirmed a lack of association between aspirin ingestion and the development of Reye's syndrome.

Topics: Age Factors; Australia; Case-Control Studies; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Incidence; Retrospective Studies; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Aspirin; Child; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Interactions; Fever; Humans; Kinetics; Risk; Salicylates; Seizures; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Child; Fever; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Aflatoxins; Child; Endotoxins; Humans; Hypoglycins; Plant Poisoning; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acute Disease; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Risk; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cold Temperature; Dermatitis, Atopic; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Food Hypersensitivity; Histamine Release; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Insect Bites and Stings; Light; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Salicylates; Urticaria; Virus Diseases

The ability of morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, mescaline, trypan blue, vitamin A, sodium salicylate and caffeine to alter the circulating serum level of interferon was investigated in mice. Sodium salicylate, and caffeine increased the serum level of interferon; however, the interferon increase produced by sodium salicylate was dose-dependent, i.e. low doses increased interferon titers, high doses decreased the titers. All other compounds decreased the circulating level of interferon. These results suggest that compounds of varied structure and biological activity, and possessing teratogenic potential, are capable of depressing the circulating level of interferon. Some of these "anti-interferon" compounds, i.e. morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, depressed interferon levels at all doses whereas sodium salicylate decreased the interferon level only at relatively high dose levels.

Topics: Animals; Caffeine; Hydromorphone; Interferons; Male; Mescaline; Methadone; Mice; Morphine; Salicylates; Trypan Blue; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus; Virus Diseases; Vitamin A

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid; Brain; Cortisone; Eye Abnormalities; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nose; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Binding Sites; Bird Diseases; Bronchitis; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Cysteine; Dithiothreitol; Glutathione; Hydroxymercuribenzoates; Kidney; Mercaptoethanol; Neuraminic Acids; Neuraminidase; Newcastle disease virus; Oxidation-Reduction; RNA Viruses; Salicylates; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Swine; Virus Diseases

Topics: Disease; Salicylates; Solanum lycopersicum; Tospovirus; Virus Diseases; Virus Inactivation; Viruses

Topics: Plants; Potassium; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Virus Diseases; Viruses