salicylates and Drug-Related-Side-Effects-and-Adverse-Reactions

Diarrhea is a common clinical feature of inflammatory bowel diseases and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, urgency, and fecal incontinence. The pathophysiology of diarrhea in these diseases is complex, but defective absorption of salt and water by the inflamed bowel is the most important mechanism involved. In addition to inflammation secondary to the disease, diarrhea may arise from a variety of other conditions. It is important to differentiate the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the diarrhea in the individual patient to provide the appropriate therapy. This article reviews microscopic colitis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, focusing on diarrhea.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antidiarrheals; Bacterial Infections; Biopsy; Bismuth; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Water; Breath Tests; Budesonide; Cholestyramine Resin; Colitis, Microscopic; Diarrhea; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Feces; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Fistula; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Ion Transport; Malabsorption Syndromes; Medical History Taking; Mesalamine; Organometallic Compounds; Physical Examination; Postoperative Complications; Prednisolone; Salicylates; Sodium; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown efficacy in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) pain but are also associated with a dose-dependent risk of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hematologic, hepatic, and renal adverse events (AEs). Topical NSAIDs were developed to provide analgesia similar to their oral counterparts with less systemic exposure and fewer serious AEs. Topical NSAIDs have long been available in Europe for the management of OA, and guidelines of the European League Against Rheumatism and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International specify that topical NSAIDs are preferred over oral NSAIDs for patients with knee or hand OA of mild-to-moderate severity, few affected joints, and/or a history of sensitivity to oral NSAIDs. In contrast, the guidelines of the American Pain Society and American College of Rheumatology have in the past recommended topical methyl salicylate and topical capsaicin, but not topical NSAIDs. This reflects the fact that the American guidelines were written several years before the first topical NSAID was approved for use in the United States. Neither salicylates nor capsaicin have shown significant efficacy in the treatment of OA. In October 2007, diclofenac sodium 1% gel (Voltaren Gel) became the first topical NSAID for OA therapy approved in the United States following a long history of use internationally. Topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel delivers effective diclofenac concentrations in the affected joint with limited systemic exposure. Clinical trial data suggest that diclofenac sodium 1% gel provides clinically meaningful analgesia in OA patients with a low incidence of systemic AEs. This review discusses the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of diclofenac sodium 1% gel, salicylates, and capsaicin for the management of hand and knee OA.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Capsaicin; Diclofenac; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hand; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Salicylates; Sensory System Agents

This chapter covers the hazards that some topical pharmaceutical preparations pose to animals who consume them. Included are medications containing calcipotriene, vitamins A and D, zinc oxide, 5-fluorouracil, brimonidine, imidazoline decongestants, local anesthetics, corticosteroids, antibiotics, salicylates, and benzoyl peroxide.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzoyl Peroxide; Brimonidine Tartrate; Calcitriol; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Fluorouracil; Imidazoles; Ointments; Quinoxalines; Salicylates; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Zinc Oxide

This is a review of the available information about drugs which cause an increase in plasma creatinine concentration without decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is the main, but not the single, determinant of the plasma creatinine levels. Several drugs, such as cimetidine, trimethoprim, corticosteroids, pyrimethamine, phenacemide, salicylates and active vitamin D metabolites, have been reported to increase plasma creatinine without influencing its glomerular filtration. Cimetidine, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine and salicylates can inhibit secretion of creatinine by the proximal tubule. Corticosteroids and vitamin D metabolites probably modify the production rate and the release of creatinine. The exact mechanism of phenacemide-creatinine interaction is not fully explained. These drug-induced alterations in plasma creatinine concentration have clinical significance when GFR is estimated by using plasma creatinine.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anticonvulsants; Benzeneacetamides; Cimetidine; Creatinine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Pyrimethamine; Renal Insufficiency; Salicylates; Trimethoprim; Urea; Vitamin D

A number of pharmacological agents can induce hyperuricaemia, and sometimes gout, usually by interfering with the renal tubular excretion of urate but also in some instances by increasing the formation of uric acid. Alcohol is well known to have this property and in recent years diuretic-induced hyperuricaemia has become a global phenomenon. Other drugs which can cause hyperuricaemia are salicylates, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, nicotinic acid, cyclosporin, 2-ethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole, fructose and cytotoxic agents. A special type of 'drug-induced gout' can follow the rapid lowering of serum uric acid by allopurinol or uricosuric drugs.

Topics: Cyclosporins; Cytotoxins; Diuretics; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ethambutol; Ethanol; Fructose; Gout; Humans; Niacin; Pyrazinamide; Salicylates; Uric Acid

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anesthetics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Synergism; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ear; Ear, Middle; Female; Hearing; Humans; Kidney; Male; Pregnancy; Salicylates

Topics: Acetaminophen; Barbiturates; Chlormethiazole; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Colorimetry; Diagnostic Errors; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunoassay; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenothiazines; Poisoning; Salicylates; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Toxicology

The effect of certain drugs on nutrient metabolism is discussed. Antituberculotic drugs such as INH and cycloserine interfere with vitamin B6 metabolism and may produce a secondary niacin deficiency. Oral contraceptives interfere with the metabolism of folic acid and ascorbic acid, and in cases of deficient nutrition, they also seem to interfere with riboflavin. Anticonvulsants can act as folate antagonists and precipitate folic acid deficiency. Therefore, in some cases, supplementation with folate has been recommended simultaneously with anticonvulsant therapy. Cholestyramine therapy has been associated with malabsorption of vitamins; several reports suggest that cholestyramine affects absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins K and D and, in addition, may alter water-soluble vitamins, including folic acid. The study of the interaction of drugs and nutrients is an area that deserves a greater attention in the future, especially in groups where nutrient deficiencies may be prevalent.

Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antitubercular Agents; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Avitaminosis; Cholestyramine Resin; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Salicylates; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Absorption; Biotransformation; Blood Proteins; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kinetics; Liver; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Protein Binding; Salicylates

Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics; Anti-Infective Agents; Anticoagulants; Antihypertensive Agents; Barbiturates; Chlorpromazine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ergotamine; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Iodides; Lactation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Salicylates; Steroids; Thiouracil

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticoagulants; Antineoplastic Agents; Antithyroid Agents; Barbiturates; Breast Feeding; Contraceptives, Oral; Diethylstilbestrol; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meprobamate; Molecular Weight; Nicotine; Nitrofurantoin; Permeability; Placenta; Pregnancy; Quinine; Reserpine; Salicylates; Sulfonamides

Topics: Anticoagulants; Chloramphenicol; Clofibrate; Contraceptives, Oral; Coumarins; Diuretics; Drug Interactions; Drug Synergism; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Estrogens; Ethanol; Heparin; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Phenylbutazone; Phenytoin; Salicylates; Thyroxine; Tolbutamide; Vitamin K

Topics: Acetone; Blood Chemical Analysis; Carbohydrates; Chemistry, Clinical; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ethanol; Hallucinogens; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Mass Screening; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Salicylates; Substance-Related Disorders; Tranquilizing Agents; Urine

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Alkylating Agents; Analgesics; Animals; Aspirin; Carcinogens; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Hydrazines; Isoniazid; Phenacetin; Phenylbutazone; Phenytoin; Procarbazine; Salicylates

The objective of the present study was to estimate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the topically applied otinum ear drops. The authors present the results of the combined treatment of acute catarrhal otitis in the children with the use of choline salicilate (otinum). The study included 50 patients randomized into two identical groups. The children of group 1 received systemic therapy supplemented by the topical application of otinum, those in group 2 were prescribed a 3% alcoholic solution of boric acid. The study has demonstrated a significantly more pronounced positive dynamics of clinical conditions in the patients of group 1 compared with those of the control group. The total duration of therapy in the first group was 37.5% shorter than in the second. The results of the study confirmed the strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of choline salicilate. The pain was relieved within 7 minutes on the average after the application of this agent. It is concluded that otinum can be recommended for the introduction into combined therapy of acute catarrhal otitis media as an efficacious anti-inflammatory and analgetic drug.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Boric Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Otitis Media; Salicylates

Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Salicylates

Topics: Bismuth; Dentists; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Organometallic Compounds; Professional Role; Salicylates; Tongue, Hairy

Topics: Administration, Topical; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hexachlorocyclohexane; Humans; Mutagenicity Tests; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Psoriasis; Risk; Salicylates; Skin; Time Factors

Urticaria and angio-oedema are a symptom complex covering a wide range of clinical disorders. Specific types are now well described, and it appears that many cases of idiopathic chronic urticaria which make up the vast majority of patients referred for assessment are due to intolerance to natural salicylates, preservatives and colouring agents. There is, therefore, an urgent need for legislation to enforce the clear identification of these chemicals in processed food and drugs.

Topics: Angioedema; Cold Temperature; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Food Coloring Agents; Food Preservatives; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Salicylates; Urticaria

Diverse therapeutic agents, such as certain antibiotics, diuretics, and analgesics can cause functional and morphological damage to the inner ear. Noise present in recreational or occupational environment may also be potentially damaging to the auditory system when combined with some ototoxic therapeutic agents. This article documents recent research and controversies about the site and mechanism of action of major ototoxic drugs, noise-drug interaction, and possible prophylaxis against such ototoxicity.

Topics: Adult; Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Cochlea; Diuretics; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hair Cells, Auditory; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Organ of Corti; Quinine; Risk; Salicylates

Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Codeine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Infant; Medication Errors; Poisoning; Salicylates

Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Biotransformation; Cricetinae; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Galactosamine; Kinetics; Liver; Models, Biological; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Salicylates

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ethanol; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Phenformin; Propranolol; Salicylates; Sulfonylurea Compounds

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Phenacetin; Salicylates

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticoagulants; Antidepressive Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Barbiturates; Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Drug Interactions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ethanol; Humans; Levodopa; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Salicylates; Sympathomimetics; Thyroid Hormones

Associations between drug consumption during pregnancy and the birth of children with oral clefts were studied in material from the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations, consisting of 599 children with clefts and their matched controls. Information concerning maternal drug consumption was partly prospective. During the first trimester, analgesic, chemotherapeutic and antineurotic drugs had all been significantly more frequently used by the mothers of children with clefts, than by the control mothers. The consumption of drugs was in general more frequent among mothers of children with cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, than among those of children with cleft palate alone.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Anticonvulsants; Chloramphenicol; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Diazepam; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Fetus; Finland; Humans; Insulin; Iron; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Salicylates; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vitamins

A review is given on systemically applied drugs, which may cause vascular disturbances of the retina with possible irreversible involvment of the ocular function. Based upon personal observations and reports in the literature a series of drugs with such side effects is reported. In particular, besides retrolental fibroplasia and complications which can be induced by oestrogens, drugs are described, which on the basis of an allergic reaction may produce retinal haemorrhages or occlusions of retinal blood vessels.

Topics: Adult; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Contraceptives, Oral; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Phenylbutazone; Retinal Diseases; Retinal Hemorrhage; Retinal Vessels; Salicylates; Sulfonamides

Topics: Ampicillin; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Electroencephalography; Erythromycin; Female; Fever; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infections; Kanamycin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pericarditis; Pertussis Vaccine; Pleural Diseases; Recurrence; Salicylates; Tetracycline; Tonsillectomy

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Audiometry; Cochlea; Contraceptives, Oral; Diuretics; Drug Synergism; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Ear Diseases; Female; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Salicylates; Thalidomide; Vestibular Function Tests; Vestibule, Labyrinth

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Analgesics; Antibodies; Anticoagulants; Antihypertensive Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cathartics; Diuretics; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Salicylates

Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chloroquine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Glucocorticoids; Gold; Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Iatrogenic Disease; Indomethacin; Phenylbutazone; Salicylates

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Emergency Service, Hospital; England; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Poisoning; Poisons; Respiratory Care Units; Salicylates

Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Blood Glucose; Blood Specimen Collection; Body Height; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus; Diagnostic Errors; Diuretics; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Follow-Up Studies; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Salicylates; Sex Factors; Steroids

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Caffeine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Histamine; Humans; Indomethacin; Nicotinic Acids; Peptic Ulcer; Phenylbutazone; Reserpine; Salicylates

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Accidents; Congenital Abnormalities; Diet; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Environment; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Residence Characteristics; Salicylates; Socioeconomic Factors; Wales

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Contrast Media; Drug Tolerance; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nephritis, Interstitial; Nephrosis; Phenacetin; Phenylbutazone; Salicylates; Substance-Related Disorders

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Analgesics; Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Barbiturates; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hormones; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Malpractice; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenothiazines; Salicylates; Skin Manifestations; Sulfonamides

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloroquine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Glucocorticoids; Gold; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Rabbits; Rats; Rheumatic Diseases; Rheumatic Fever; Salicylates

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Phenacetin; Salicylates

Topics: Aminopyrine; Boric Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Salicylates; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Sulfonamides

Topics: Aspirin; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Eosinophils; Leukocyte Count; Poisoning; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Salicylates; Toxicology

Topics: Disease Management; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Salicylates

Topics: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Nicotine; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Salicylates

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aspirin; Blood Transfusion; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Humans; Salicylates