salicylates and Gingivitis

The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the effects of an alcohol vehicle solution (V-Sol) compared with an essential-oils mouthwash (EOMW) and if available with a water-based control (WC) on plaque, gingival inflammation parameters and extrinsic tooth staining.. The PubMed-MEDLINE, Cochrane-CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched. Where appropriate, a meta-analysis was performed, and difference of means (DIFFM) as calculated.. In total, 971 unique papers were found of which five met the eligibility criteria. The DIFFM of the meta-analysis of four 6-month studies showed that the EOMW provided significantly better plaque control (DIFFM = 0.39, P < 0.00001) and gingival inflammation reduction as measured by the Löe and Silness Index (DIFFM = 0.36, P = 0.00001) as compared to the V-Sol. Regarding extrinsic tooth staining, a small but significant difference (DIFFM = -0.08, P = 0.03) was observed.. Limited data, but with a low risk of bias, were available to assess the potential benefit of the alcohol-containing V-Sol. 'High'- and 'moderate'-quality data were available for the analysis of plaque and gingivitis, respectively. Within these limitations, EOMW appears to provide a significant oral health benefit during the 6 months of use. The data retrieved for this review suggest that the essential oils produce an effect on plaque and gingivitis that extends beyond the V-Sol. Furthermore, the V-Sol proved to be no different from a WC.

Topics: Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Phenols; Salicylates; Terpenes

The aim of this investigation through post-hoc analyses was to determine the ability to achieve gingival health in the short term with daily rinsing with an essential oil containing antimicrobial mouthrinse.. Conventional Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) on whole mouth mean plaque and gingivitis scores were originally conducted to demonstrate efficacy of adjunctive use of Cool Mint® LISTERINE® Antiseptic (EO) compared to negative control [brushing (B) or brushing/flossing (BF)] in each of 5 studies containing a 4 week evaluation. The Modified Gingival Index (MGI) was split into 2 categories: healthy (scores 0, 1) and unhealthy (≥2). Data, reflecting subjects that completed 4 weeks of treatment from 5 studies, were evaluated to determine the mean percent of healthy sites and mean percent of more inflamed "affected" areas (MGI≥3).. At baseline, the mean percent healthy gingival sites ranged from 0.1 to 3.2%. At 4 weeks, up to 29.3% and 16.1% of sites were healthy for the EO group and negative control group, respectively. Three and 6 month data from 2 of the 5 studies resulted in up to 39.6% and 62% at 3 and 6 month mean percent healthy sites per subject for EO and up to 17.2% and 15.6% at 3 and 6 months, respectively, for negative control. Virtually plaque free sites (PI=0, 1) at 4 weeks ranged up to 34.3% and 8.1% for EO and control groups, respectively.. Significantly more healthy gingival sites and virtually plaque free tooth surfaces can be achieved as early as 4 weeks with use of an essential oil antimicrobial mouthrinse. This finding continues through 6 months twice daily use as part of oral care practices compared to mechanical oral hygiene alone.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Placebos; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Salicylates; Terpenes; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

Periodontal diseases are initiated by subgingival periodontal pathogens in susceptible periodontal sites. The host immune response toward periodontal pathogens helps to sustain periodontal disease and eventual alveolar bone loss. Numerous adjunctive therapeutic strategies have evolved to manage periodontal diseases. Systemic and local antibiotics, antiseptics, and past and future host immune modulatory agents are reviewed and discussed to facilitate the dental practitioner's appreciation of this ever-growing field in clinical periodontics.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; American Dental Association; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chlorhexidine; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Plaque; Drug Approval; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Immunomodulation; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Mouthwashes; Prostaglandin Antagonists; Salicylates; Terpenes; United States

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Salicylates; Terpenes

Periodontal diseases are a group of related inflammatory disorders, initiated by dental plaque and causing destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. Although the inflammatory response is a fundamental defence mechanism against bacterial infection, its persistence over a long period of time may extensively damage the periodontal tissues: cementum, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and dentogingival tissues. These disorders, despite recent improvements in oral health are still a major cause of tooth loss in patients over 35 years of age.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Iodine; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oxides; Periodontal Diseases; Povidone; Salicylates; Terpenes; Triclosan

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Benzydamine; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

Topics: Alkaloids; Bacteremia; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Isoquinolines; Periodontal Diseases; Root Planing; Salicylates; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tin Fluorides

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

A number of mouthrinse formulations containing antimicrobials have been evaluated to determine their effectiveness as antiplaque and/or antigingivitis agents. These have included the bis-biguanides, phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds, oxygenating compounds, plant extracts, fluorides, antibiotics and antimicrobial combinations. These mouthrinses have often been tested as adjuncts to normal oral hygiene procedures as well as in the experimental gingivitis model. 2 agents in particularly, chlorhexidine gluconate and listerine, have been shown to both inhibit or reduce plaque accumulation and the severity of gingivitis. Chlorhexidine has been reported to reduce the accumulation of plaque by approximately 60% and the severity of gingivitis by 50-80% as determined by improvements in clinical indices. A 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate rinse resulted in significant reductions after both 3 and 6 months use in the numbers of total anaerobes, total aerobes, streptococci, and actinomyces recovered from supragingival plaque. Listerine has been reported to retard the development of plaque by 45 to 56% and to reduce existing plaque by 39 to 48%. Gingivitis scores were reduced as much as 59%. Microbial studies have shown that the effect of listerine is exerted against the total microbial mass and results in an overall decrease in both the biomass and the activity. Long-term use of neither mouthrinse, chlorhexidine or listerine, resulted in the emergence of opportunistic or oral pathogens. Preliminary data obtained following the use of a novel mouthrinse consisting of a combination of povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide appears promising. This combination was more effective than was more effective than either single component alone in reducing gingivitis scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine; Salicylates; Terpenes

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of an essential oils mouth rinse and dental floss on dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis in interproximal areas.. With informed consent, a parallel randomized controlled clinical trial was developed with 60 third-year dental hygiene students, randomly divided into two non-blind groups of 30 individuals each. For a period of 2 weeks, one group used an essential oils mouth rinse, according to manufacturer's instructions, and the other group flossed twice a day. Both groups received a toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste for home dental hygiene care. A baseline dental hygiene appointment consisted of tooth scaling, prophylaxis and collection of the study data, using the Lobene modified gingival index; Saxton & Ouderaa gingival bleeding index and the Quigley & Hein modified by Turesky dental plaque index.. At baseline, there was no significant difference between the groups for interproximal gingival inflammation (P = .214), gingival bleeding (P = .829) and dental plaque accumulation (P = .860). After 2 weeks of treatment, no significant differences were found between the essential oils mouth rinse and dental flossing for reduction of interproximal gingival inflammation (P = .938) and bleeding (P = .307). Essential oils mouth rinse showed to be significantly better than dental flossing in reducing interproximal dental plaque accumulation (P = .006).. The use of an essential oils mouth rinse may be advised, as a complement, for patients unable to floss effectively, as it is more effective in reducing interproximal dental plaque accumulation than dental floss.

Topics: Adult; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Toothpastes; Treatment Outcome

This randomized, single center, examiner-blind, controlled, parallel-group, 6-month clinical study compared the antiplaque/antigingivitis potential of an essential oil (EO) versus a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-containing mouthrinse. A 5% hydroalcohol solution was included as a control group.. 354 healthy volunteers (18-71 years of age) were enrolled in this clinical trial; 338 subjects completed the study. At baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-month visits, subjects received an oral examination, gingivitis (MGI), gingival bleeding (BI) and plaque assessments (PI). Following randomization, subjects received a prophylaxis and began brushing twice daily with the provided fluoride toothpaste and rinsing twice daily with 20 mL of the assigned mouthrinse for 30 seconds.. All rinses were well tolerated by the subjects, with the exception of extrinsic tooth stain complaints in 13 subjects in the CPC group between the 3- and 6-month exams. Statistically significant reductions in gingivitis, bleeding and plaque were observed for both EO and CPC at all post-baseline time-points when compared to the negative control. At 6 months MGI and PI were reduced by 42.6% and 42.0% for EO and by 17.1% and 13.9% respectively, for CPC vs. control. When compared to CPC, EO was statistically significantly superior at all post-baseline time-points. EO showed increasing reductions in MGI of 10.5%, 20.3% and 30.7% as well as reductions in PI of 12.7%, 23.7% and 32.6% at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. When analyzing the number of healthy sites (MGI scores of 0 or 1), the beneficial effect of the EO-containing mouthrinse is 45.8% greater than using a CPC-containing mouthrinse and 59.8% greater than placebo.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Placebos; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes; Tooth Discoloration; Young Adult

The objective of this randomized, examiner-blind, parallel, controlled clinical study was to compare the antiplaque/antigingivitis efficacy of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (EO) to a new 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse (CPC) using a two-week experimental gingivitis model with a 5% hydroalcohol rinse serving as the negative control.. After signing informed consents and completing baseline examinations, 185 subjects were randomized into three groups. Subjects began supervised/recorded rinsing with 20 ml of their assigned rinse for 30 seconds twice daily for two weeks, with no mechanical oral hygiene permitted. Baseline and two-week assessments were conducted as follows: Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (PI), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and the Gingival Bleeding Index (BI). Analysis of efficacy variables (i.e., mean PI, mean MGI, mean BI, and proportion of bleeding sites derived from the BI) was performed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).. Among the 182 subjects who completed the study, the EO rinse showed statistically significant reductions compared to the negative control within the range previously reported in this model; PI = 36.5% (p < 0.001) and MGI = 17.5% (p < 0.001). A 43.2% reduction in proportion of bleeding sites (p < 0.001) was demonstrated. Mean PI, MGI, and proportion of bleeding sites at two weeks were statistically significantly lower for the EO rinse compared to the CPC rinse (p < 0.001), showing 27.7%, 11.9%, and 30.0% reductions, respectively.. An EO rinse provided superior antigingivitis/antiplaque efficacy compared to a 0.075% CPC rinse in this short-term clinical trial, and demonstrated efficacy within the range shown in previous studies using this model.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Cyclohexanols; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Eucalyptol; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Menthol; Middle Aged; Monoterpenes; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes; Thymol; Young Adult

Gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition, resulting from gingival bacteria and bacterial byproducts. Antiplaque oral rinses reduce inflammation by removing or inhibiting plaque formation. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of HM-302, a mouth rinse based on natural products, on gingival inflammation.. A prospective, double-blinded, randomized parallel-group controlled trial involving 62 patients was conducted to assess efficacy and safety. During a 2-week period with no dental hygiene, subjects were randomized to receive either the study rinse (HM-302); a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) rinse; an essential oils (EO) rinse; or a water-only preparation. The gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and number of bleeding sites were measured at baseline and at the end of the study period.. Progression of gingival inflammation resulting from lack of dental hygiene was lowest in patients treated with the HM-302 rinse, and was significantly less marked than in patients treated with the water-only preparation. When compared to the CPC and EO treatments, HM-302 was the only mouth rinse that was significantlybetter than the control, with respect to both the change in absolute GI scores (p = .006) and to the percent increase in GI scores (p = .012). No serious adverse effects were noted in any of the study groups.. HM-302 is a safe and effective treatment for preventing the development of gingival inflammation in an experimental gingivitis model. Further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Centella; Cetylpyridinium; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Echinacea; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Phytotherapy; Pilot Projects; Placebos; Plant Extracts; Prospective Studies; Safety; Salicylates; Sambucus nigra; Terpenes; Treatment Outcome; Triterpenes; Young Adult

Enteromorpha linza, a green alga, has been recognized as a potential source of natural antimicrobial and antifungal compounds. We previously reported that an E. linza extract strongly inhibited the growth of Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract on gingivitis disease, as measured by the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), and on two bacterial strains (P. intermedia and P. gingivalis), in comparison with Listerine(®) (Listerine-Korea, Seoul, Korea), which was used as a positive control. In total, 55 subjects were recruited into active participation in this clinical study. The PI, GI, BOP, and bacterial strains were then evaluated over a test period of 6 weeks. After 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks, the same clinical indices were recorded, and the levels of P. intermedia and P. gingivalis were quantified via real-time polymerase chain reaction. At the end of the study, the group using the mouth rinse containing the E. linza extract evidenced significant reductions in the clinical indices (PI, GI, and BOP) and P. gingivalis compared with baseline values. Moreover, E. linza extract containing mouth rinse produced effects similar to those of Listerine. Overall, these results indicate that a mouth rinse containing E. linza extract significantly reduces plaque, improves the condition of gingival tissues, and reduces bleeding. Additionally, E. linza extract mouth rinse significantly inhibits P. gingivalis and P. intermedia. Thus, this clinical study demonstrated that the twice-daily use of an E. linza extract mouth rinse can inhibit and prevent gingivitis.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salicylates; Terpenes; Ulva; Young Adult

Assess the effectiveness of chemical-mechanical control associated with orientation and motivation for the control of dental biofilm in orthodontic patients.. Thirty patients between 12 and 21 years of age wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance were divided into three groups. The control group (G1) received orientation regarding oral hygiene. The experimental groups (G2 and G3) received orientation regarding oral hygiene and diet as well as a hygiene kit and mouthwash; the mouthwash given to G2 was a placebo and that given to G3 contained essential oils (Listerine).. In the comparison between T0 and T60, vestibular gingivitis was worse in G1 (p<0.05), with no statistically significant differences regarding lingual gingivitis and biofilm. G2 and G3 exhibited a significant improvement in clinical conditions. In the comparison between groups, G3 had undergone a significantly greater improvement than the other groups.. The use of the commercial mouthwash, together with mechanical oral hygiene, orientation, and motivation, proved to be adequate conduct for the maintenance of oral health in orthodontic patients.. The present study contributes toward the maintenance of oral health in patients who wear a fixed orthodontic appliance through the prevention of dental biofilm buildup.

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biofilms; Child; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Motivation; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Orthodontic Appliances; Patient Education as Topic; Placebos; Salicylates; Terpenes; Toothbrushing; Young Adult

This pilot study was designed to assess the effect of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse (EOM) in reducing bloodstream bacteria after chewing an apple.. From a panel of 200, we screened 62 individuals with mild-to-moderate gingivitis. Twenty-two individuals who showed a bacteraemia after chewing an apple were enrolled. Subjects were recalled, instructed to chew an apple, had blood drawn (first baseline), and were randomly assigned EOM or a control (C) treatment for 2 weeks. Subjects were recalled, given an apple, and had blood taken for bacterial counts. Following a 1-week fluoride dentifrice wash-out, subjects were recalled, given the apple challenge, had blood drawn (second baseline), assigned the alternate treatment, and recalled for testing. Differences between baseline and 2-week post-treatment (EOM versus C) in blood-borne bacteria were assessed by analysis of covariance.. Mean aerobic blood-borne bacteria decreased by 68.5% (17.7 viable counts from baseline; p<0.001), while anaerobic counts decreased by 70.7% (14.5 mean viable counts from baseline; p<0.001) for the EOM treatment. No reduction was seen for the C treatment.. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 2-week cross-over study showed that rinsing with essential oils reduced the level of bloodstream bacteria in subjects with mild-to-moderate gingivitis.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Load; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque Index; Disease Susceptibility; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Malus; Mastication; Microbial Viability; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Pilot Projects; Placebos; Salicylates; Terpenes

To evaluate the antiplaque/antigingivitis effectiveness of an essential oils containing mouthrinse as compared to a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse.. Generally healthy subjects with mild to moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis participated in a 6-month, examiner-blind, single centre, randomised, parallel-group controlled clinical trial. They were randomised into three mouthrinse groups--control (C), 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or a fixed combination of essential oils (EO). Subjects received a dental prophylaxis at baseline and rinsed twice daily in addition to their usual oral hygiene for six months. Plaque Index and Modified Gingival Index were determined at 3 and 6 months.. At 6 months, the EO group exhibited statistically significantly lower mean scores for MGI and PI than CPC (32.4% and 56.2% reductions, respectively). Compared to control, EO provided statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores (36.3% and 69.7 %, respectively). The CPC group showed statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores than the C group (5.8% and 30.7%, respectively).. This study demonstrated the superiority of an EO rinse compared to a 0.05% CPC rinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis and confirmed that the daily use of an EO containing mouthrinse can provide a clinically significant benefit in reducing plaque and gingivitis.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Prophylaxis; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes; Treatment Outcome

To test the null hypothesis that adding Listerine mouthrinse to the standard oral hygiene regimen has no added benefit for orthodontic patients in maintaining proper oral health.. Patients within their first 6 months of orthodontic treatment were assigned either to the brushing + flossing (N = 25) or brushing + flossing + Listerine (N = 25) group. Initially, all of the participants received a prophylaxis and instructions on how to brush and floss. Measurements were recorded for the bleeding, gingival, and plaque indices (BI, MGI, and PI, respectively) that provided baseline values (T1). Subsequent measurements were taken at 3 months (T2) and 6 months (T3). Mean BI, MGI, and PI at T1, T2, and T3 were compared statistically between the groups using repeated measures analysis of variance. The significance level was set at P < or = .05.. The response profiles for the BI, MGI, and PI over time were significantly different between the two groups. Patients who had Listerine in their daily oral hygiene regimen exhibited significantly lower scores for all three indices at T2 and T3 than the patients who only brushed and flossed.. The hypothesis is rejected. This study shows that use of Listerine mouthrinse can reduce the amount of plaque and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Adding Listerine to the standard oral hygiene regimen may be beneficial for orthodontic patients in maintaining proper oral health, thus reducing the likelihood that white spot lesions and gingivitis will develop.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Child; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Orthodontic Appliances; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes; Toothbrushing

The clinical effect of Listerine, a mouth rinse containing a mixture of phenolic compounds, is ascribed to its bactericidal properties. However, phenolic compounds are also known to interfere with the inflammatory process.. The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of regular mouth rinsing with Listerine on plaque and gingivitis during a 2-week period of no mechanical oral hygiene.. Twenty-one subjects were recruited for the study. On Day 0 of each 2-week experimental period, the participants were told to abstain from all mechanical plaque-control measures but to rinse twice a day with 10 ml of the assigned solution (test: Listerine, positive control:0.1% chlorhexidine (CHX), negative control: saline) for 60 s. Each experimental period was preceded by a 2-week period including oral hygiene instruction, scaling and professional mechanical tooth cleaning. Examinations included assessments of plaque and gingivitis (Days 0 and 14), sampling of plaque and collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (Days 0, 7 and 14). From the supragingival plaque samples, six different morphotypes of bacteria were counted using dark-field microscopy. The GCF collected was analysed with respect to the content of lactoferrin and albumin.. During the experimental periods, it was observed that significantly less plaque formed and less gingivitis developed when the participants rinsed with the Listerine mouthwash than with saline solution. However, significantly more plaque formed during the Listerine than during the CHX rinse period, while there was no significant difference in the development of gingival bleeding between the Listerine and the CHX rinse regimens. Significantly smaller proportions of motile rods and fusiforms were found in the List and CHX groups than in the control (Ctrl) group. The increase of the lactoferrin/albumin ratio in the List group was significantly smaller than that in the Ctrl group but significantly larger than in the CHX group.. It was suggested that the effect of Listerine on gingivitis is more pronounced than on plaque formation. This indicates that the phenolic compound may have anti-inflammatory effects.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Chlorhexidine; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Phenols; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes

To compare the safety and the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of two oral rinses.. A randomized, double-blind, parallel groups, single-center study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a high bioavailable, alcohol-free 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) rinse (Crest Pro-Health Rinse) and a positive control rinse containing essential oils (EO) and 21.6% ethyl alcohol (Cool Mint Listerine). Seventy-eight healthy adults were enrolled in a modified experimental gingivitis clinical trial. Four weeks before the baseline visit, subjects received a prophylaxis and were instructed to brush twice daily in a manner to approach optimum gingival health. At the end of the 4-week period, subjects were randomly assigned to treatment and instructed to use 20 ml of their assigned product for 30 seconds after brushing twice daily during a 21-day treatment phase. Plaque removal by brushing was prevented during the treatment phase for one mandibular quadrant (experimental gingivitis region) by means of a specially-manufactured tooth shield. Safety and efficacy measurements were obtained at baseline and at the end-of-treatment using the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), and Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (MQH). At all visits, an oral soft tissue examination was performed for each subject. The efficacy data obtained in the experimental gingivitis region were analyzed with analysis of covariance.. Seventy-five subjects completed the study and were included in the data analyses. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two treatment groups for MGI, GBI or MQH measures. Results were similar for shielded interproximal sites. Both treatments were well-tolerated.. This randomized, controlled comparative clinical trial demonstrated that rinsing twice daily with the experimental alcohol-free 0.07% CPC rinse provides antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy similar to that of the positive control EO rinse, a recognized antiplaque and antigingivitis mouthrinse that contains alcohol.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cetylpyridinium; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Safety; Salicylates; Terpenes

Mechanical methods of oral hygiene can be complemented by the use of chemotherapeutic mouthrinses. The authors sought to quantify the additional benefit provided by an essential oil-, or EO-, containing mouthrinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis in patients who brush and floss regularly.. The authors randomly assigned patients with gingivitis to one of three treatment groups: brushing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse, or BC; brushing, flossing and rinsing with a control mouthrinse, or BFC; or brushing, flossing and rinsing with an EO-containing mouthrinse, or BFEO. Patients received a dental prophylaxis at baseline, and the authors followed them for six months.. Of 246 enrolled subjects enrolled in the study, 237 subjects were evaluable at the study's conclusion. After six months, the subjects using the BFEO regimen had statistically and clinically significant lower mean Modified Gingival Index, or MGI, scores and Plaque Index, or PI, scores than did subjects in the BC group (29.9 percent and 56.3 percent, respectively; P < .001). Subjects in the BFC group had statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores than did subjects in the BC group (11.2 percent and 9.3 percent, respectively; P < .001). Subjects in the BFEO group exhibited statistically and clinically significantly lower mean scores for MGI and PI than did subjects in the BFC group (21 percent and 51.9 percent, respectively; P < .001).. This study confirms that for patients with gingivitis who brush and floss routinely, the adjunctive use of an EO-containing mouthrinse provides a clinically significant and meaningful additional benefit in reducing plaque and gingivitis.. An EO-containing mouthrinse is an effective adjunct to regular brushing and flossing. Therefore, the BFEO regimen can be beneficial for patients with gingival inflammation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chi-Square Distribution; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes; Toothbrushing

The use of dental floss has long been considered to be effective in controlling interproximal plaque and gingivitis. The authors compared this method with that of use of a mouthrinse.. Subjects with mild-to-moderate gingivitis enrolled in a long-term, six-month study. They received a dental prophylaxis and were randomized into one of the three following treatment groups: brushing and rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (the BEO group), brushing and flossing (the BF group) and brushing and rinsing with a control rinse (the B group).. A total of 326 subjects were evaluated. The BEO and BF had significantly lower (P < .001) mean interproximal Modified Gingival Index, or MGI, scores than did the B group at six months. The BEO group had lower mean interproximal Plaque Index, or PI, scores than the other two groups at both three and six months. The BF group's mean PI score was significantly lower than the B group's mean score at six months only. The magnitude of reductions for the BEO and the BF groups (vs. the B group) in MGI were 11.1 percent and 4.3 percent and for PI were 20.0 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively.. In conjunction with professional care (prophylaxis) and toothbrushing over six months, rinsing twice daily with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse was at least as good as flossing daily in reducing interproximal plaque and gingivitis. Clinical Implications. When weighing recommendations for oral hygiene home care, clinicians should consider that an essential oil-containing mouthrinse may be a useful adjunct in patients with gingival inflammation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Treatment Outcome

To compare the effectiveness of rinsing with an essential oil-containing antimicrobial mouthrinse with that of dental floss in reducing interproximal gingivitis and plaque in an unsupervised 6-month clinical trial designed in accordance with ADA Acceptance Program Guidelines.. 319 qualifying subjects, aged 18-63, were randomized into one of three groups: essential oil mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic); dental floss (Reach Dental Floss); or a negative control rinse. At baseline, subjects received a complete oral soft tissue examination and scoring of the Modified Gingival Index (MGI), modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (PI), and bleeding index (BI). Following a complete dental prophylaxis and receiving flossing or rinsing instructions, subjects started on their respective regimen. They continued on their assigned regimen unsupervised at home, in addition to toothbrushing, and were reexamined at 3 and 6 months. The treatment groups were compared with respect to baseline demographic and clinical variables. The primary efficacy variables were mean interproximal MGI and PI at 6 months. Intergroup differences at 3 and 6 months were tested using a one-way analysis of covariance model with treatment as a factor and the respective baseline value as the covariate. In addition, the essential oil mouthrinse was compared to floss for interproximal gingivitis reduction using "at least as good as" statistical criteria.. 301 subjects were considered evaluable. There were no statistically significant differences among the 3 groups at baseline, with the exception of the essential oil mouthrinse group having significantly fewer AfroAmerican subjects than the other two groups. For the interproximal MGI, the essential oil mouthrinse and flossing were both significantly more effective than the negative control (P < 0.001) at 3 and 6 months. The essential oil mouthrinse was shown to be "at least as good as" dental floss for the control of interproximal gingivitis. For the interproximal PI, the essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.001) while flossing was significantly more effective than the negative control at 3 months (P < 0.05) but not at 6 months. The essential oil mouthrinse was significantly more effective than floss (P < 0.001) at both these time periods.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: Adult; Complex Mixtures; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Silicic Acid; Terpenes; Toothpastes; Triclosan

The efficacy of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic, Pfizer) and an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice (Colgate Total, Colgate-Palmolive) has been demonstrated in numerous double-blind clinical studies. This study was conducted to determine their comparative efficacy.. Three hundred sixteen subjects with mild-to-moderate gingival inflammation and plaque received a dental prophylaxis and began their randomly assigned brushing and rinsing regimen in an unsupervised setting. Subjects brushed for one minute and rinsed with 20 milliliters for 30 seconds twice daily for six months. The three groups were L (control toothpaste/Listerine rinse), T (Colgate Total toothpaste/control rinse) and P (control toothpaste/control rinse).. Subjects in the L and T groups demonstrated statistically significantly lower (P < .001) Modified Gingival Index, or MGI; Bleeding Index, or BI; and Plaque Index, or PI, at both three and six months than subjects in the P group. The magnitude of reduction for the L group was 22.9 percent, 70 percent and 56.1 percent, respectively, and for the T group, 20.8 percent, 58 percent and 22.1 percent, respectively. Subjects in the L group were not different from subjects in the T group in regard to visual signs of gingivitis (MGI), but were more effective (P < .001) than subjects in the T group in experiencing reduced BI and PI. No product-related adverse events were reported.. Although the Listerine Antiseptic and Colgate Total antiplaque/antigingivitis products produced similar, clinically significant reductions in gingivitis (as measured by MGI and BI), Listerine, when used in conjunction with a fluoride dentifrice and usual oral hygiene, provided a greater benefit in reducing plaque.. When considering an antiplaque/antigingivitis product to recommend to patients, clinicians should consider Listerine Antiseptic, in conjunction with usual oral hygiene, if more rigorous plaque control is desired.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Chi-Square Distribution; Complex Mixtures; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Silicic Acid; Statistics as Topic; Terpenes; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Triclosan

Recent research has indicated that bacteria within a biofilm may undergo changes in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents when compared to planktonic forms. This study was conducted to determine the bactericidal effect of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse (Listerine Antiseptic) on dental plaque bacteria in situ.. 1-day-old plaque in 17 subjects was sampled at baseline from the buccal surfaces of diagonally contralateral maxillary and mandibular bicuspids and 1st molars. Subjects were then randomly assigned either an essential oil mouthrinse or a sterile saline negative control and rinsed under supervision with 20 ml for 30 s. 30 min later, plaque was sampled from the remaining contralateral posterior teeth. Subjects repeated these procedures with their respective alternate rinse after 1 week. Pooled plaque samples from each subject at each sampling period were stained with a commercially-available fluorescent stain which fluoresces live and dead bacteria green and red, respectively. The stained plaque specimens were analyzed using computerized image analysis. A separate in vitro study was conducted to determine the relationship between the % red stain per sample and bacterial viability.. Analysis of vital stained plaque specimens indicated that following rinsing with the essential oil mouthrinse, 78.7% of bacteria were dead compared to 27.9% following rinsing with the negative control (p<0.001). The in vitro findings demonstrated that the % red stain per sample is reflective of actual bacterial kill.. This study confirms the findings of previous in vitro and in vivo studies which demonstrated the essential oil mouthrinse to have significant biocidal activity against oral micro-organisms. These studies all support the primacy of a bactericidal mechanism in producing the plaque and gingivitis reductions observed in numerous clinical trials conducted on the essential oil mouthrinse.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Bicuspid; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gingivitis; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Male; Molar; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Placebos; Salicylates; Single-Blind Method; Terpenes

To determine the effect of 6 months use of an essential oil-containing (EO) antiplaque/antigingivitis fluoride dentifrice on the balance of the oral microbial flora and on the emergence of resistant microbial forms by analysis of dental plaque and saliva.. The dentifrice essential oils consisted of a fixed combination of thymol, menthol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol. An identical fluoride-containing dentifrice without the essential oils served as the control. A subgroup of 66 subjects from a clinical trial population of 321 was randomly selected for characterization of their dental plaque microflora. Saliva was also cultured to monitor for the emergence of opportunistic pathogens. Supragingival plaque and saliva were harvested at baseline, after which subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were sampled again after 3 and 6 months of product use prior to clinical examination. Plaque was characterized for microbial content by phase contrast microscopy for recognizable cellular morphotypes and by cultivation on nonselective and selective culture media. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the test agent against selected Actinomyces and Veillonella isolated bacterial species was conducted at all time points to monitor for the potential development of bacterial resistance.. There were no statistically significant differences between the microbial flora obtained from subjects using the essential oil-containing dentifrice and the vehicle control for all parameters and time periods except for the percentage of spirochetes at 6 months and for percentage of "other" microorganisms at 3 months. The EO group exhibited a lower adjusted mean for both parameters. Additionally, there was no evidence of the development of bacterial resistance to the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils or the emergence of opportunistic pathogens.

Topics: Actinomyces; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Cariostatic Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Cyclohexanols; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Eucalyptol; Eucalyptus; Female; Fluorides; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Menthol; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Middle Aged; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Salicylates; Saliva; Spirochaetales; Terpenes; Thymol; Veillonella

This double-blind parallel-design clinical study compared the efficacy of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice (Crest Plus Gum Care), baking soda and peroxide (NaF) dentifrice (Mentadent), and essential oil mouthrinse (Listerine) to a conventional NaF dentifrice (Crest) for the control of plaque, gingivitis and gingival bleeding over six months. Following an initial baseline examination and stratification, subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis and were distributed assigned test products. Following three and six months, subjects re-visited the clinic for examinations. Evaluations at baseline and at 3 and 6 months included soft tissue status. Löe-Silness gingivitis/gingival bleeding, Silness-Löe plaque and dental stain. Results subsequent to six months of product use were as follows: At six months, the stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant 17.5% reductions in gingivitis and 27.5% reductions in gingival bleeding relative to the NaF dentifrice. The combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse produced statistically significant reductions of 7.4% in gingivitis and 10.8% in plaque as compared with the NaF dentifrice. The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in both gingivitis (10.8%) and gingival bleeding (23.0%) relative to the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse. The baking soda and peroxide (NaF) dentifrice did not provide reductions in gingivitis, plaque or gingival bleeding as compared with the conventional NaF dentifrice. The stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following six months of use, and both the essential oil mouthrinse and stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis as compared with the baking soda and peroxide dentifrice following three months of use. These results support: 1) the efficacy of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice and the combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the prevention of gingivitis; 2) the superior activity of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice as compared with a combination of sodium fluoride dentifrice and essential oil mouthrinse for the control of gingivitis and gingival bleeding; and 3) the lack of efficacy for baking soda and pero

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Fluoride; Terpenes; Tin Fluorides; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Periodontal Diseases; Pilot Projects; Salicylates; Terpenes

The purpose of this controlled double-blind, parallel, randomized clinical study was to determine the effect of antiseptic mouthrinse on parameters important to dental implant maintenance. Plaque, peri-implant gingivitis, gingival bleeding, probing depth, and attachment level were assessed over a 3-month test period. Twenty healthy adult patients each of whom had at least two dental implants, a modified gingival index > 1.5, and a modified Quigley-Hein plaque index score > 1.7 were enrolled into the study. After a thorough oral prophylaxis, patients were randomly assigned to either the antiseptic mouthrinse or a 5% hydroalcohol placebo mouthrinse group and instructed to rinse twice daily for 30 seconds with 20 ml of their assigned mouthrinse as an adjunct to their usual oral hygiene procedures. The baseline examination included plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, probing depth measurement, and attachment level measurements. The plaque and gingival indices were rescored at 1, 2, and 3 months. Probing depths, attachment levels, and bleeding index were determined again at 3 months only. At the end of 3 months, the antiseptic mouthrinse group had statistically significant reductions in plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences between groups in probing depth or attachment level. The results of this clinical study indicate that twice daily use of an antiseptic mouthrinse may provide benefits in the maintenance of dental implants.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oral Hemorrhage; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes

This double-blind, controlled clinical study compared the effectiveness of 30- and 60-s listerine rinses in both inhibiting the development of, and reducing existing, supragingival plaque and gingivitis, using an experimental gingivitis model. 94 subjects completed this study. For each subject, a modified gingival index, modified Quigley-Hein plaque index and Eastman interdental bleeding index were recorded at baseline and at 2 weeks. Following the baseline examinations, subjects received half-mouth prophylaxes, and began 2 x daily supervised rinsing either with listerine for 30 or 60 s or with a control mouthrinse for 30 s as their sole oral hygiene measure. Statistical analysis (ANCOVA) showed that both the 30- and 60-s listerine rinses were significantly (p < 0.01) more effective than the control in inhibiting and reducing plaque, gingivitis and gingival bleeding. Although 60-s rinses with listerine were significantly more effective (p < 0.01) than 30-s rinses in controlling plaque, the 2 rinse durations were similarly effective in controlling interdental bleeding and gingivitis. This study confirms the recommendation of 2x daily rinsing with listerine for 30 s as an effective regimen for gingivitis control.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Time Factors

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 mouthrinses, Listerine Antiseptic (thymol), Peridex (chlorhexidine), Perimed (povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide), and a placebo (water) on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis, when used as the only oral hygiene procedure for 14 days. 71 subjects were entered into a randomized, double-blind study. At the baseline examination, papillary bleeding score (PBS), and plaque index (PI) were registered, after which subjects received supragingival prophylaxis and were assigned to 1 of 4 study cells. Subjects were asked to refrain from all oral hygiene procedures except for the supervised 14-day 2 x daily rinsing with the assigned preparation. At day 14, the same clinical parameters were again registered. Statistical analysis was performed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the 4 groups, followed by Duncan's multiple range test to determine specific group differences. At baseline, average PBS and PI scores were similar for all 4 groups. After 14 days, the average PBS for Peridex and Perimed was significantly lower than for Listerine Antiseptic and water. The frequency of interdental units with a PBS greater than 2 was significantly lower for Peridex and Perimed than for Listerine Antiseptic and water. We concluded that both Peridex and Perimed were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis when used as a 2 x daily mouthrinse by subjects refraining from other oral hygiene procedures. In vitro, a synergistic effect was assumed when inhibition was achieved with Perimed at the same or greater dilution than was achieved with povidone-iodine alone.

Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Adolescent; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteroides; Capnocytophaga; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodine; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Placebos; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Povidone; Salicylates; Terpenes; Water

The anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis and anti-microbial efficacies of a phenolic compound (Listerine) and 2 different amine/stannous fluoride mouthwashes (Meridol I, II) were compared when these solutions were used in addition to usual tooth cleaning. A placebo preparation was utilized as a negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as a positive control in this double-blind study. After professional tooth cleaning, 49 volunteers continued their habitual, self-performed and non-supervised oral hygiene for a period of 2 weeks, in order to have a more standard baseline. At day 0, they began to rinse twice daily with 1 of the 5 mouthwashes. After 3 weeks of rinsing, plaque indices remained the lowest in the chlorhexidine and the Meridol I groups, while subjects using Listerine or Meridol II demonstrated similar indices significantly lower than that of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. Through this period, the gingival index scores were similar in the Meridol, Listerine and chlorhexidine groups. At day 21, the mean GI scores in the chlorhexidine group were significantly lower than the scores in the placebo group. The plaque vitality scores showed a bacterial effect in vivo of chlorhexidine and, to a lesser extent, of the Meridol solutions. No substantial evidence of an antibacterial effect in vivo was found for Listerine. This study has demonstrated that when mouthrinses are used to supplement habitual mechanical oral hygiene, chlorhexidine remains the most powerful solution. Furthermore, it was also shown that a combination of habitual self-performed and non-supervised oral hygiene with Meridol or Listerine is more beneficial for plaque control than the use of mechanical oral hygiene alone.

Topics: Adult; Amines; Bacteria; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Placebos; Quinine; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tin; Tin Fluorides; Toothbrushing

A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was completed with 124 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of 2 mouthrinses, Listerine (LA) and Peridex (PX), used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures in reducing supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Following screening examinations for entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque, baseline gingival and plaque area indices, extrinsic tooth stain, supragingival calculus, bleeding and soft tissue condition were recorded. All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis to remove plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and performed supervised rinses twice daily for 30 s in addition to their normal oral hygiene, for 6 months. All indices were again evaluated at 3 and 6 months. After 6 months, LA and PX significantly (p less than 0.001) inhibited development of plaque by 36.1% and 50.3%, respectively, and the development of gingivitis by 35.9% and 30.5%, respectively, compared to a hydroalcohol control. PX was more effective in inhibiting plaque and both mouthrinses appeared to be equally effective in inhibiting gingivitis. LA patients did not develop significant levels of stain or supragingival calculus at 6 months, compared to baseline or control. PX patients developed significant levels of extrinsic stain and supragingival calculus compared to baseline and control. Though PX was more effective than LA in the control of plaque, this study indicates that both LA and PX were effective agents in a regimen for the control of plaque and gingivitis.

Topics: Adult; Chlorhexidine; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tooth Discoloration

The experimental gingivitis model was used to compare the anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis and anti-microbial efficacies of a phenolic compound (Listerine) and an amine/stannous fluoride mouthwash (Meridol), using a placebo preparation as negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as positive control in a double-blind study. After professional toothcleaning, 36 volunteers performed optimal oral hygiene for a period of 2 weeks. They then ceased all oral hygiene procedures for 21 days during which they rinsed twice daily with 1 of the 4 mouthrinses. After 3 weeks of rinsing, plaque indices remained the lowest in the chlorhexidine group, while subjects using Listerine or Meridol harbored similar indices significantly lower than that of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. Up to that time, the gingival index scores were equal in all groups except for the chlorhexidine group in which the values only amounted to half of these encountered in the other groups. The plaque vitality scores showed a bactericidal effect in vivo of chlorhexidine during the entire time of experimental gingivitis. In contrast, the data gave no evidence of an antibacterial effect in vivo of Listerine. The efficacy of Meridol to kill micro-organisms was similar to chlorhexidine during the early stages of plaque accumulation and, with time, became insignificant. This study has demonstrated that chlorhexidine was superior to Listerine and Meridol in its ability to maintain low plaque scores and gingival health during this 3-week period of no mechanical oral hygiene. Moreover, it was also shown that Meridol was as effective as Listerine in reducing plaque accumulation and, in contrast to Listerine, possessed a remarkable but transient antibacterial effect in vivo.

Topics: Adult; Amines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Mouthwashes; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tin Fluorides

Sixty-six adults were examined in a double-bind study which examined the effect of an antimicrobial agent delivered by an oral irrigating device. Each subject received a randomized half mouth dental prophylaxis. The Gingival Index, gingival crevicular fluid volume, Plaque Index, Modified Papillary Bleeding Index, probing pocket depth, and probing attachment levels were determined at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks. The composition of the subgingival microflora in the prophied and non-prophied quadrants was examined by phase contrast microscopy and by immunofluorescence. This study demonstrates that an antimicrobial product delivered by an oral irrigating device could result in significant reductions in plaque, bacterial cell counts, and gingival bleeding and may, therefore, be an effective adjunct to normal oral hygiene.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Dental Prophylaxis; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Pilot Projects; Salicylates; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation

Chemotherapeutic mouthrinses are useful adjuncts to normal oral hygiene and regular professional care for patients whose mechanical plaque removal is less than optimal. Recognizing this, the American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics published guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of products for the control of gingivitis. Four 6-month or longer controlled clinical trials have shown Listerine to be significantly effective in helping prevent the development of both supragingival plaque and gingivitis. Two microbiology studies have demonstrated that no resistant microorganisms, opportunistic microorganisms, or presumptive oral pathogens emerge as a result of long-term, daily Listerine use. Listerine is the first nonprescription mouthrinse to receive the Council on Dental Therapeutics Seal of Acceptance as safe and effective in helping to prevent and reduce supragingival plaque accumulation and gingivitis when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular professional care.

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was conducted on 107 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of a mouthrinse used as a supplement to regular oral hygiene measures on supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. 115 healthy adult patients were recruited for the study. Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque in patients with a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth, extrinsic tooth stain, gingivitis and plaque index scores were recorded. Soft tissues were evaluated. All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis, removing plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Utilizing their normal oral hygiene, subjects began a regimen of rinsing with 20 ml of the randomly assigned rinse, twice daily for 30 s for 6 months. 7 days after prophylaxis, gingivitis was again scored (baseline 2). Soft tissue, gingivitis, plaque area and extrinsic stain were evaluated again at 3 and 6 months. Results demonstrated that after 6 months, listerine produced a 34% inhibition of both plaque and of gingivitis compared to a hydroalcohol control (p less than 0.001).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Aged; Choline; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Salicylates

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anthraquinones; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Plants, Medicinal; Rheum; Salicylates

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Choline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Gels; Gingivitis; Humans; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Solutions; Stomatitis

In the 19th century, the mouthwash Listerine® was formulated from four essential oils. Later, the oils were replaced by their marker substances. To keep them in solution, 24-27% ethanol was added as a vehicle. This is an update of our previous review on the efficacy and safety of Listerine®.. PubMed was searched for clinical studies on the therapeutic benefits and safety of Listerine® from the end of 2011 to the end of October 2015.. Sixteen studies were found and extracted. Three of the four 6-month studies were of sound confirmatory design. Two of these investigated Listerine® and one Listerine Zero®. The evidence of effectiveness for Listerine®, based on the bulk of three confirmatory studies and numerous exploratory studies carried out so far, is strong, but only moderate for Listerine® Zero and poor for Listerine® Cool Blue. In the three safety studies identified, we found methodological flaws that biased the results.. Evidence is accumulating that Listerine® is effective in improving oral health, but the absence of systematic toxicological studies means that an accurate safety assessment cannot be made.

Topics: Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Oral Health; Salicylates; Terpenes

The mouthwash, Listerine®, was compounded in 1879 from four essential oils. Later, the oils were replaced by one ingredient per oil with approximately 25% ethanol as a vehicle to keep them in solution. From then on, Listerine® was no longer a medicinal plant product. In 2003, a review by the FDA Subcommittee on Oral Health Care Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use concluded that the product is effective and safe, and a review of studies published in the meantime showed that Listerine® fulfils the consensus criteria for an effective antigingivitis/antiplaque product. However, concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of some of the ingredients, particularly the ethanol content, and in the light of these concerns, the evidence has been re-examined for both the efficacy and safety of Listerine®. In summary, the studies support the claim that Listerine® shows benefit for oral health, but the concerns over its safety remain to be clarified. Until these have been addressed, high risk populations (children, alcohol addicts, patients with genetic deficiencies in ethanol metabolism) should use alcohol-free mouthwashes for the maintenance of oral health.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Consumer Product Safety; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Salicylates; Terpenes; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration

The study was conducted to determine the bactericidal activity of a stabilized chlorine dioxide oral rinse (ClōSYS Oral Rinse) compared to products currently available on the market.. Oral bacteria associated with gingivitis and periodontitis were exposed to rinses for one minute and five minutes. The numbers of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were measured prior to and following exposure to determine the bactericidal activity.. As expected, Listerine and Crest Pro-Health demonstrated complete kill on all bacteria exposed within one minute. Breath Rx exhibited the weakest levels of bactericidal effects overall. ClōSYS and chlorhexidine rinses proved identical 100% kills against the periodontal pathogens at five minutes; in some cases, ClōSYS oral rinse achieved a higher kill at the one-minute mark over the chlorhexidine rinse.. The results demonstrated that ClōSYS Oral Rinse has potential for providing a therapeutic benefit, making it an attractive option to induce compliance in patients concerned about taste and tooth discoloration during oral health therapy.

Topics: Actinomyces; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Load; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine Compounds; Drug Combinations; Enterococcus faecalis; Gingivitis; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Materials Testing; Mouthwashes; Oxides; Peptostreptococcus; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella nigrescens; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salicylates; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus oralis; Terpenes; Time Factors

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Halitosis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

To assess the ability of a new formulation (Listerine with 0.022% NaF) to remineralize initially decalcified bovine enamel compared to a positive control, clinically established 0.022% NaF rinse.. A cyclic demineralization/remineralization in vitro model was utilized and the level of remineralization was monitored by examining the Knoop microhardness over 6 and 18 D/T/R cycles. (1) both the test formulation and positive control rinses were statistically significantly effective in remineralizing artificial lesions in vitro; and (2) the test formulation performed "at least as good as" the positive control. These results support the concept that the remineralization potential of the fluoride rinse is not adversely affected by the addition of essential oils.

Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Cattle; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Hardness; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Fluoride; Terpenes; Tooth Remineralization

Most adults brush and floss inadequately, and constant education and/or reinforcement is often required. Bacteria are usually left behind with mechanical oral health routines, and chemotherapeutic agents may have a key role as adjuncts to daily home-care. To date, two antiseptic mouthwashes have received the ADA Seal of Acceptance: Peridex (Zila Pharmaceuticals, Phoenix, AZ, USA; CHX, chlorhexidine) and Listerine (Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, Morris Plains, NJ, USA; essential oil (EO) mouthwash). CHX has a strong affinity for tooth and tissue surfaces, but can cause brown staining on the teeth and tongue. Patients must also wait until all traces of toothpaste are removed before rinsing with CHX. Long-term use of an EO mouthwash is microbiologically safe, with no changes observed in the bacterial composition of supragingival plaque, and no evidence of antimicrobial resistance. A number of trials have demonstrated the long-term plaque- and gingivitis-reducing properties of both CHX and EO mouthwashes. These studies clearly demonstrate that these agents have lasting efficacy, and can access hard-to-reach areas.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Chlorhexidine; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Salicylates; Terpenes; Toothbrushing

To evaluate the efficacy of a fluoride dentifrice containing a fixed combination of essential oils (Thymol, Menthol, Eucalyptol, and Methyl Salicylate) in preventing caries in Sprague Dawley rats.. The dentifrice contains 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) as the fluoride source and a silica abrasive system. A fluoride-free placebo and a clinically proven USP dentifrice reference standard for SMFP/silica were included as controls. Three groups of 45 SDV-free Sprague Dawley weanlings were infected by a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus sobrinus and fed cariogenic diet NIH 2000 ad libitum. Animals were treated twice daily (once on weekends) with the assigned dentifrice using a cotton-tipped applicator, for 5 wks, after which they were terminated and caries scored using Larson's modification of the Keyes method.. Analyses of variance were used to compare inter-group means, the total E lesion score was the primary efficacy variable. Compared with the fluoride-free vehicle control, the experimental dentifrice and USP reference standard dentifrice produced a statistically significant reductions of 18.3% and 12.2% respectively for total caries score (P<0.001). Compared with the clinically tested USP positive control dentifrice, the experimental dentifrice produced a statistically significant reduction in the total caries score of 6.9% (P=0.028). The results of this study show that 1) both the new dentifrice containing essential oils and USP dentifrice are statistically significantly effective in reducing caries in the rat model, 2) the anticaries activity of the SMFP dentifrice is not adversely affected with the addition of essential oils.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Cyclohexanols; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentifrices; Diet, Cariogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Eucalyptol; Eucalyptus; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Menthol; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Pharmaceutical Vehicles; Phosphates; Placebos; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Salicylates; Silicon Dioxide; Single-Blind Method; Streptococcus sobrinus; Terpenes; Thymol

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HCl and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycycline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HCl, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.

Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antioxidants; Benzophenanthridines; Brain; Cattle; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Malondialdehyde; Membranes; Mouthwashes; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tetracycline

Today's dental professional must advise patients as to the antimicrobial mouthrinse appropriate for their periodontal condition. Considerations such as chemical nature, mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of mouthrinses are important to the clinician. Taste and cost are equally important considerations to the patient. No ideal antimicrobial mouthrinse exists; yet, chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex), Listerine, and two of its generic equivalents have the American Dental Association's Seal of Acceptance. An expanded role of antimicrobial mouthrinses that holds promise is that of preprocedural rinsing. This protocol can decrease the number of microorganisms aerosolized during numerous dental procedures.

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Infective Agents; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dentists; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Occupational Exposure; Premedication; Salicylates; Terpenes

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse and an essential oil mouthrinse on plaque accumulation and gingivitis in mentally handicapped adults over a one-year period. Twenty-seven institutionalized mentally handicapped adults participated. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and probing depths (PD) were recorded and an ultrasonic scaling was performed (Baseline 1). GI, PI, and PD were again recorded after 2 weeks (Baseline 2). Patients were then assigned to either the chlorhexidine or essential oil mouthrinse group. The patients rinsed twice daily under supervision with their assigned mouthrinse while maintaining their attempts at daily brushing. GI and PI were recorded at monthly intervals for 12 months, while the PD was recorded only at Baseline 1 and 2 and at 12 months. A paired t-test was used to compare differences between the parameters at Baseline 1 and Baseline 2. A 2-factor repeated measure ANOVA was performed on each parameter after the Baseline 2 evaluation. A statistically significant decrease in the probing depth occurred as a result of ultrasonic scaling; however, no significant changes in the PI or GI occurred. Both mouthrinses produced a significant improvement in the GI after one month. Despite the improvement, the GI was still indicative of disease. Over the 12 months no further significant improvement in the GI occurred. A statistically significant improvement in the PI occurred in the chlorhexidine group at month 1, but returned to Baseline 2 levels over the 12 months. No improvement in the PI occurred in the essential oil group. The probing depths remained the same over the 12 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adult; Chlorhexidine; Dental Care for Disabled; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Scaling; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingival Pocket; Gingivitis; Humans; Institutionalization; Intellectual Disability; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Salicylates; Terpenes; Ultrasonic Therapy

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: American Dental Association; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes; United States

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Child; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Imidazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Periapical Abscess; Salicylates; Tooth Extraction

Topics: Gingivitis; Humans; Infant; Male; Ointments; Salicylates; Tooth Eruption

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dry Socket; Gingivitis; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Samarium; Stomatitis; Sulfuric Acids

Topics: Choline; Dry Socket; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Ointments; Pain; Pericoronitis; Salicylates; Stomatitis

Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antipyretics; Dentistry; Drug Therapy; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation; Mouth Diseases; Pain; Salicylates; Stomatitis