salicylates and Fever

Poisoning with salicylic acid and its derivatives is a quite common event, leading to possibly life-threatening complications. A case of fatal intoxication of a sixty-year old patient with acetylsalicylic acid is described and the therapeutic options are discussed. In acute poisoning it is mandatory to initiate simple and effective measures first. This gives time for discussing and planning the more laborious procedures. The initial treatment of salicylate poisoning is based on the prevention of further absorption by a sufficiently large quantity of orally administered activated charcoal (approximately 1 g/kg b.w.). Given repeatedly, activated charcoal may enhance non-renal clearance of salicylates. Intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate counteracts the metabolic acidosis. Moreover, bicarbonate therapy limits tissue distribution of the drug and enhances its renal excretion. The availability of glycine for salicylic acid metabolism may be limited in poisoning because glycine has been used for forming the conjugation product salicyluric acid. Glycine may be administered orally to overcome this bottleneck. Gastric lavage has been proven to be of limited efficacy. This efficacy is further diminished if gastric lavage is performed late after drug ingestion. When it is performed, however, activated charcoal should be administered before and after gastric lavage. Whenever the more simple treatment options fail, hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be additionally considered since these procedures are effective in removing salicylates from the body.

Topics: Aspirin; Charcoal; Coma; Fatal Outcome; Female; Fever; Gastric Lavage; Glycine; Hemoperfusion; Humans; Middle Aged; Poisoning; Renal Dialysis; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate

The hair cells of the cochlea (neuroepithelium) represent the primary target in most drug-induced ototoxic adverse effects on hearing (e.g. aminoglycoside antibiotics). To what extent an exogenically-induced morphologic damage to hair cells is reversible is not known. In aging structurally altered hair cells can persist for years likewisely not any longer participating in sensory transduction as the hair cells degenerate, secondary changes occur in the spiral ganglion cells and the neuronal pathways. Following heavy metal poisoning an adverse effect is observed on both central and peripheral innervation of the cochlea and only minor primary changes occur in the receptor cells. The link between function and morphology in the cochlea is very obvious regarding the high and middle frequencies with a distinct tonotopic localisation whereas for low frequencies (below 1 khz) such a specific morphologic correlation is lacking. Ototoxic effects primarily affecting the source for the production of endolymph, i.e. the stria vascularis, become manifest at all frequencies and at a rather early stage. Independent of type of substance penetrating into the inner ear, the substance has a considerably slower elimination rate as compared with all other compartments in the body. The toxicity of the drugs seems to be more related to its tissue binding capacity and saturation of receptor sites than related to the concentration of the drug in endo-or perilymph.

Topics: Age Factors; Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Cochlear Implants; Diuretics; Drug Evaluation; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Embryo, Mammalian; Endolymph; Fever; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kinetics; Labyrinth Diseases; Metals; Rats; Salicylates; Stria Vascularis

While there is room for questioning the need, or even advisability, of routine antipyretic therapy, the available data do not yet constitute any sort of a contraindication. There are reasons for individualizing the decision. However, having once decided, there is no compelling reason for selecting one antipyretic over any other, and aspirin remains the most satisfactory in light of the available evidence. Some serious theoretic questions persist about the safety of acetaminophen use in sick persons, and clearly there are some precautions that should be taken with regard to the doses of flavored preparations of this and any future products whose attractiveness to children is thus enhanced.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Body Temperature Regulation; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Fever; Humans; Salicylates; Seizures, Febrile

Fever should be treated according to the individual situation. Securing a sufficient fluid intake is the most important primary measure. The decrease of body temperature by physical means is efficient only in combination with drug therapy and presumes the control of blood circulation. Aminophenazon is the most efficient drug to lower fever. Metamizol should be prefered in children at risk for convulsive disorders. The combination of aminophenazon with phenothiazines can be recommended , prothazine is the drug of first choice in suitable cases a caudal treatment of fever with antiphlogistic drugs as diclophenacsodium (Voltaren) is indicated.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Age Factors; Aminopyrine; Body Temperature Regulation; Child; Child, Preschool; Diclofenac; Dipyrone; Fever; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Infant; Nitrosamines; Salicylamides; Salicylates

"Aspirin" is the most widely used medication which is considered to be safe and effective, and which can be obtained universally without prescription. A review of the literature and clinical experience reveal that many complications can be attributed to the prolonged use of it. Some of these complications involve damage to various tissues and organs (particularly the gastric mucosa, the renal papilla, red blood cells, and the inner ear) and to coagulation and body temperature control. Hemorrhagic gastritis may result with as little as 600 mg. of salicylate four times a day for 5 days. Papillitis of the renal system may result from a comparable dosage of aspirin compound mediates with phenacetin. The purpose of this article has been to call attention to some of the important complications which may result from salicylate abuse. It is hoped that many of these complications may be avoided by proper and effective indoctrination of patients to the hazards associated with prolonged or indiscriminate intake of salicylates.

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Aspirin; Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Carbon Dioxide; Digestive System; Ear, Inner; Fever; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Papillary Necrosis; Phenacetin; Salicylates

Topics: Amines; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Body Temperature Regulation; Disease Models, Animal; Fever; Humans; Hypothalamus; Infections; Prostaglandins; Pyrogens; Salicylates

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Calcium; Cats; Endotoxins; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Fever; Haplorhini; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypothalamus; Macaca; Models, Biological; Pyrogens; Salicylates; Serotonin; Sodium; Synaptic Transmission; Tachyphylaxis

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Acute Kidney Injury; Alkalosis, Respiratory; Aspirin; Calcium; Coma; Dehydration; Fever; Gastric Lavage; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infusions, Parenteral; Poisoning; Salicylamides; Salicylates; Seizures; Tetany; Vomiting

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anemia, Hemolytic; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Desensitization, Immunologic; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Epinephrine; Fever; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Jaundice; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Prednisone; Salicylates; Serum Sickness; Skin Tests; Thrombocytopenia

Salicylate is the basic therapy for Kawasaki disease, however its optimal dose is controversial. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of high dose (100 mg/kg per day, n = 30) versus low dose (30 mg/kg per day, n = 30) salicylate. Duration of fever, SGPT, serum salicylate, plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha) levels were compared before enrollment and on days 4, 7 and 14 of treatment. In the high dose group, duration of fever was significantly shorter than that of the low dose group (3.2 +/- 0.3 versus 5.4 +/- 0.8 days, P less than 0.05), however, SGPT levels were significantly elevated (157 +/- 34 versus 48 +/- 11 IU/1, P less than 0.05). No differences in the incidence of coronary artery lesions were observed (5/30 versus 7/30). Plasma TxB2 production was completely blocked in both groups, and plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels in the high dose group on day 14 was lower than that in the low dose group (39 +/- 8 versus 159 +/- 65 pg/ml, P less than 0.05). SGPT and plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha correlated with serum salicylate concentration. These data suggest that high dose salicylate therapy may be disadvantageous as anti-thrombotic therapy, and supports the notion that low dose therapy is safe in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease.

Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Alanine Transaminase; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Male; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Thromboxane B2

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fever; Humans; Imidazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Salicylates

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fever; Humans; Imidazoles; Infant; Influenza, Human; Male; Rheumatic Diseases; Salicylates

Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Body Temperature Regulation; Calorimetry; Fever; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Salicylates; Sodium Salicylate; Time Factors

Medicinal properties of Gaultheria have been used in traditional medicine to treat pain and inflammation.. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Gaultheria trichophylla Royle extract and salicylate-rich fraction in vivo, in vitro, and in silico.. In vivo analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory of extract and a salicylate-rich fraction (at doses of 100, 200, 300, and 150 mg/kg) were assessed using healthy albino mice employing acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion test, carrageenan-induced inflammation, and croton oil-induced edema. For in vitro testing of extracts COX and LOX enzyme inhibition assays were used. Molecular docking studies were conducted for in silico testing of the inhibitory activity of the dominant compound Gaultherin against COX and LOX.. G-EXT 200 and 300 and G-SAL 150 mg/kg reduced pyrexia significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). G-EXT-200, 300, and G-SAL 150 reduce the writing to a significant level (p > 0.05, p < 0.01). G-EXT 200 and 300 and G-SAL 150 mg/kg doses the analgesic effect was significant (p > 0.05, p > 0.01) and was comparable to tramadol. G-EXT 100 200, 300 mg/kg showed 43.8%, 47.94% and 56% respectively. G-SAL 150 mg, rich in salicylates, showed maximum inhibition of 65.75% next to standard drug diclofenac with 76.7% inhibition. G-EXT 100 and 200 mg/kg dose showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in ear edema. With 300 mg/kg dose the effect was more (61.89%, p < 0.01). The salicylate-rich fraction G-SAL and Celecoxib showed an almost similar effect (p < 0.01). Significance inhibition was shown in the COX-2 test (G-EXT 39.70 and G-SAL 77.20 IC50 μg/ml) and in the 5-LOX test (G-EXT 28.3 and G-SAL 39.70 IC50 μg/ml). The preliminary in silico results suggest that the investigated compound showed excellent inhibitory activity against COX and LOX enzymes as evident from the free binding energy. Molecular docking revealed that Gaultherin binds well in the COX and LOX enzyme catalytic region.. The extract and salicylate-rich fraction obtained from G. trichophylla showed significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects in vivo, in vitro, and in silico assays that support its use in traditional medicine.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antipyretics; Carrageenan; Edema; Ericaceae; Fever; Gaultheria; Inflammation; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Plant Extracts; Salicylates

Orgun A, Karagöl C, Pamuk U, Gürsu HA, Çetin İ. A rare cause of facial nerve palsy in a young infant: Kawasaki disease. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 433-435. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a vasculitis in which the most common complication is development of coronary aneurysms. Neurological complications rarely occur in KD patients such as facial nerve palsy (FNP). FNP associated with KD may indicate increased risk of coronary artery aneurysm. Infants with facial nerve paralysis and unexplained-prolonged febrile period should be evaluated with echocardiography. Here in, we present a 4-month-old female with FNP and unexplained fever who was diagnosed KD due to echocardiographic findings.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antihypertensive Agents; Coronary Aneurysm; Echocardiography; Enalapril; Facial Paralysis; Female; Fever; Humans; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Infant; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Salicylates

One postulated mechanism for the reduction in stress tolerance with aging is a decline in the regulation of stress-responsive genes, such as inducible heat shock protein 72 (HSP70). Increased levels of oxidative stress are also associated with aging, but it is unclear what impact a prooxidant environment might have on HSP70 gene expression. This study utilized a superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic (Eukarion-189) to evaluate the impact of a change in redox environment on age-related HSP70 responses to a physiologically relevant heat challenge. Results demonstrate that liver HSP70 mRNA and protein levels are reduced in old compared with young rats at selected time points over a 48-h recovery period following a heat-stress protocol. While chronic systemic administration of Eukarion-189 suppressed hyperthermia-induced liver HSP70 mRNA expression in both age groups, HSP70 protein accumulation was blunted in old rats but not in their young counterparts. These data suggest that a decline in HSP70 mRNA levels may be responsible for the reduction in HSP70 protein observed in old animals after heat stress. Furthermore, improvements in redox status were associated with reduced HSP70 mRNA levels in both young and old rats, but differential effects were manifested on protein expression, suggesting that HSP70 induction is differentially regulated with aging. These findings highlight the integrated mechanisms of stress protein regulation in eukaryotic organisms responding to environmental stress, which likely involve interactions between a wide range of cellular signals.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Antioxidants; Biomimetic Materials; Fever; Gene Expression Regulation; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Liver; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; RNA, Messenger; Salicylates; Time Factors

To raise clinicians' awareness of chronic (therapeutic) salicylate poisoning as a common cause of admission in paediatric patients presenting to hospital with respiratory distress (a clinical manifestation of metabolic acidosis) and a history of 'over the counter' treatment with salicylate (Aspirin). We present two complex cases and provide a review of the literature on pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of salicylate poisoning. A complete history of the illness, including questions on drug use, is vital in assessing the cause of metabolic acidosis in children. Due to the limited options available in managing such patients in many developing countries, emphasis should be placed on prevention of poisoning by educating the community and health care providers.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Drug Overdose; Fatal Outcome; Fever; Humans; Male; Nonprescription Drugs; Salicylates; Treatment Outcome

The effects of selective cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (valeryl salicylate and SC-58236, respectively) on Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dual thermoregulatory changes and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation were investigated in rats. LPS (50 microg/kg, intraperitoneal) produced an initial hypothermia that was then followed by fever. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels elevated at the initial phase of hypothermia. Valeryl salicylate injections (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, subcutaneous [s.c.]) completely inhibited hypothermia without any effect on the elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and on the subsequent fever. On the other hand, SC-58236 injections (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) only partially abolished the hypothermia. SC-58236 had no effect on the initiation of fever, however completely inhibited the maintenance of fever. The serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation was not reduced by SC-58236 treatment. The combination of valeryl salicylate and SC-58236 also failed to inhibit the initiation of fever. These findings suggest that cycloxygenase-1 may have a predominant role for the development of LPS-induced hypothermia, but cyclooxygenase-1 does not seem to be involved in the mediation of LPS-induced fever. Meanwhile, cyclooxgenase-2 may be critical for the late phase rather than the initiation of the fever response in rats.

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Cytokines; Fever; Hypothermia; Isoenzymes; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Membrane Proteins; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Prostaglandins; Pyrazoles; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Salicylates; Sulfonamides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

To determine the extent, epidemiological and clinical features of an epidemic of non-inflammatory encephalopathy in northern region of India.. Surveillance of referred cases having unconsciousness after a short bout of fever during October and November 1997. Case control study in 7 most affected villages.. Active case finding was done to assess the extent and severity of the epidemic by interviewing health professionals and by reviewing mortality records in 10 districts of Haryana, Punjab and Chandigarh. A house to house survey was conducted in seven most affected villages. A case was defined as any child of less than 15 years of age, who had prodromal fever followed by vomiting and unconsciousness with subsequent recovery or death. Two age and sex matched controls who had fever without unconsciousness were taken for each case, one from nearby house and another staying furthest from the affected house. These groups were compared for various epidemiologic factors, clinical features and treatment pattern. Residual medicines used by affected patients were tested for presence of salicylate. Local village practitioners were interviewed for their knowledge and attitude towards use of aspirin in a febrile child.. Information regarding 129 affected children (M: F=1 : 1) could be obtained. Age ranged between 1 to 12 years (mean 5.8 years). Most were from rural or semi-suburban areas. Attack rate was 5.4/1000 and case fatality rate was 72%. Multiple sibs were affected in 9.3%. History of fever was reported by 83%, vomiting preceding unconsciousness by 83% and abnormal behavior by 65%. Abnormal posturing was reported in 55%. Seventeen (61%) of 28 samples had IgM antibodies in serum/CSF against measles. Twelve (36%) of 33 serum samples tested positive for Varicella zoster virus. None gave history of aspirin intake and 10 samples of residual drugs did not contain salicylate. However, 6 out of 19 blood samples taken from affected patients contained salicylate. Environmental factors were in favor of Japanese encephalitis (JE) but brain biopsy and serology disproved it. Based on earlier report of JE from this area, the cases in present epidemic were being reported as JE before this study was undertaken. Intensive fogging with malathion was being undertaken as antimosquito measure, specially around the affected houses. Local village practitioners (n = 37) were unaware of contraindications of aspirin in a febrile child.. Measles and varicella zoster emerged as the probable etiologies for the viral prodrome precipitating these cases of Reye's syndrome. Aspirin might have a contributory role. Malathion is another putative cofactor.

Topics: Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster; Fever; Humans; Incidence; India; Infant; Measles; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Reye Syndrome; Rural Population; Salicylates; Survival Rate

We report a case of hyperpyrexia presumed due to topical salicylate toxicity occurring immediately following general anaesthesia for appendicectomy in an eleven year old boy. Some of the features strongly suggested the diagnosis of malignant hyperpyrexia.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthesia, General; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Appendectomy; Child; Creatine Kinase; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Humans; Male; Malignant Hyperthermia; Postoperative Period; Salicylates; Time Factors

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is characterized by body temperature abnormalities, tachypnea or hyperventilation, tachycardia, and leukocytosis or leukopenia. Although it is typically associated with a serious infection and referred to as sepsis, SIRS can stem from noninfectious causes, as well. We report the cases of four patients with toxic serum levels of salicylate (33.5 to 67.6 mg/dL) and SIRS, and we discuss mechanisms responsible for SIRS. Our patients showed temperature disturbances (35.5 degrees C to 39.8 degrees C), noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and mixed acid base disturbances. Other abnormalities included coagulopathy (disseminated intravascular coagulation), encephalopathy, and hypotension. All four patients recovered from SIRS, probably due to early recognition and treatment; only one patient did not survive the hospitalization. Chronic salicylate toxicity should be considered as a cause of SIRS in the absence of a source of infection, since survival appears to be dependent on prompt diagnosis and management.

Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Adult; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Chronic Disease; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Female; Fever; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Edema; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Body Temperature; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Endotoxins; Fever; Organometallic Compounds; Rabbits; Salicylates

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Body Temperature; Child, Preschool; Diet; Female; Fever; Health Education; Humans; Hygiene; Male; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Pain; Parents; Pediatrics; Professional-Family Relations; Salicylates; Seizures; Social Class; Thermometers; Time Factors

Recent evidence has suggested that the endogenous antipyretic arginine vasopressin (AVP) may participate in drug-induced antipyresis. This study sought to further those investigations by comparing the effects of two other antipyretic drugs, sodium salicylate and acetaminophen, administered intraperitoneally, during AVP V1-receptor blockade within the ventral septal area (VSA) of the rat brain. During endotoxin-evoked fever, V1-receptor blockade within the VSA of the conscious unrestrained rat significantly antagonized the antipyretic effects of salicylate. The effects of the V1-antagonist on salicylate-induced antipyresis were dose related. In contrast, the antipyresis elicited by acetaminophen was unaffected by VSA V1-antagonist pretreatment. Neither saline nor the V1-antagonist microinjected into the VSA of febrile or nonfebrile rats had any significant effects on the normal progression of endotoxin fever or normal core temperature, respectively. These data suggest that the mechanism of action of salicylate-induced antipyresis includes activation of AVP V1-type receptors within the VSA, as has been shown for indomethacin. However, the lack of effect of the V1-antagonist on antipyresis induced by acetaminophen indicates that not all antipyretic drugs act through the same mechanism in the brain.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Brain; Endotoxins; Fever; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Angiotensin; Receptors, Vasopressin; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid

The mechanisms leading to the previously reported difficulties in achieving therapeutic serum concentrations of salicylates in Kawasaki disease were studied in eight children, once during the acute (febrile) phase and again during the nonfebrile (subacute) phase of the disease. Salicylate bioavailability was impaired during the acute phase of the disease (47.7% +/- 6.6%), and increased significantly thereafter to 75.1% +/- 9.3%. During the febrile phase there was a significant correlation between salicylate bioavailability and steady-state serum concentrations. Salicylate renal clearance was significantly higher during the febrile phase (14.45 +/- 2.5 mL/kg.h), compared with the nonfebrile phase (7 +/- 1.6 mL/kg.h, P less than 0.05). The change in salicylate clearance could be explained by decreased protein binding in the acute phase (82.5% +/- 1.9%) with substantially more free salicylates caused by significantly lower serum albumin concentrations. Changes in urine metabolites during the acute and subacute phases were consistent with the changes in dose administered (100 mg/kg in the acute phase vs 10 mg/kg in the subacute phase). The pattern of metabolites excreted in the urine of children with Kawasaki disease receiving 100 mg/kg was similar to that in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis receiving the same dose.

Topics: Arthritis, Juvenile; Biological Availability; Child; Fever; Humans; Kidney; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Salicylates

Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Interactions; Fever; Humans; Kinetics; Risk; Salicylates; Seizures; Virus Diseases

Between June 1, 1979, and May 31, 1984, at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Kawasaki disease was diagnosed in 163 patients (112 boys, 51 girls, P less than 0.001). Fifteen percent of the children had coronary artery aneurysms. Prior to diagnosis, 24% had been given low doses of aspirin, and 50% acetaminophen. Children with coronary aneurysms had significantly higher temperature during days 10 to 13 of the disease. The febrile phase of the disease was also significantly longer in these children. Coronary artery involvement occurred with equal frequency in boys and girls. There was no significantly greater incidence of coronary artery involvement in infants younger than 1 year of age than in older children. Duration of fever (greater than or equal to 14 days vs less than 14 days) was equally as predictive of the eventual occurrence of coronary aneurysms as the modified Asai score.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Age Factors; Aneurysm; Child; Child, Preschool; Coronary Disease; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Male; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Probability; Retrospective Studies; Risk; Salicylates; Seasons; Sex Factors; Time Factors

The antipyretic properties of copper (II) salicylate and its effect on plasma copper, iron, zinc and ceruloplasmin concentrations was investigated in adult rabbits at an ambient temperature of 21.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The experiments indicated that copper salicylate (200 mg/kg/h i.v.) was a more potent antipyretic than sodium salicylate given in the same manner and doses. This pharmacological activity was found on a model of experimental fever induced by i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharide Escherichia coli at a dose of 1 microgram/kg. Furthermore, unlike sodium salicylate, this copper complex caused a decrease in core temperature in normothermic rabbits. At the same time copper salicylate activated heat dissipation much more efficiently than the parent drug, as manifested by decreases in vasomotor tone and reversal of postpyrogen inhibition of RF. As was expected, treatment with copper salicylate increased plasma copper and ceruloplasmin levels in both normothermic and febrile rabbits. These increases did not lead to any disturbances in iron and zinc concentrations. Neither salicylate affected postpyrogen falls in plasma iron concentrations. They both, however, delayed the appearance of zinc decreases in febrile rabbits. The results of this study suggest that copper modifies the thermoregulatory effects of salicylate. Moreover, the increased amounts of this metal do not seem to disturb seriously the ionic status of the blood.

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Fever; Iron; Male; Organometallic Compounds; Rabbits; Respiration; Salicylates; Sodium Salicylate; Trace Elements; Zinc

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Humans; Imidazoles; Infant; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salicylates

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Humans; Imidazoles; Infant; Male; Salicylates

The antipyretic efficacy of diflunisal was assessed in rats made febrile by yeast and in rabbits made febrile by bacterial endotoxin. Diflunisal was a more potent antipyretic than aspirin in rats, reducing a maximum fever in doses not producing overt toxic effects. In contrast, submaximal fever in rabbits was not reduced by diflunisal. Fatal hyperthermia of rapid onset was observed in rats and rabbits receiving high doses of diflunisal after administration of microbial pyrogen but not in control animals. These data indicate the toxicity of diflunisal may be potentiated by the presence of pyrogens. It is concluded that the apparent antipyretic efficacy of a drug can depend on the species-pyrogen combination used to screen for antipyresis.

Topics: Animals; Aspirin; Diflunisal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fever; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salicylates; Yeasts

Twenty three sporadic cases of Reye's syndrome diagnosed according to widely accepted criteria were seen between 1979 and 1982. The patients were younger than those reported from North America (median age 9 months), girls were twice as common as boys, and the syndrome presented twice as frequently in the summer 6 months. The annual incidence was 1.4 cases/100 000 among children aged less than 4 years. The prodrome consisted of upper respiratory symptoms in 61% of the children and even less specific features in more than 25%; two patients had varicella. Six of the 23 patients presented after a prodrome of less than 24 hours with 'acute collapse', simulating 'near miss' cot death associated with profound hypoglycaemia, and in four of these there was an unfavourable outcome. Intensive care methods including judicious fluid restriction coupled with 'prophylactic' hyperventilation (87%), direct monitoring of intracranial pressure (70%), and barbiturate coma (52%) achieved neurologically intact survival in 74% of patients. Failure to recognise the syndrome early enough or to manage it appropriately resulted in four deaths. To help reduce overall mortality in the United Kingdom paediatricians have a duty to acquaint family doctors and emergency department staff of the earliest clinical features of Reye's syndrome and of the need for immediate hospital referral.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Brain Diseases; Child, Preschool; Consciousness; Diarrhea; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intracranial Pressure; Male; Prognosis; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates

Endogenous pyrogen/leukocyte endogenous mediator (EP/LEM) induces, in the host organism, a fever that is thought to be mediated to some extent via the production of prostaglandins. The role of prostaglandins in the EP/LEM-induced fall in plasma iron and zinc is less clear. To study this relationship, rabbits and rats were injected with an antipyretic dose of prostaglandin synthase inhibitors concurrent with heat-killed bacteria or endotoxin. These inhibitors, indomethacin and sodium salicylate, were successful in partially and totally blocking fever in rabbits and rats, respectively; however, they had no effect on the hypoferremia and hypozincemia of infection. We conclude that prostaglandins are probably not involved in the fall in plasma iron and zinc during acute bacterial infection. Further, since hypoferremia and hypozincemia occurred even though fever was blocked, the fall in trace metals due to infection is not dependent on the rise in both temperature.

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Fever; Indomethacin; Male; Pasteurella Infections; Prostaglandins; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Trace Elements; Zinc

Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Drug Combinations; Female; Fever; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Pulse; Respiration; Salicylates

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Child; Fever; Humans; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Child; Fever; Humans; Salicylates

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Fever; Lysine; Rats; Salicylates

During an outbreak of influenza A, seven patients with Reye's syndrome and 16 ill classmate control subjects were evaluated for characteristics of the patients' prodromal illness and the control subjects illness and for medication usage. Patients during the prodrome and control subjects had similar rates of sore throat, coryza, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal complaints except for documented fever which occurred significantly more often in patients than in control subjects (P = .05). While medications which did not contain salicylate were taken as frequently by patients as control subjects, patients took more salicylate-containing medications than did control children (P < .01). All seven patients took salicylate whereas only eight of 16 control subjects did so (P < .05). Patients took larger doses of salicylate than did the entire control group (P < .01). When the eight control subjects who took salicylate were compared with the patients, the patients still tended to take larger doses (P = .08). Patients with fever took salicylate more frequently than control subjects with fever (P < .01). In addition, salicylate consumption was correlated with severity of Reye's syndrome (P < .05). It is postulated that salicylate, operating in a dose-dependent manner, possibly potentiated by fever, represents a primary causative agent of Reye's syndrome.

Topics: Adolescent; Amino Acids; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fever; Humans; Male; Reye Syndrome; Salicylates

A young women ingested large amounts of different analgesics, mainly salicylate and paracetamol. On admission about 17 hours later, clearly toxic serum levels of both drugs were demonstrated. She was comatose with respiratory failure for 5 days. During the first day there was a period of several hours of therapy-resistant hyperthermia. A severe bleeding tendency was probably related to profound coagulation defects. Persistingly elevated serum levels of ASAT and ALAT for two weeks were presumably caused by a toxic effect of paracetamol on the liver. When consciousness was regained, widespread pareses of skeletal muscles, predominantly of the lower limbs, were demonstrated. These were related to extensive rhabdomyolysis as evidenced by extremely elevated serums levels of CPK for 6 weeks, and by muscle necrosis in biopsy specimens. There was a gradual improvement, but walking disturbances were still present after one year. The hyperthermia was probably related to the cerebral effects of salicylates or the combination of multiple drugs. The rhabdomyolysis might be related to a deleterious effect of hyperthermia on the muscles or to an effect of paracetamol on the skeletal muscles similar to that which might occur in the myocardium, or to a combination of these mechanisms.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Female; Fever; Humans; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Myoglobinuria; Necrosis; Salicylates; Suicide, Attempted

Whether hyperthermia (temperature, 40 degrees C), salicylates, acetaminophen or phenacetin has an adverse effect on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function was examined. Migration experiemnts were carried out in Boyden chambers with bacterial chemotactic factor as the attract, and bactericidal assays were done with Staphylococcus aureus and serum from an AB blood group donor as a source of opsonins. PMNL viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion method. Neither hyperthermia nor any of the drugs tested affected PMNL viability adversely, but sodium salicylate and phenacetin suppressed PMNL migration. Early staphylococcal killing was greater at 40 degrees C; however, after 2 hours the converse was true. Bactericidal activity was suppressed by acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenacetin. Hence it appears PMNL function is similar at 37 degrees and 40 degrees C but that some commonly used antipyretics have an adverse effect on PMNL activity.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bacterial Infections; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Fever; Humans; Neutrophils; Phenacetin; Salicylates; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Consciousness Disorders; Dehydration; Fever; Humans; Infant; Respiration; Salicylates

The simlutaneous oral administration of benorylate (4-(acetamido) phenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate) with either indomethacin or phenylbutazone to rats suffering from Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis leads to an anti-inflammatory effect which is significantly greater than the effect of the same drugs administered alone. Such an additive anti-inflammatory effect is not apparent when the metabolites of benorylate (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid) are administered with indomethacin or phenylbutazone. Paracetamol does not increase the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin or phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid clearly antagonizes it. The molecule of benorylate itsel is therefore responsible for the additive anti-inflammatory effect. However, if antipyretic activity (yeast-induced hyperthermia) is examined instead of anti-inflammatory activity, the simultaneous oral administration of the different drugs always produces an additive effect. It is concluded that the antagonism between indomethacin or phenylbutazone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs other than benorylate is present at some receptors but not all. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Aspirin; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Fever; Indomethacin; Male; Phenylbutazone; Rats; Salicylates; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cyclic AMP; Endotoxins; Fever; Hypothalamus; Leukocytes; Norepinephrine; Prostaglandins E; Pyrogens; Salicylates; Serotonin; Sodium

1. Injection of sodium arachidonate (100-400 mug) into lateral cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized cats caused shivering and rapid development of dose-related hyperthermic responses. Unless arachidonate is hyperthermogenic per se, this indicates that in vivo formation of prostaglandins, or perhaps an endoperoxide intermediate, can cause hyperthermia. 2. Tolerance gradually developed when arachidonate was administered repeatedly at intervals of 1-7 days. Examination of the brains of several tolerant animals revealed in each case marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles which apparently accounted for the diminished response to arachidonate. 3. Sodium salicylate (40, 160 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized arachidonate but only after a 3-4 hr latent period. 4. Paracetamol (10, 40 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced the hyperthermic effect of arachidonate but a dose of 40 mg/kg antagonized centrally administered bacterial endotoxin more effectively than it did arachidonate. 5. Indomethacin (40 mug/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced arachidonate-induced hyperthermia in only one of two studies. This reduction was comparable to the hypothermic effect of indomethacin in afebrile animals and was attributed to a non-specific action on thermoregulatory function rather than to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin antagonized endotoxin and leucocytic pyrogen to a greater degree than it did arachidonate. 6. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of the antipyretics in blocking hyperthermic responses to pyrogens and to sodium arachidonate indicates that, if prostaglandins do mediate pyrogen-induced fever, these antipyretics exert their primary at a step before prostaglandin synthesis.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Body Temperature; Cats; Fever; Indomethacin; Prostaglandins; Salicylates

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Fever; Humans; Nausea; Psoriasis; Salicylates; Vertigo

Prostaglandins appear to be mediators, within the hypothalamus, of heat production and conservation during fever. We have investigated a possible role of prostaglandins in the nonfebrile rabbit during thermoregulation in the cold. Shorn rabbits were placed in an environment of 20 degrees C, and rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates were measured. A continuous intravenous infusion of leucocyte pyrogen was given to establish a constant fever of approximately 1 degree C, and after observation of a stable febrile temperature for 90 min, a single injection of 300 mg of sodium salicylate, followed by a 1.5 mg/min infusion was then given. After the salicylate infusion was begun, rectal temperature began to fall, and reached nonfebrile levels within 90 min. Shivering activity ceased, respiratory rates increased, and in two animals, ear skin temperature increased. When these same rabbits were placed in an environment of 10 degrees C, at a time they were not febrile, and an identical amount of salicylate was given, rectal and ear skin temperatures, shivering and respiratory rates did not change. These results indicate that prostagladins do not appear to be involved in heat production and conservation in the nonfebrile rabbit.

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Cold Temperature; Electromyography; Fever; Prostaglandins; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates; Shivering; Time Factors

The capacity of benorylate, an ester of acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol, to reduce fever in children was compared with that of the components as such or as a combination. The series of cases studied consisted of 66 patients between the ages of 4 months and 12 years with rectal temperatures above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 20 min and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hrs after the administration of the drug. The antipyretic effect of combined acetylsalicylic acid (11 mg/kg) and paracetamol (14 mg/kg) was superior to the effect of benorylate with a dose of 25 mg/kg and even of 50 mg/kg as well as better than the effect of either drug alone. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mg/kg) and paracetamol (12.5 mg/kg) alone produced a significantly greater antipyretic effect than benorylate with a dose of 25 mg/kg. Given in a dose of 35--40 mg/kg, benorylate seems to have a significant antipyretic effect. However, this effect is clearly smaller than that of either of its components, acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol. Therefore benorylate is probably not suitable to be used as a general antipyretic agent in children.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Body Temperature; Child; Child, Preschool; Fever; Humans; Infant; Salicylates; Time Factors

The lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa, S. minnesota and mucopeptide from Streptococcus group A injected intravenously into rats induce a dose-dependent changes of temperature. Simultaneously, a profound disturbance of sleep occurs. The administration of salicylate, which markedly suppressed the fever does not influence the mucopeptide-caused sleep disturbance. The most prominent change in the sleep pattern is a marked decrease of the total time of paradoxical sleep. The measurement of turnover rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in hypothalamus and midbrain, areas involved in temperature and sleep control, after injection of streptococcal mucopeptide demonstrated a significant increase of 5-HT turnover in both areas during fever and paradoxical sleep deprivation. Small electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe nuclei which are the largest collection of neural cells containing 5-HT completely eliminated the pyrogenic potency of mucopeptide. The findings suggest that some bacterial products might increase the body temperature through the interference with activity of 5-HT-containing neurons of the raphe complex.

Topics: Body Temperature; Fever; Humans; Hypothalamus; Lipopolysaccharides; Mucoproteins; Neurons; Norepinephrine; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salicylates; Salmonella; Serotonin; Sleep Stages; Sleep Wake Disorders; Streptococcus pyogenes

Topics: Aminopyrine; Animals; Body Temperature; Dipyrone; Disease Models, Animal; Fever; Goats; Phenylbutazone; Rabbits; Salicylates

Topics: Acidosis; Alkalosis; Alkalosis, Respiratory; Animals; Aspirin; Child; Child, Preschool; Dehydration; Fever; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Infant; Papio; Poisoning; Salicylates

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Fever; Prostaglandins; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Cattle; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Dogs; Down Syndrome; Fever; Glycine; Humans; Hypertension; Liver Diseases; Methyldopa; Mitochondria, Liver; Pheochromocytoma; Rats; Salicylates; Swine; Uremia; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Child; Fever; Humans; Plants, Medicinal; Salicylates

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Arthritis, Juvenile; Body Height; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elasticity; Female; Fever; Growth; Humans; Male; Pain; Prednisone; Salicylates; Sex Characteristics; Stress, Mechanical

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Fever; Hypothalamus; Injections; Male; Microinjections; Polysaccharides; Pseudomonas; Pyrogens; Rats; Salicylates; Stereotaxic Techniques; Time Factors

Topics: Age Factors; Body Temperature; Child, Preschool; Diazepam; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Male; Muscle Cramp; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Salicylates

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Arthritis, Juvenile; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fever; Gold Sodium Thiomalate; Humans; Latex Fixation Tests; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Middle Aged; Salicylates; Splenomegaly

Topics: Ampicillin; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Electroencephalography; Erythromycin; Female; Fever; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infections; Kanamycin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pericarditis; Pertussis Vaccine; Pleural Diseases; Recurrence; Salicylates; Tetracycline; Tonsillectomy

Topics: Child; Fever; Humans; Phenobarbital; Salicylates; Seizures; Tranquilizing Agents

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coma; Fever; Gastric Lavage; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyperventilation; Neurologic Manifestations; Oxygen Consumption; Peritoneal Dialysis; Renal Dialysis; Salicylates; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cerebral Cortex; Fever; Hypothalamus; Mesencephalon; Prostaglandins; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates; Water

Topics: Animals; Biogenic Amines; Body Temperature; Electrodes, Implanted; Electromyography; Fever; Hypothalamus; Kinetics; Male; Mesencephalon; Norepinephrine; Pargyline; Peptides; Rats; Salicylates; Serotonin; Sleep; Streptococcus; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Endotoxins; Fever; In Vitro Techniques; Leukocytes; Phagocytosis; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates; Staphylococcus

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antipyrine; Aspirin; Central Nervous System; Drug Antagonism; Escherichia coli; Fever; Goats; In Vitro Techniques; Leukocytes; Lipopolysaccharides; Methylamines; Phenylbutazone; Pyrazoles; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates; Salmonella typhimurium; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthritis, Juvenile; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fever; Fever of Unknown Origin; Humans; Male; Prednisone; Prognosis; Salicylates

Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Cats; Cerebral Ventricles; Fever; Injections; Leukocytes; Methods; Pyrogens; Salicylates; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Benzyl Compounds; Edema; Female; Fever; Flufenamic Acid; Indomethacin; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mefenamic Acid; Methylamines; Mice; Naphthalenes; Pain; Peptic Ulcer; Phenylbutazone; Pyrazoles; Rats; Salicylates; Terpenes; Uricosuric Agents

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Endotoxins; Fever; Humans; Hypothalamus; Leukocytes; Mesencephalon; Neurons, Efferent; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates

Topics: Animals; Aspirin; Benzoates; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Body Temperature; Caproates; Cerebral Ventricles; Dinitrophenols; Fever; Rabbits; Salicylamides; Salicylates; Sodium Salicylate

1. Steady state fever has been produced in rabbits with a priming injection followed by a sustaining infusion of homologous plasma containing endogenous pyrogen (EP). This fever appears to last as long as the infusion continues.2. Intravenous salicylate given 1 h after the start of the EP infusion produced only a small antipyretic effect. The same dose of salicylate given 4 h after the start of an EP infusion resulted in rapid and progressive defervescence. Intermediate antipyretic responses were obtained when salicylate was administered intravenously 2 and 3 h after the start of an EP infusion.3. Less than 1% of the systemic dose, when injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle, produced a significantly smaller response at 1 h than at 4 h after the start of an EP infusion. At both these times the fall in temperature following the intraventricular salicylate injection was dose dependent, but the slope of the dose-response line was significantly steeper at 4 h than at 1 hour.4. It is suggested that salicylates produce their antipyretic effects by antagonizing the action of EP within the nervous system, and that the hypothalamic EP concentration falls during the course of an EP infusion.

Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Cerebral Ventricles; Female; Fever; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Salicylates; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aspirin; Fever; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney Diseases; Salicylates; Uricosuric Agents

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Macroglobulins; Male; Proteinuria; Salicylates

Topics: Adolescent; Alanine Transaminase; Arthritis, Juvenile; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fever; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Infant; Leukocyte Count; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Pain; Pericarditis; Pleurisy; Salicylates; Sex Factors; Splenomegaly; Sulfobromophthalein

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Aminopyrine; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Capillary Permeability; Edema; Fever; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Hydrocortisone; Male; Mice; Morphine; Peritonitis; Phenylbutazone; Pyridines; Rabbits; Rats; Salicylates; Wound Healing

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocytosis; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Peritonsillar Abscess; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salicylates; Sex Factors; Sinusitis; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis

Topics: Adolescent; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Fever; Humans; Mefenamic Acid; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Phenacetin; Salicylates

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antipyrine; Biological Assay; Fever; Indoles; Rabbits; Rats; Salicylates

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Antipyretics; Body Temperature Regulation; Chlorpromazine; Cortisone; Dinitrophenols; Fever; Infections; Pharmacology; Physiology; Pyrogens; Research; Salicylates; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Agglutination; Ankle; Antigens; Arthritis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea; Feces; Fever; Finland; Humans; Knee; Phenylbutazone; Radiography; Salicylates; Salmonella typhimurium; Serologic Tests

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Fever; Humans; Rheumatic Fever; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Salicylates; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcal Infections; Tonsillectomy

Topics: Achlorhydria; Adolescent; Aging; Anemia; Arthritis; Arthritis, Juvenile; Blood Sedimentation; Child; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gold; Hormones; Humans; Infant; Leukocyte Count; Physical Therapy Modalities; Prognosis; Salicylates; Sex

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Choline; Fever; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Immunization; Infant; Pain; Salicylates; Toxicology; Vaccination

Topics: Animals; Aspirin; Fever; Gentisates; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid

Topics: Fever; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Rheumatic Fever; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Salicylates