rivaroxaban and Chemical-and-Drug-Induced-Liver-Injury

Direct-acting oral anticoagulant drugs are marketed worldwide for the primary and secondary prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, is one of the most used. Rivaroxaban-induced hepatotoxicity is unusual, although a number of adverse reports have recently been reported. Here, we report two new cases of rivaroxaban-induced hepatitis.. A systematic search of case reports on the MEDLINE database encompassing the years 2008-2016 was carried out.Additional references were obtained following a manual search of the retrieved papers. We report two new cases of adverse events occurred in patients treated with rivaroxaban (20 mg/die) to prevent systemic embolism, who presented with hepatocellular liver injury with onset at 8 weeks after initiation of the drug intake.. Twenty-six cases were retrieved from MEDLINE (57.7% female, 42.3% male). Using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) scale, liver injury was classified as hepatocellular (42.3%), cholestatic (26.9%), or mixed (15.4%). Older age (≥65 years) was present as a risk factor in 57.7%. The time lapse between initiation of treatment and onset of hepatic injury ranged from 2 to 180 days (median: 15 days). Our two new patients were diagnosed with drug-induced liver injury (hepatocellular pattern) using the 'consensus criteria', for drug-induced liver injury. Their RUCAM scores were calculated and assessed as highly probable and probable, respectively. A clinical recovery after rivaroxaban withdrawal was observed.. Direct-acting oral anticoagulants have been commonly prescribed, even if safety issues regarding the use of these drugs are still an ongoing concern, especially in patients experiencing chronic liver disease. Dedicated postauthorization safety studies should be undertaken to better define rivaroxaban-induced drug-induced liver injury.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Rivaroxaban

Case reports and analyses of clinical studies and of pharmacovigilance data suggest that new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are associated with a small risk for hepatotoxicity. The objective of this publication is to summarize the current data about this subject, with a special emphasis on pharmacovigilance data in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSR) database and on potential mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. For that, all available case reports as well as published analyses of clinical studies were obtained with a detailed search in PubMed. In addition, pharmacovigilance data from VigiBase(®), the WHO Global ICRS database, were extracted and analyzed. The data show that liver injury associated with NOACs was reported in clinical studies and in pharmacovigilance databases. Several case reports described potentially life-threatening hepatotoxicity in patients treated with rivaroxaban or dabigatran. For rivaroxaban, most affected patients were symptomatic and liver injury was most often hepatocellular or mixed. The frequency was between 0.1 and 1 % in clinical studies and was by trend lower than for comparators (mostly enoxaparin or warfarin). Comparing the pharmacovigilance reports for the individual NOACs, more hepatic adverse events were reported for rivaroxaban than for dabigatran or apixaban. With the exception of edoxaban, for which only few reports are available, patients with acute liver failure have been reported for every NOAC, but most patients had concomitant drugs or diseases. So far, there are no clear mechanisms explaining the hepatotoxicity of these drugs. We conclude that hepatotoxicity appears to be associated with all NOACs currently on the market. Hepatotoxicity associated with NOACs is idiosyncratic; it appears at therapeutic doses, is rare and the mechanism is not related to the pharmacological action of these drugs. Prescribers should inform patients about possible symptoms of hepatotoxicity and stop these drugs in patients presenting with severe liver injury.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anticoagulants; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyridones; Rivaroxaban; Thiazoles

The most specific indicator of a drug-induced liver injury signal in a clinical trial database is believed to be the occurrence of subjects experiencing drug-associated elevations in both serum ALT and serum total bilirubin (TB) without a significant elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). eDISH (evaluation of Drug-Induced Serious Hepatotoxicity) is a recently described tool that organizes liver laboratory data by graphically displaying peak serum ALT and TB levels for each subject, and can also provide direct links to the pertinent clinical and laboratory data for each subject.. To illustrate the usefulness of the eDISH approach in the presentation of liver safety data by using phase III clinical trial data for rivaroxaban.. Four randomized, active-controlled studies were conducted worldwide in subjects undergoing elective hip or knee replacement surgery to compare the efficacy and safety of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban, an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor, with the low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin. Liver laboratory assessments, including ALT, AST, TB and ALP, were performed frequently during the studies. Data were incorporated into eDISH and linked data for selected subjects were analysed.. In the pooled analysis of the four studies, a total of 12 262 subjects (6131 rivaroxaban, 6131 enoxaparin) received at least one dose of study drug and had at least one central and/or local laboratory assessment during the study. A total of 143 (2.33%) rivaroxaban subjects and 223 (3.64%) enoxaparin subjects experienced a peak ALT >3 × upper limit of normal (ULN) but did not experience an elevation of TB >2 × ULN; these subjects are displayed in the right lower quadrant of the eDISH plot, termed the 'Temple's Corollary quadrant'. There were ten rivaroxaban and ten enoxaparin subjects with a peak ALT >3 × ULN and a peak TB >2 × ULN; these subjects were displayed in the right upper quadrant of the eDISH plot, termed the 'Hy's Law quadrant'. eDISH allowed efficient examination of the relevant data for each of these subjects.. The eDISH approach is an efficient and effective way to organize and examine large liver safety databases for randomized controlled clinical trials. It greatly facilitates a systematic and transparent examination of the relevant liver safety laboratory data. We believe eDISH should become a standard approach for assessing and studying liver safety issues in clinical trials.

Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Bilirubin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Double-Blind Method; Enoxaparin; Female; Fibrinolytic Agents; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Male; Middle Aged; Morpholines; Rivaroxaban; Severity of Illness Index; Thiophenes

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Humans; Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Embolism; Rivaroxaban

The risk of liver injury in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has not been previously examined using liver function tests as the primary outcome in the real-world setting. This study assessed the association between NOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) and warfarin and the risk of liver injury, as defined by laboratory tests.. Patients newly diagnosed with AF and prescribed NOACs or warfarin between 2010 and 2016, identified using the Hong Kong Clinical Database and Reporting System, were matched on age, sex, health status scores, comorbidities, and medications by propensity score on a 1:1 ratio. Risk of liver injury, defined as laboratory test values >3 times the upper limit of normal of alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase and >2 times the upper limit of normal of total bilirubin, was compared between NOAC and warfarin users using Cox proportional hazards regression.. After propensity score matching, 13,698 patients were included, of which 141 (2.1%) NOAC users and 232 (3.4%) warfarin users developed liver injury. The hazard ratio (HR) for NOAC vs warfarin users was 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.58-0.89). When comparing individual NOACs, only dabigatran (hazard ratio: 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.82) was associated with a lower risk of liver injury.. Among patients with AF, NOACs as a group, and dabigatran alone were associated with a significantly lower risk of laboratory-based liver injury when compared with warfarin. However, liver injury occurs more frequently in real-world practice than in NOAC randomized controlled trials.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticoagulants; Atrial Fibrillation; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cohort Studies; Dabigatran; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Propensity Score; Pyrazoles; Pyridones; Risk; Rivaroxaban; Warfarin

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Computed Tomography Angiography; Disease Management; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Embolism; Rivaroxaban

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Eruptions; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Morpholines; Rivaroxaban; Thiophenes

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Registries; Rivaroxaban; Venous Thromboembolism

Postmarketing reports have emerged associating rivaroxaban with drug-induced liver injury (DILI); however, management strategies of patients with suspected rivaroxaban-induced liver injury requiring continued anticoagulation have not been published. The present report describes a 67-year-old male with atrial fibrillation receiving rivaroxaban who developed a 16-fold elevation in alanine transaminase, a nearly two-fold elevation in total bilirubin, and ultrasound confirmed hepatic steatosis. The patient was switched from rivaroxaban to apixaban with subsequent rapid resolution of laboratory abnormalities. Rapid improvement in liver function tests despite use of an alternative factor Xa inhibitor suggests that rivaroxaban's mechanism of hepatotoxicity may be unrelated to its pharmacologic action. When using rivaroxaban, clinicians should be aware of the small but potentially serious risk of DILI. Because most anticoagulants have been associated with DILI, selection of an alternative anticoagulant may be challenging; however, the use of apixaban in this case suggests it may be a reasonable alternative.

Topics: Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Male; Pyrazoles; Pyridones; Rivaroxaban

Several published case reports of jaundice or abnormal liver function tests, and hundreds of reports of liver disorders.

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Humans; Rivaroxaban

Rivaroxaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been marketed worldwide since 2008 for the primary and secondary prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Although liver injury was observed in premarketing trials of rivaroxaban, there are no published postmarketing cases of liver injury associated with rivaroxaban.. Report of 14 cases of liver injury associated with rivaroxaban, including two with liver biopsy, and search queries in three large international pharmacovigilance databases for comparable cases.. Formal causality assessment classified rivaroxaban as the "highly probable", "probable", and "possible" cause in 4, 7, and 3 patients, respectively. Search results from three large international pharmacovigilance databases revealed a considerable number of additional hepatic adverse events where rivaroxaban was reported as a suspected cause.. We interpret the presented information as a relevant safety signal that should be followed by pharmacoepidemiological studies in order to reliably estimate absolute and relative risks of liver injury associated with rivaroxaban in support of rational risk-benefit assessment. Meanwhile, incident symptoms and signs of liver disease in patients treated with rivaroxaban should be considered as a potential adverse drug reaction, and if no other likely cause can be identified rivaroxaban should be stopped as soon as possible.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Morpholines; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Risk; Rivaroxaban; Thiophenes

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Factor Xa Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Male; Morpholines; Rivaroxaban; Thiophenes

The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed at the canalicular domain of hepatocytes, where it serves as the primary route of elimination for monovalent bile acids (BAs) into the bile canaliculi. The most compelling evidence linking dysfunction in BA transport with liver injury in humans is found with carriers of mutations that render BSEP nonfunctional. Based on mounting evidence, there appears to be a strong association between drug-induced BSEP interference and liver injury in humans; however, causality has not been established. For this reason, drug-induced BSEP interference is best considered a susceptibility factor for liver injury as other host- or drug-related properties may contribute to the development of hepatotoxicity. To better understand the association between BSEP interference and liver injury in humans, over 600 marketed or withdrawn drugs were evaluated in BSEP expressing membrane vesicles. The example of a compound that failed during phase 1 human trials is also described, AMG 009. AMG 009 showed evidence of liver injury in humans that was not predicted by preclinical safety studies, and BSEP inhibition was implicated. For 109 of the drugs with some effect on in vitro BSEP function, clinical use, associations with hepatotoxicity, pharmacokinetic data, and other information were annotated. A steady state concentration (C(ss)) for each of these annotated drugs was estimated, and a ratio between this value and measured IC₅₀ potency values were calculated in an attempt to relate exposure to in vitro potencies. When factoring for exposure, 95% of the annotated compounds with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 were associated with some form of liver injury. We then investigated the relationship between clinical evidence of liver injury and effects to multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) believed to play a role in BA homeostasis. The effect of 600+ drugs on MRP2, MRP3, and MRP4 function was also evaluated in membrane vesicle assays. Drugs with a C(ss)/BSEP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 and a C(ss)/MRP IC₅₀ ratio ≥ 0.1 had almost a 100% correlation with some evidence of liver injury in humans. These data suggest that integration of exposure data, and knowledge of an effect to not only BSEP but also one or more of the MRPs, is a useful tool for informing the potential for liver injury due to altered BA transport.

Topics: Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cluster Analysis; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Liver; Male; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Pharmacokinetics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Toxicity Tests