salicylates and Cardiovascular-Diseases

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet, Mediterranean; Humans; Salicylates

The aim of this study was to assess the effects and safety of salicylates on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We searched six databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI and VIP) for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and self-control studies which investigated the effects of salicylates on T2DM. We included 34 RCTs and 17 self-control studies involving 13 464 patients with T2DM. It was demonstrated that salicylates had obvious effects on several parameters for patients with T2DM. (1) Any dose of salicylates could significantly reduce HbA1c level [mean difference (MD) -0.39%; 95% CI -0.47 to -0.32] in RCTs, but only high doses of salicylates (≥3000 mg/day) could effectively reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level [standardized mean difference (SMD) -1.05; 95% CI -1.47 to -0.62] for patients with T2DM in both RCTs and self-control studies. Furthermore, high doses of salicylates could also increase plasma fasting insulin level (MD 12.20 mU/L; 95% CI 3.33 to 21.07); (2) In both RCTs and self-control studies, high doses of salicylates could significantly reduce plasma triglycerides concentration. The results for RCTs were MD -0.44 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.18, and those for self-control studies were 227±29 mg/dL (pre-treatment) and 117±8 mg/dL (post-treatment) (P=0.009); (3) All trials which reported cardiovascular events were RCTs using low doses (<1000 mg/day) of salicylates, and it was revealed that aspirin could significantly reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.92); (4) Two RCTs and two self-control studies with ≥3000 mg/day salicylates reported adverse effects, and the overall effects were mild, and tinnitus occurred most frequently. No evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was found in all these studies. In conclusion, from our systematic review, the anti-diabetic effect of salicylates is in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of salicylates may have beneficial effects on reducing FPG, HbA1c level and increasing fasting insulin concentration, and may also have some positive effects on lipidemia and inflammation-associated parameters for patients with T2DM, without serious adverse effects.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Incidence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Salicylates; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome

Chronic inflammation may participate in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease and may be a common denominator that links obesity to these disease states.. Epidemiologic studies have linked inflammatory biomarkers to incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Cellular and animal studies have provided support to the idea that inflammation mediates these disease processes, providing impetus to pharmacologically target these pathways for disease treatment and prevention. We review clinical strategies to target inflammation, with a focus on the antiinflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects of salicylates.. The evolving concept of diet-induced obesity driving insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease through immunologic processes provides new opportunities for the use of antiinflammatory strategies to correct the metabolic consequences of excess adiposity.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Salicylates

Triflusal (Aflen, Disgren, Tecnosal, Triflux) is a novel platelet antiaggregant with structural similarities to salicylates, but which is not derived from aspirin. It has similar efficacy to aspirin in patients with cerebral or myocardial infarction, but has a reduced risk of haemorrhagic complications. In addition, triflusal plus moderate-intensity anticoagulation has demonstrated efficacy when used as thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation. As such, triflusal has a role in the primary prevention of cerebrovascular events in atrial fibrillation, and for the secondary prevention of cerebral and myocardial infarction, primarily as an alternative to aspirin in patients for whom aspirin is unsuitable.

Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebral Infarction; Drug Interactions; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Myocardial Infarction; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Salicylates; Thromboembolism

The prophylactic effect of aspirin (at 80 mg/day) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease mortality has long been recognized. This study examined whether other salicylates are present in comparable quantities in the US food supply.. To estimate the order of magnitude for salicylates in the food supply, annual production data for selected synthetic salicylates were analyzed.. Production figures for 1960 indicate exposure to salicylates of 250 mg/day per person, or 95 mg/day per person excluding aspirin. Trend data indicate a rise in the production of salicylates over time, reaching 341 mg/day per person, or 126 mg/day per person excluding aspirin, in 1970.. The US ingestion of salicylates with aspirinlike properties may have increased to the point that many susceptible individuals have received a beneficial effect that has contributed to the decline in cardiovascular disease mortality.

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Food Additives; Food Analysis; Humans; Salicylates; United States

There is much (renewed) interest about the effects of salicylates on food intolerance, attention-deficit disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence for the efficacy of salicylate-elimination diets in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders and hyperactivity is weak, and further investigation is required on the relationship between salicylates and cardiovascular disease.

Topics: Asthma; Cardiovascular Diseases; Food; Food Analysis; Humans; Hyperkinesis; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Salicylates; Urticaria

Topics: Amphetamines; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Estrogens; Ethanol; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Function Tests; Heart Septal Defects; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lithium; Lithium Carbonate; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Progesterone; Salicylates; Tricuspid Valve; Trimethadione

Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coumarins; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Heparin; Humans; Hypertension; Lidocaine; Mental Disorders; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phenothiazines; Phenytoin; Procainamide; Salicylates

Primary vascular dysregulation (PVD) is a condition in which the response to cold temperature or external stimuli is abnormal. We investigated whether triflusal use results in amelioration of PVD symptoms and improvement of several related parameters compared with aspirin.. Eighty-eight PVD patients (54% female, 56±8 years) were randomly selected to receive either triflusal (300 mg, b.i.d.) or aspirin (150 mg, b.i.d.) for a period of 6 weeks followed by crossover. PVD was defined as both red-blood-cell standstill in video-assisted microscopic capillaroscopy during cold stimulation using carbon dioxide gas and a score of more than 7 points in a validated questionnaire. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by 1) cold intolerance symptom severity (CISS) score, 2) finger Doppler indices, and 3) indocyanine green perfusion imaging.. The use of triflusal resulted in a greater improvement in CISS score (44.5±18.4 vs. 51.9±16.2; p<0.001) and in mean radial peak systolic velocity (69.8±17.2 vs. 66.1±16.4; p=0.011) compared to aspirin. Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in perfusion rates on indocyanine green perfusion imaging between triflusal and aspirin (45.6±25.8 vs. 51.6±26.9; p=0.020).. Triflusal was more effective and demonstrated a more consistent impact on the improvement of symptoms and blood flow in patients with PVD than aspirin.

Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Male; Middle Aged; Perfusion Imaging; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Recurrence; Salicylates; Treatment Outcome

Aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV) increases with age and is a strong independent predictor of incident cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in healthy middle-aged and older adults. aPWV is lower in middle-aged and older adults who perform regular aerobic exercise than in their sedentary peers. As exercise is associated with reduced systemic inflammation, we hypothesized that suppression of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) may mediate this process.. aPWV was measured in young sedentary [n = 10, blood pressure (BP) 108 ± 3/59 ± 2 mmHg; mean ± SEM], middle-aged and older sedentary (n = 9, 124 ± 7/73 ± 5 mmHg) and middle-aged and older aerobic exercise-trained (n = 12, 110 ± 4/67 ± 2 mmHg) healthy, nonhypertensive men and women.. Baseline aPWV increased with age [626 ± 14 (young sedentary) vs. 859 ± 49 (middle-aged and older sedentary) cm/s, P < 0.001] but was 20% lower in middle-aged and older trained (686 ± 30 cm/s) than in middle-aged and older sedentary (P < 0.005). Short-term (4 days  x  2500-4500 mg) treatment with the NFκB inhibitor salsalate (randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design) reduced aPWV (to 783 ± 44 cm/s, P < 0.05) without changing BP (P = 0.40) or heart rate (P = 0.90) in middle-aged and older sedentary, but had no effect in young sedentary (623 ± 19) or middle-aged and older trained (699 ± 30). Following salsalate treatment, aPWV no longer was significantly different in middle-aged and older sedentary vs. middle-aged and older trained (P = 0.29). The reduction in aPWV with salsalate administration was inversely related to baseline (placebo) aPWV (r = -0.60, P < 0.001).. These results support the hypothesis that suppressed NFκB signalling may partially mediate the lower aortic stiffness in middle-aged and older adults who regularly perform aerobic exercise. Because aPWV predicts incident cardiovascular events in this population, this suggests that tonic suppression of NFκB signalling in middle-aged and older exercising adults may potentially lower cardiovascular risk.

Topics: Aging; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Exercise; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Pulse Wave Analysis; Risk Factors; Salicylates; Sedentary Behavior; Vascular Stiffness; Young Adult

Chronic sub-acute inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. High doses of salicylate reduce inflammation, glucose and triacylglycerols, and may improve insulin sensitivity, suggesting therapeutic potential in impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of salsalate vs placebo on insulin resistance and glycaemia in impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance.. We conducted a 12 week, two-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of salsalate (up to 4 g/day) vs placebo on systemic glucose disposal. Secondary objectives included treatment effects on glycaemia, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors. Seventy-eight participants with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance from two VA healthcare systems were enrolled. Randomisation assignment was provided by the coordinating center directly to site pharmacists, and participants and research staff were blinded to treatment assignment.. Seventy-one individuals were randomised to placebo (n = 36) or salsalate (n = 35). Glucose disposal did not change in either group (salsalate 1% [95% CI -39%, 56%]; placebo 6% [95% CI -20%, 61%], p = 0.3 for placebo vs salsalate). Fasting glucose was reduced by 6% during the study by salsalate (p = 0.006) but did not change with placebo. Declines in glucose were accompanied by declines in fasting C-peptide with salsalate. Insulin clearance was reduced with salsalate. In the salsalate group, triacylglycerol levels were lower by 25% (p = 0.01) and adiponectin increased by 53% (p = 0.02) at the end of the study. Blood pressure, endothelial function and other inflammation markers did not differ between groups. Adipose tissue nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity declined in the salsalate group compared with placebo (-16% vs 42%, p = 0.005), but was not correlated with metabolic improvements. The frequency of tinnitus was low but tended to be higher with salsalate therapy (n = 4 vs n = 2).. In summary, salsalate therapy was well tolerated, lowered fasting glucose, increased adiponectin and reduced adipose tissue NF-κB activity. These changes were not related to changes in peripheral insulin sensitivity, suggesting additional mechanisms for metabolic improvement.. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00330733.. Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs and NIH K24 DK63214.

Topics: Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Risk Factors; Salicylates; Triglycerides

The efficacy of the antiplatelet agent triflusal for prevention of vascular events after stroke has been reported in a pilot study. However, there is a need to confirm those results in a larger study.. We performed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study to test the efficacy of triflusal (600 mg/d) versus aspirin (325 mg/d) for prevention of vascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (Triflusal versus Aspirin in Cerebral Infarction Prevention [TACIP]). We assessed a combined end point (incidence of nonfatal ischemic stroke, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, or vascular death) as well as the incidence of these events separately and the incidence of major hemorrhage.. Of 2113 patients, 1058 received triflusal and 1055 aspirin. The mean follow-up period was 30.1 months. The incidence of combined end point (13.1% for triflusal, 12.4% for aspirin) as well the survival analysis (hazard ratio [HR] for triflusal versus aspirin, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.38) showed no differences between groups. The incidence of nonfatal stroke (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.44), nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.98,) and vascular death (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.96) was also similar. A significantly higher incidence of major hemorrhages in the aspirin group was recorded (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.82). The overall incidence of hemorrhage was significantly lower in the triflusal group (16.7% versus 25.2%) (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.86; P<0.001).. This study failed to show significantly superior efficacy of triflusal over aspirin in the long-term prevention of vascular events after stroke, but triflusal was associated with a significantly lower rate of hemorrhagic complications.

Topics: Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebral Infarction; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Salicylates; Secondary Prevention; Stroke; Survival Analysis

The effectiveness of the low doses AAS in the prevention of the cerebral infarction has not been clearly still verified.. To compare the long term effectiveness of the treatment with low doses AAS in front of triflusal in the reduction of the stroke, ischemic cardiopathy, and cardiovascular death risks.. Of 386 patients with a first ischemic stroke, 217 were selected (106 triflusal, 111 AAS) that completed the approaches of atheromatous infarct (161 males, 72.2% and 58 female, 25.8%). The mean age was 43 years (standard deviation, SD 6.4, 95% CL 20-50). The patients received one of theses treatments: a) AAS (Sedergine) 330 mg/day (once a day); b) Triflusal (Disgren), 900 mg/day (300 mg 3 times a day). The mean time of follow-up for the group triflusal was of 48.3 months (20-94), while for the group AAS was of 46.3 months (2-84).. The combined incidence of cerebral infarcts, ischemic cardiopathy and vascular death was 19.8% in the patients treated with triflusal, and 28.8% in the patients treated with AAS what supposes a reduction of the risk of the 39% (OR 0.61; CL 0.30-2.01). In the subgroup of patients with carotid stenoses of more than 70% demonstrated by angiography, triflusal produces a significant reduction of risk (OR 0.30; CL 0.10-0.90). Also, triflusal reduced in 76% the risk of hemorrhagic complications in comparison of the AAS (OR 0.24; IC 0.06-0.94).. The study adds new doubts about the effectiveness of the low doses of AAS in the secondary prevention of the cerebral infarct. The triflusal shows effectiveness in subgroup of high risk and a significative reduction of the hemorrhagic complications that would be confirmed in controlled clinical trials with a greater number of patients.

Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Brain Ischemia; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Salicylates; Survival Rate

Intake of acetylsalicylic acid reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and is associated with a decreased risk for colorectal cancer. Amounts of salicylates in foods are thus of interest, but data are scarce and controversial. We gave 58 mumol (10.5 mg) pure acetylsalicylic acid or 66 mumol (9.1 mg) salicylic acid to six volunteers and recovered 77-80% in 24-h urine samples. Thus, urinary excretion is a valid indicator for intake of free forms of (acetyl)salicylic acid. To estimate the bioavailable salicylate contents of diets, we subsequently studied salicylate excretion in 17 volunteers from 14 countries and four continents who ate a wide variety of self-selected diets. Median 24-h urinary salicylate excretion was 10 mumol (range: 6-12 mumol). Values increased with the fiber content of the diet (r = 0.73), suggesting that vegetable foods are the main sources of salicylates. However, amounts of salicylates in a variety of diets are evidently low and probably insufficient to affect disease risk.

Topics: Adult; Biological Availability; Cardiovascular Diseases; Colorectal Neoplasms; Diet; Female; Humans; Netherlands; Risk Factors; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Vegetables

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Attention; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Salicylates

We hypothesized that heightened systemic inflammation contributes to the increased rate of cardiovascular events in HIV-infected patients not receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. We performed a pilot trial to assess the effects of the nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor salsalate on flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, a measure of endothelial function. Flow-mediated dilation significantly improved after 8 weeks of salsalate. However, hepatotoxicity occurred frequently. Research using alternative agents is warranted to examine the role of inflammation in HIV-related cardiovascular disease.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Brachial Artery; Cardiovascular Diseases; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Pilot Projects; Salicylates; Vasodilation

The analgesic and antipyretic effect of the bark of willow has been known in Egypt and Greece for canturies. The modem era of salicylates starts with a letter sent 1758 by Reverend Edward Stone to The Royal Society in London. He described "an account of the success of the bark of willow in the cure of agues". His report. erroneously attributed to Edmond Stone. was published five years later. The active ingredient of willow bark. "salicine". was first isolated 1828 by Joseph Buchner, then by Henri Leroux, and also prepared from the oil of wintergreen (Gaultheria) and meadowsweet (Spirea ulmaria) by J. W. Lowig 1833. and called "Spirsäure", which was already pure acetylsalicylic acid. It was also synthetised 1853 by Ch. Gerhardt and finally 1897 in Bayer's laboratoires by Felix Hoffman, who also demonstrated its antiinflammatory efficacy. After two years of clinical trials with low doses, Bayer's management decided to start the productions and launched Aspirin as an analgetic worldwide in summer 1899. The first ASPIRIN ERA bagun. A completely new epoch started when J. N. Vane and Priscilla Piner demonstrated 1971 that the main mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In later studies the potency to inhibit platelet aggregation with small doses of aspirin (30-125 mg) was demonstrated. The Physicians'Health Study 1988 confirmed this effect: aspirin significantly reduced the risk of both, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction. and is now used in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. However the idea was not new: The use of salicylates and aspirin was throughly discussed more than 50 years ago: Paul C. Gibson published 1949 a well-documented case report on efficacy of aspirin in patients with angina, and Kl. Weber and P. Klein in Prague used Gibson's mixture successfully for patients with acute myocardial infarction (1951). Recently, the efficacy and security, the interactions and side-effects of low-dose aspirin have been studied and discussed. In chronic treatment, any combination of two specific platelet antiaggregants should be avoided.

Topics: Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Salicylates

Aspirin (acetylsalicylate) is an inexpensive drug that is used extensively to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Emerging evidence suggests that aspirin reduces the risk of other chronic diseases such as certain forms of cancer. Salicylate may contribute to the disease reduction effects. It is present naturally in fruits and vegetables and individuals with a low intake of these foods may be 'salicylate deficient'. This deleterious state may constitute a significant public health threat. Interventions to prevent deficiency, such as low-dose aspirin programmes, could have substantial beneficial health impacts around the world.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Fruit; Humans; Neoplasms; Public Health; Salicylates; Vegetables

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dioxins; Estrogens; Humans; Lipids; Obesity; Risk Factors; Salicylates

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Food Analysis; Humans; Salicylates

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Food Additives; Humans; Platelet Aggregation; Salicylates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thromboxane B2

Topics: Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Wine

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Wine

Topics: Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Fruit; Humans; Salicylates

The metaanalysis of clinical trials on the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular disease with antiplatelet drugs suggests that low doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The ideal galenic formulation should contain a low dose of ASA, should be enteric-coated--to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity--and should be slowly absorbed--to facilitate selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis by platelets.. The kinetics of a single dose of an enteric-coated sustained-release preparation containing 300 mg of ASA were studied in 6 healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations of ASA and salicylic acid (SA) were measured during 12 hours after its administration.. The time elapsed to achieve maximum plasma concentrations in the systemic circulation was 1 to 4 hours, as compared with 0.25 to 1.5 hours with other conventional preparations of ASA. The maximum plasma concentration recorded in one subject was 1.2 micrograms/ml, as compared with 4.8, 12, and 14 micrograms/ml with other preparations.. The pharmacokinetic profile of this new preparation fits that proposed by others to produce a selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis by platelets.

Topics: Adult; Aspirin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Humans; Male; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Tablets, Enteric-Coated

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coma; Fever; Gastric Lavage; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hyperventilation; Neurologic Manifestations; Oxygen Consumption; Peritoneal Dialysis; Renal Dialysis; Salicylates; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cobalt; Ethanol; Heart; Humans; Hypoxia; Myocardium; Salicylates

Topics: Barbiturates; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Kidney; Kidneys, Artificial; Renal Dialysis; Salicylates; Toxicology

Topics: Anticoagulants; Cardiovascular Diseases; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Salicylates; Vascular Diseases