salicylates and Bacteremia

Topics: Alkaloids; Bacteremia; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Isoquinolines; Periodontal Diseases; Root Planing; Salicylates; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tin Fluorides

Transient bacteremia frequently occur secondary to several periodontal procedures. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of irrigation with an essential oil-containing antiseptic (EO) and oral administration of azithromycin (AZM) on bacteremia caused by scaling and root planing (SRP).. Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned to three groups (control, EO, and AZM). The EO group received quadrant subgingival irrigation with EO, and mouthrinsing was continued at home for 1 week. Oral administration of AZM was started 3 days before SRP in the AZM group. No adjunctive treatment was performed before SRP in the control group. Peripheral blood and subgingival plaque were collected at baseline and after 1 week. The second blood sample was taken 6 minutes after the initiation of quadrant SRP. The blood samples were cultured and analyzed for bacteremia. Quantitative analysis of periodontopathic bacteria in the sulcus was performed using the polymerase chain reaction Invader method.. Bacteremia incidence rates were 90%, 70%, and 20% for the control, EO, and AZM groups, respectively. Significant reduction of the incidence of bacteremia was shown in the AZM group only (P <0.01). Subgingival bacterial counts significantly decreased in both the EO and AZM groups (P <0.01).. Quadrant SRP frequently induced bacteremia. Although AZM was effective in reducing bacteremia incidence, EO showed less effectiveness.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Azithromycin; Bacteremia; Bacterial Load; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteroides; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Plaque; Dental Scaling; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingiva; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Root Planing; Salicylates; Streptococcus; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation

This pilot study was designed to assess the effect of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse (EOM) in reducing bloodstream bacteria after chewing an apple.. From a panel of 200, we screened 62 individuals with mild-to-moderate gingivitis. Twenty-two individuals who showed a bacteraemia after chewing an apple were enrolled. Subjects were recalled, instructed to chew an apple, had blood drawn (first baseline), and were randomly assigned EOM or a control (C) treatment for 2 weeks. Subjects were recalled, given an apple, and had blood taken for bacterial counts. Following a 1-week fluoride dentifrice wash-out, subjects were recalled, given the apple challenge, had blood drawn (second baseline), assigned the alternate treatment, and recalled for testing. Differences between baseline and 2-week post-treatment (EOM versus C) in blood-borne bacteria were assessed by analysis of covariance.. Mean aerobic blood-borne bacteria decreased by 68.5% (17.7 viable counts from baseline; p<0.001), while anaerobic counts decreased by 70.7% (14.5 mean viable counts from baseline; p<0.001) for the EOM treatment. No reduction was seen for the C treatment.. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 2-week cross-over study showed that rinsing with essential oils reduced the level of bloodstream bacteria in subjects with mild-to-moderate gingivitis.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Load; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque Index; Disease Susceptibility; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Malus; Mastication; Microbial Viability; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Periodontal Index; Pilot Projects; Placebos; Salicylates; Terpenes

In this controlled clinical study, the authors examined the effect of subgingival irrigation and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthrinse before ultrasonic scaling of a quadrant containing inflamed gingivae. The results showed that pre-procedural subgingival irrigation and rinsing can significantly reduce the level of bacteremia associated with ultrasonic scaling. These results support the American Heart Association's recommendation of adjunctive subgingival irrigation prior to invasive procedures in patients at risk of developing bacterial endocarditis.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Blood; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Dental Scaling; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Ultrasonic Therapy

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the activity of oral mouthwashes against biofilm forms of MRSA isolated from the oral cavity and the bloodstream.. The time-kill kinetics efficacy of 7 over-the-counter mouthwashes were tested against 28 clinical MRSA biofilm isolates for 0.5, 1 and 2 min.. Treatments of MRSA biofilms formed by oral and bloodstream isolates were not significantly different, with mouthwashes displaying a rapid and modest anti-biofilm effect. None of the biofilm isolates were completely eradicated by the compounds tested, with a maximal killing of only approximately 70% shown by Corsodyl and Peroxyl. Maximum activity of all compounds tested was observed after 0.5 min. Fluorigard showed the poorest overall activity (57% reduction).. MRSA colonize the oral cavity, and are more prevalent in institutionalized persons and the elderly. Over-the-counter mouthwashes are ineffective at killing MRSA biofilms, which has infection control implications.

Topics: Aloe; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Bacteriological Techniques; Benzoates; Biofilms; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Indicators and Reagents; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Plant Preparations; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tea Tree Oil; Terpenes; Tetrazolium Salts; Time Factors; Triclosan

Listerine, a mouthrinse composed of a mixture of essential oils, was created in 1879 and was originally formulated as a surgical antiseptic. In spite of its known antimicrobial properties it was thought of as a product in search of a use and promoted as a deterrent for halitosis and as a floor cleaner. In the last several years Listerine has emerged as a bona fide therapeutic agent for reduction of plaque induced oral diseases. In contrast to the inconsistent history of Listerine, systemic antibiotics discovered in the 1940's were heralded as miracle drugs. However, the value of prophylactic usage of antibiotics has come under scrutiny as a result of increasing resistance and adverse reactions. Moreover, reports by both American and British professional societies have led to a re-evaluation of the relative risks associated with plaque induced bacteremia when twice-yearly visits to dental professionals are compared to daily activities. These new recommendations and revelations open the door for local antimicrobial approaches to reduce the challenge of plaque-induced bacteremias. These issues will be discussed in the context of Listerine, its intricate and complicated past, and its connection to current uses in oral health and beyond.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; History of Dentistry; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes