retinol has been researched along with Disease, Pulmonary in 52 studies
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (9.62) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 21 (40.38) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 15 (28.85) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 10 (19.23) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 1 (1.92) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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Buendía, JA; Guerrero Patiño, D; Lindarte, EF | 1 |
Barber, T; Cabezuelo, MT; Marín, MP; Rodríguez-Fernández, L; Timoneda, J; Torres, L; Viña, JR; Zaragozá, R | 1 |
Hernández-Garduño, E | 1 |
Kim, SY; Koh, WJ; Lee, SY; Oh, J; Park, HD | 1 |
Akintunde, DG; Akintunde, JK; Bolarin, OE | 1 |
Darlow, BA; Graham, PJ; Rojas-Reyes, MX | 1 |
Alzaben, AS; Brown, N; Chung, TT; Goodvin, M; Hubert, G; Jackson, K; Lien, D; Mager, DR; Prosser, C; Salgado, J; Tabak, J; Weinkauf, J | 1 |
Noy, N | 1 |
Aghdassi, E; Allard, JP; Arendt, BM; Chow, CW; Gutierrez, C; Keshavjee, S; Madill, J; Singer, L | 1 |
Albertine, KH; Bland, RD; Carlton, DP; Dahl, MJ; Gonzales, LW; Hyde, DM; Metcalfe, D; Plopper, CG; Starcher, BC; Wang, ZM | 1 |
Porcelli, PJ; Weaver, RG | 1 |
Darlow, BA; Graham, PJ | 4 |
Bjørtuft, O; Blomhoff, R; Boe, J; Førli, L; Kofstad, J; Pedersen, JI | 1 |
DAPRA, L; LAVAGNO, L | 1 |
Coldman, A; Gazdar, A; Guillaud, M; Lam, S; Le Riche, JC; Lotan, R; Macaulay, C; Parker-Klein, H; Xu, X | 1 |
Areias, JC; Baptista, MJ; Correia-Pinto, J; Estevão-Costa, J; Flake, AW; Gonzaga, S; Leite-Moreira, AF; Melo-Rocha, G; Pedrosa, C; Teles, A | 1 |
Armstrong, DS; Bines, JE; Carzino, R; Grimwood, K; Truby, HD | 1 |
Fernandez-Dumont, V; Gonzalez-Reyes, S; Martinez, L; Martinez-Calonge, W; Tovar, JA | 1 |
Montedonico, S; Nakazawa, N; Paradisi, F; Puri, P; Takayasu, H | 1 |
Bdolach-Abram, T; Bentur, L; Hakim, F; Kerem, E; Rivlin, J; Stankiewicz, H; Wilschanski, M | 1 |
Cohen, J; Dekeyser, F; Singer, P; Theilla, M | 1 |
Mitsunaga, K; Shioiri, K | 1 |
Bray, TM; Carlson, JR | 1 |
Sauer, JM; Sipes, IG | 2 |
Chew, F; Mejia, LA; Ruz, M; Solomons, NW | 1 |
el Amin, A; Fawzi, WW; Herrera, MG; Mohamed, KA; Nestel, P; Willett, WC | 1 |
Arnold, JD; Bowen, JR; Chabra, S; Earl, J; Leslie, GI; Wood, F | 1 |
Hussey, G; Semba, R | 1 |
Mackerras, D | 1 |
Chan, V; Cheeseman, P; Gamsu, H; Greenough, A | 1 |
Chan, V; Cheeseman, P; Gamsu, HR; Greenough, A | 2 |
Gangopadhyay, NN; Moldoveanu, Z; Stephensen, CB | 1 |
Addy, HA; Arthur, P; Binka, FN; Dollimore, N; Gyapong, JO; Kirkwood, BR; Morris, SS; Ross, DA; Shier, RP; Smith, PG | 1 |
McNamara, JJ; Nishida, SD; Premaratne, S; Tinsley, CH; Tinsley, LR | 1 |
Carr, SB; Dinwiddie, R | 1 |
Agil, A; Colin, AA; Duggan, C; Higgins, L; Rifai, N | 1 |
Dibley, MJ; Moulton, LH | 1 |
Stephenson, J | 1 |
Austin, NC; Darlow, BA; Graham, PJ; Inder, TE; Winterbourn, CC | 1 |
Bauer, CR; Ehrenkranz, RA; Fanaroff, AA; Kennedy, KA; Korones, SB; Lemons, JA; Mele, L; Oh, W; Stevenson, DK; Stoll, BJ; Tyson, JE; Wright, LL | 1 |
Bental, YA; Cooper, PA; Rotschild, A | 1 |
Chytil, F | 1 |
Zachman, RD | 1 |
Graham, P | 1 |
Chen, S; Hughes, A; Shaw, NJ; Wardle, SP | 1 |
Chopra, K; Rambukkana, A; Saha, K; Sahu, A | 1 |
Henderson, BE; Pike, MC; Wu, AH; Yu, MC | 1 |
8 review(s) available for retinol and Disease, Pulmonary
Article | Year |
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Vitamin A Deficiency and the Lung.
Topics: Airway Remodeling; Animals; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 2018 |
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2016 |
Vitamin A Transport and Cell Signaling by the Retinol-Binding Protein Receptor STRA6.
Topics: Animals; Anophthalmos; Biological Transport; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Janus Kinases; Lung Diseases; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microphthalmos; Obesity; Organ Specificity; Prealbumin; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Signal Transduction; STAT Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Vitamin A | 2016 |
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2011 |
Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin A | 2002 |
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2007 |
Nutrition and 3-methylindole-induced lung injury.
Topics: Amino Acids, Sulfur; Animals; Enzyme Induction; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Indoles; Lung; Lung Diseases; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Oxidoreductases; Pulmonary Edema; Pulmonary Emphysema; Skatole; Tryptophan; Vitamin A; Vitamin E | 1983 |
Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Vitamin A | 2000 |
8 trial(s) available for retinol and Disease, Pulmonary
Article | Year |
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Surrogate end-point biomarker analysis in a retinol chemoprevention trial in current and former smokers with bronchial dysplasia.
Topics: Aged; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bronchoscopy; Cell Nucleus; Chemoprevention; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Metaplasia; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Placebos; Receptors, Retinoic Acid; RNA, Messenger; Smoking; Time Factors; Tretinoin; Vitamin A | 2003 |
A diet enriched in eicosapentanoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the prevention of new pressure ulcer formation in critically ill patients with acute lung injury: A randomized, prospective, controlled study.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Chi-Square Distribution; Critical Illness; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Female; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Pressure Ulcer; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Wound Healing | 2007 |
Alteration of circulating micronutrients with overt and occult infections in anaemic Guatemalan preschool children.
Topics: Acute-Phase Reaction; Anemia; Child; Child, Preschool; Conjunctivitis; Copper; Female; Food, Fortified; Growth; Guatemala; Humans; Infant; Iron; Lung Diseases; Male; Micronutrients; Prevalence; Skin Diseases; Vitamin A; Zinc | 1995 |
Dietary vitamin A intake and the incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infection among Sudanese children.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Cough; Diarrhea; Diet; Fever; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Lung Diseases; Measles; Morbidity; Risk Factors; Sudan; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 1995 |
Effect of vitamin A supplementation on the growth of young children in northern Ghana.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food, Fortified; Ghana; Growth; Growth Disorders; Humans; Infant; Lung Diseases; Morbidity; Prevalence; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Xerophthalmia | 1996 |
Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Cross Infection; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Injections, Intramuscular; Lung Diseases; Sepsis; Single-Blind Method; Vitamin A | 1999 |
Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Single-Blind Method; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 2000 |
Randomised controlled trial of oral vitamin A supplementation in preterm infants to prevent chronic lung disease.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Lung Diseases; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Prospective Studies; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin A | 2001 |
36 other study(ies) available for retinol and Disease, Pulmonary
Article | Year |
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Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of chronic lung disease in premature infants: A cost-utility analysis.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lung Diseases; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Vitamin A | 2022 |
Letter to the Editor Re: Oh J., et al.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Nutrients; Risk Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2019 |
Reply: "Letter to the Editor Re: Oh J., et al.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases; Nutrients; Risk Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2019 |
Garlic capsule and selenium-vitamins ACE combination therapy modulate key antioxidant proteins and cellular adenosine triphosphate in lisinopril-induced lung damage in rats.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Garlic; Lipid Peroxidation; Lisinopril; Lung Diseases; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mucosa; Selenium; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins | 2016 |
Bone Mineral Density and Fat-Soluble Vitamin Status in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis Undergoing Lung Transplantation: A Pilot Study.
Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Biomarkers; Bone Density; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Lung Diseases; Lung Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Parathyroid Hormone; Pilot Projects; Protein Precursors; Prothrombin; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Young Adult | 2016 |
Oxidative stress and nutritional intakes in lung patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.
Topics: Bronchiolitis Obliterans; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cross-Sectional Studies; Follow-Up Studies; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Graft Rejection; Humans; Lipid Peroxides; Lung Diseases; Lung Transplantation; Nutritional Status; Oxidative Stress; Retrospective Studies; Tocopherols; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2009 |
Chronic lung disease in preterm lambs: effect of daily vitamin A treatment on alveolarization.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Chronic Disease; Dietary Supplements; Elastin; Female; Gestational Age; Lung; Lung Diseases; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Respiration, Artificial; Sheep; Tropoelastin; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2010 |
The influence of early postnatal nutrition on retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Milk, Human; Nutrition Assessment; Parenteral Nutrition; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin A; Vitamin E | 2010 |
Vitamins A and E in serum in relation to weight and lung function in patients with advanced pulmonary disease.
Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; beta-Tocopherol; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; gamma-Tocopherol; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lung Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Support; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Function Tests; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Weight Gain | 2002 |
[Bronchial changes caused by acrolein and vitamins].
Topics: Acrolein; Ascorbic Acid; Humans; Inositol; Lung Diseases; Poisoning; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins | 1954 |
Antenatal vitamin A administration attenuates lung hypoplasia by interfering with early instead of late determinants of lung underdevelopment in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fetus; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Lung; Lung Diseases; Olive Oil; Phenyl Ethers; Plant Oils; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin A; Vitamins | 2005 |
Vitamin A and E deficiency and lung disease in infants with cystic fibrosis.
Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cystic Fibrosis; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lung Diseases; Male; Neonatal Screening; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency | 2005 |
Effects of antioxidant vitamins on molecular regulators involved in lung hypoplasia induced by nitrofen.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Female; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta; Herbicides; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Lung; Lung Diseases; Nuclear Proteins; Organ Size; Peptide Fragments; Phenyl Ethers; Pregnancy; Proteolipids; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory System Abnormalities; Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; Transcription Factors; Up-Regulation; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Vitamins | 2006 |
Disturbance of retinol transportation causes nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy, Needle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Lung; Lung Diseases; Morphogenesis; Phenyl Ethers; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reference Values; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Sensitivity and Specificity; Signal Transduction; Vitamin A | 2007 |
Vitamins A and E and pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Dietary Supplements; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Female; Humans; Infant; Lung Diseases; Male; Nutritional Status; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Respiratory Function Tests; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin A; Vitamin E | 2007 |
[Serum vitamin A in respiratory diseases--with special reference to chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin A | 1967 |
all-trans-retinol modulation of nitronaphthalene-induced lung and liver injury in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Topics: Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Carcinogens; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Enzymes; Lung Diseases; Male; Naphthalenes; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin A | 1995 |
Vitamin A status in preterm neonates with and without chronic lung disease.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lung Diseases; Male; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Risk; Vitamin A; Vitamin D Deficiency | 1994 |
Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Humans; Lung Diseases; Vitamin A | 1993 |
Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Humans; Lung Diseases; Vitamin A | 1993 |
Vitamin A levels and feeding practice in neonates with and without chronic lung disease.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lung Diseases; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Reference Values; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 1993 |
Vitamin A status in preterm and term infants at birth.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Lung Diseases; Reference Values; Vitamin A | 1993 |
Vitamin A levels at birth of high risk preterm infants.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lung Diseases; Male; Risk Factors; Vitamin A | 1993 |
Vitamin A deficiency diminishes the salivary immunoglobulin A response and enhances the serum immunoglobulin G response to influenza A virus infection in BALB/c mice.
Topics: Animals; Female; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulin G; Influenza A virus; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Salivary Glands; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 1996 |
Modulation of chemical-induced lung and liver toxicity by all-trans-retinol in the male Sprague-Dawley rat.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Tetrachloride; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Synergism; Gadolinium; Liver; Liver Diseases; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Naphthalenes; Paraquat; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin A | 1995 |
Measurement of oxygen free radicals in a rabbit shock lung model. Effect of superoxide dismutase and retinol.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Diterpenes; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Free Radical Scavengers; Lung; Lung Diseases; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Models, Biological; Prospective Studies; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Reactive Oxygen Species; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Retinyl Esters; Shock; Superoxide Dismutase; Vitamin A | 1996 |
Annual review or continuous assessment?
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Forced Expiratory Volume; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Liver Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nutritional Status; Physical Therapy Modalities; Vital Capacity; Vitamin A | 1996 |
Vitamin A status in acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; C-Reactive Protein; Cohort Studies; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Regression Analysis; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Vitamin A | 1996 |
Multivariate time-to-event models for studies of recurrent childhood diseases.
Topics: Biometry; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Incidence; Indonesia; Lung Diseases; Proportional Hazards Models; Random Allocation; Recurrence; Seasons; Time Factors; Vitamin A | 1997 |
Experts air new findings on lung diseases.
Topics: beta Carotene; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Pneumonectomy; Pulmonary Emphysema; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Vitamin A | 1998 |
Plasma vitamin A levels in the very low birthweight infant--relationship to respiratory outcome.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Fetal Blood; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Longitudinal Studies; Lung Diseases; Male; Prospective Studies; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Vitamin A | 1998 |
Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Radiography; Vitamin A | 1999 |
Vitamin A: not for vision only.
Topics: Epithelium; Eye Diseases; Humans; Lung Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Tracheal Diseases; Tretinoin; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency | 1999 |
Bayesian inference for a generalized population attributable fraction: the impact of early vitamin A levels on chronic lung disease in very low birthweight infants.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Lung Diseases; Vitamin A | 2000 |
Undernutrition and altered T-cell homeostasis in children with severe chest diseases.
Topics: Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Lung Diseases; Minerals; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Respiratory Tract Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Vitamin A | 1988 |
Smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer in women.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; beta Carotene; California; Carotenoids; Dairy Products; Diet; Epidemiologic Methods; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Occupations; Population Surveillance; Risk; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Vitamin A | 1985 |