rebaudioside-a and Body-Weight

Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) provide sweetness with little or no energy. However, each LCS's unique chemical structure has potential to elicit different sensory, physiological, and behavioral responses that affect body weight.. The purpose of this trial was to compare the effects of consumption of 4 LCSs and sucrose on body weight, ingestive behaviors, and glucose tolerance over a 12-wk intervention in adults (18-60 y old) with overweight or obesity (body mass index 25-40 kg/m2).. In a parallel-arm design, 154 participants were randomly assigned to consume 1.25-1.75 L of beverage sweetened with sucrose (n = 39), aspartame (n = 30), saccharin (n = 29), sucralose (n = 28), or rebaudioside A (rebA) (n = 28) daily for 12 wk. The beverages contained 400-560 kcal/d (sucrose treatments) or <5 kcal/d (LCS treatments). Anthropometric indexes, energy intake, energy expenditure, appetite, and glucose tolerance were measured at baseline. Body weight was measured every 2 wk with energy intake, expenditure, and appetite assessed every 4 wk. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were completed every 4 wk to determine study compliance via para-aminobenzoic acid excretion.. Of the participants enrolled in the trial, 123 completed the 12-wk intervention. Sucrose and saccharin consumption led to increased body weight across the 12-wk intervention (Δweight = +1.85 ± 0.36 kg and +1.18 ± 0.36 kg, respectively; P ≤ 0.02) and did not differ from each other. There was no significant change in body weight with consumption of the other LCS treatments compared with baseline, but change in body weight for sucralose was negative and significantly lower compared with all other LCSs at week 12 (weight difference ≥ 1.37 ± 0.52 kg, P ≤ 0.008). Energy intake decreased with sucralose consumption (P = 0.02) and ingestive frequency was lower for sucralose than for saccharin (P = 0.045). Glucose tolerance was not significantly affected by any of the sweetener treatments.. Sucrose and saccharin consumption significantly increase body weight compared with aspartame, rebA, and sucralose, whereas weight change was directionally negative and lower for sucralose compared with saccharin, aspartame, and rebA consumption. LCSs should be categorized as distinct entities because of their differing effects on body weight. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02928653.

Topics: Adult; Aspartame; Beverages; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Sucrose; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Obesity; Overweight; Saccharin; Stevia; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Weight Gain; Young Adult

Rebaudioside A and stevioside are steviol glycosides extracted from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and are used in several countries as food and beverage sweeteners. This randomized, double-blind trial evaluated the hemodynamic effects of 4weeks consumption of 1000mg/day rebaudioside A vs. placebo in 100 individuals with normal and low-normal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Subjects were predominantly female (76%, rebaudioside A and 82%, placebo) with a mean age of approximately 41 (range 18-73) years. At baseline, mean resting, seated SBP/DBP was 110.0/70.3mmHg and 110.7/71.2mmHg for the rebaudioside A and placebo groups, respectively. Compared with placebo, rebaudioside A did not significantly alter resting, seated SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) or 24-h ambulatory blood pressures responses. These results indicate that consumption of as much as 1000mg/day of rebaudioside A produced no clinically important changes in blood pressure in healthy adults with normal and low-normal blood pressure.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Body Weight; Diet; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Double-Blind Method; Exercise; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Posture; Sweetening Agents

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni possesses various medicinal and food industrial applications. This study is the first to explore the effect of the cytokinins meta-Topolin (mT; 6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine), zeatin, kinetin, and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) at concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 µM on shoot multiplication, as well as stevioside, rebaudioside A, phenolic acid, and flavonoid content in bioreactor cultures. The highest number of shoots (23.4 per explant) was obtained in the medium containing 5 μM of mT. However, 15 μM of mT was superior for fresh biomass production and dry biomass accumulation. Reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC analysis showed a beneficial effect of 5 μM mT on stevioside (11.43 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and rebaudioside A (10.74 mg/g DW) biosynthesis. In all conditions, the ratio of rebaudioside A/stevioside ranged from 0.75 to 1.12. The phenolic acids chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, isochlorogenic A, and rosmarinic were confirmed in the stevia extracts, as were the flavonoids isoquercetin, and quercitrin. The highest accumulations of chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids and flavonoids were observed in shoot tissues derived from 5 µM mT, whereas 5 µM of BAP stimulated biosynthesis of chlorogenic, isochlorogenic A, and rosmarinic acids. This is the first report on the use of mT-cytokinin showing high potential in stevia cultures.

Topics: Bioreactors; Body Weight; Flavonoids; Stevia

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cognition; Male; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stevia; Sweetening Agents

We examined the impact of maternal low-dose aspartame and stevia consumption on adiposity, glucose tolerance, gut microbiota and mesolimbic pathway in obese dams and their offspring.. Following obesity induction, female Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated during pregnancy and lactation to: (1) high fat/sucrose diet (HFS) +water (obese-WTR); (2) HFS +aspartame (obese-APM; 5-7 mg/kg/day); (3) HFS +stevia (obese-STV; 2-3 mg/kg/day). Offspring were weaned onto control diet and water and followed until 18 weeks. Gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes were measured in dams and offspring. Cecal matter from offspring at weaning was used for faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) into germ-free (GF) mice.. Maternal APM and STV intake with a HFS diet increased body fat in offspring at weaning and body weight long-term with APM. Maternal APM/HFS consumption impaired glucose tolerance in male offspring at age 8 weeks and both APM and STV altered faecal microbiota in dams and offspring. Maternal obesity/HFS diet affected offspring adiposity and glucose tolerance more so than maternal LCS consumption at age 12 and 18 weeks. APM and STV altered expression of genes in the mesolimbic reward system that may promote consumption of a palatable diet. GF mice receiving an FMT from obese-APM and obese-STV offspring had greater weight gain and body fat and impaired glucose tolerance compared with obese-WTR.. Maternal low-calorie sweetener consumption alongside HFS may disrupt weight regulation, glucose control and gut microbiota in dams and their offspring most notably in early life despite no direct low-calorie sweetener consumption by offspring.

Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Aspartame; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Energy Metabolism; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Glucose Intolerance; Mice; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Stevia; Sweetening Agents

This study sought to determine the possible detrimental effects of several low- or non-caloric sweeteners on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), inflammation and behavioural changes in mice. C57BL/6 male mice received low and high dose of natural and artificial sweeteners for 4 weeks. EPCs, physical and biochemical variables, inflammation and behavioural changes were evaluated. A significant reduction of about 25% of EPCs was found when mice received a moderate amount of all sweeteners (

Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Carrageenan; Compulsive Behavior; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Endothelial Progenitor Cells; Fructose; Glucose; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Animal; Obsessive Behavior; Serum; Spatial Memory; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are widely used in various food products and soft drinks. There is growing evidence that NNSs contribute to metabolic dysfunction and can affect body weight, glucose tolerance, appetite, and taste sensitivity. Several NNSs have also been shown to have major impacts on bacterial growth both in vitro and in vivo. Here we studied the effects of various NNSs on the growth of the intestinal bacterium, E. coli, as well as the gut bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, the balance between which is associated with gut health. We found that the synthetic sweeteners acesulfame potassium, saccharin and sucralose all exerted strong bacteriostatic effects. We found that rebaudioside A, the active ingredient in the natural NNS stevia, also had similar bacteriostatic properties, and the bacteriostatic effects of NNSs varied among different Escherichia coli strains. In mice fed a chow diet, sucralose increased Firmicutes, and we observed a synergistic effect on Firmicutes when sucralose was provided in the context of a high-fat diet. In summary, our data show that NNSs have direct bacteriostatic effects and can change the intestinal microbiota in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Appetite; Bacteroidetes; Body Weight; Carbonated Beverages; Escherichia coli; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Mice; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Saccharin; Stevia; Sucrose; Taste; Thiazines

Obesity is a major public health problem that is highly associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, two conditions associated with circadian disruption. To date, dieting is one of the only interventions that result in substantial weight loss, but restricting caloric intake is difficult to maintain long-term. The use of artificial sweeteners, particularly in individuals that consume sugar sweetened beverages (energy drinks, soda), can reduce caloric intake and possibly facilitate weight loss. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the artificial sweetener, rebaudioside A (Reb-A), on circadian rhythms, in vivo insulin action, and the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Six month old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to a control or Reb-A (0.1% Reb-A supplemented drinking water) group for six months. Circadian wheel running rhythms, body weight, caloric intake, insulin action, and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity were assessed. Time of peak physical activity under a 12:12 light-dark (LD) cycle, mean activity levels, and circadian period in constant dark were not significantly different in mice that consumed Reb-A supplemented water compared to normal drinking water, indicating that circadian rhythms and biological clock function were unaltered. Although wheel running significantly reduced body weight in both Reb-A and control mice (P = 0.0001), consuming Reb-A supplemented water did not alter the changes in body weight following wheel running (P = 0.916). In vivo insulin action, as assessed by glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests, was not different between mice that consumed Reb-A treated water compared to normal drinking water. Finally, Reb-A does not appear to change the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity as both groups of mice gained similar amounts of body weight when placed on a high fat diet. Our results indicate that consuming Reb-A supplemented water does not promote circadian disruption, insulin resistance, or obesity.

Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Biological Clocks; Body Weight; Circadian Rhythm; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Energy Intake; Insulin; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Sweetening Agents

stevia consumption has increased worlwide among the different age groups; however, studies regarding the association between stevia intake and nutritional status in adults are scarce.. to evaluate stevia intake in first year university students from five chilean cities (Santiago, Temuco, Viña del Mar, Concepción and Antofagasta) controlling by nutritional status, socioeconomic level, gender and whether their undergraduate program belongs to the health sciences.. 486 first year university students belonging to 4 Chilean universities were evaluated. Each student completed a weekly food frequency questionnaire including food and beverages containing stevia. Selfreport of weight and height was requested.. 69.8% of the students consumed stevia every week, the liquid form being the main contributor to the dietary stevia intake (81.2%). Only 1.4% of the students went over the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). Normal weight women show a higher stevia intake compared to those obese or overweight (p < 0.05). Finally, stevia consumption appears to be positively associated to normal weight in the first model (adjusted) (OR = 0.219; IC 95%: 0.13-0.35; p < 0.05) and second model (OR = 0.21; IC 95%: 0.13-0.35; p < 0.05).. stevia consumption was positively associated with normal nutritional status in Chilean university students.. Introducción: el consumo de stevia a nivel mundial se ha incrementado en los diferentes grupos etarios; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que muestren la ingesta y asociación con el peso corporal en adultos. Objetivo: evaluar el consumo de stevia en jóvenes universitarios de primer año de cinco ciudades de Chile (Santiago, Temuco, Viña del Mar, Concepción y Antofagasta) de acuerdo al estado nutricional, nivel socioeconómico, sexo y pertenencia al área de la salud. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron 486 estudiantes universitarios (EU) de primer año, pertenecientes a cuatro universidades chilenas. A cada participante se le aplicó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo semanal con alimentos y bebidas que contienen stevia. Se solicitó el autoinforme de peso y talla. Resultados: el 69,8% de los estudiantes consumen stevia durante la semana. La stevia en gotas constituye el mayor aporte de stevia en la dieta de los estudiantes, con un 63%. Solo el 1,4% de los estudiantes sobrepasaban el IDA para stevia. Las mujeres normopeso presentan una ingesta mayor de stevia que las que tienen sobrepeso u obesidad (p < 0,05). Finalmente, se observó una asociación positiva entre el consumo de stevia y un peso normal, modelo ajustado 1 (OR = 0,219; IC 95%: 0,13-0,35; p < 0,05) y modelo 2 (OR = 0,21; IC 95%: 0,13-0,35; p < 0,05). Conclusión: el consumo de stevia se asoció a un estado nutricional normal en estudiantes universitarios chilenos.

Topics: Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Chile; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Nutritional Status; Odds Ratio; Public Health Surveillance; Stevia; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweetening Agents; Universities; Young Adult

Rebaudioside D (Reb D) is one of the several glycosides found in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Compositae) which has been identified as a potential sweetener. The metabolism of Reb A and Reb D was evaluated in various in vitro matrices (simulated gastrointestinal fluids, rat liver microsomes, and rat cecal contents) and through analysis of plasma collected from rats in a dietary toxicity study. Reb A and Reb D showed similar stability when exposed to simulated stomach and small intestine fluids, with susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation by enteric bacteria collected from the cecum. Incubations with rat liver microsomes indicated that neither compound is expected to be metabolized by the liver enzymes. Plasma concentrations of Reb D, Reb A, and/or the final hydrolysis product of each compound, free/conjugated steviol, were consistent between animals administered either Reb D or Reb A in the diet. A repeated exposure dietary toxicity study was conducted to compare the safety of Reb D, when administered at target exposure levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d to Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days, to that of Reb A administered at a target exposure level of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. There were no treatment-related effects on the general condition and behavior of the animals and no toxicologically relevant, treatment-related effects on hematology, serum chemistry, or urinalysis. Macroscopic and microscopic findings revealed no treatment-related effects on any organ evaluated. Results were comparable between the group administered 2000 mg/kg/d Reb D and the group administered 2000 mg/kg/d Reb A.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glycosides; Male; Microsomes, Liver; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stevia; Sweetening Agents; Toxicity Tests

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a non-caloric natural-source alternative to artificially produced sugar substitutes. This study investigated the effect of stevia extract on lipid profiles in C57BL/6J mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups: N-C (normal diet and distilled water), H-C (high-fat diet and distilled water), H-SC (high fat diet and sucrose, 1 mL kg(-1) per day), and H-SV (high-fat diet and stevia extract, 1 mL kg(-1) per day).. Body weight gain was significantly higher in the H-SC group than in the H-SV group. Triglyceride concentrations in serum and liver were lower in the H-SV group than in the H-SC group. Serum total cholesterol concentrations were lower in the H-SV and H-C groups compared to the H-SC group. The concentrations of acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC) in serum were higher in the H-SV group than in the H-C and H-SC groups and the acyl/free carnitine level in liver was significantly higher in the H-SV group than in the N-C group. These results were supported by mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipid metabolism (ACO, PPARalpha, ACS, CPT-I, ACC) assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.. These results suggest that the supplementation of stevia extract might have an anti-obesity effect on high-fat diet induced obese mice.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carnitine; Dietary Fats; Dietary Sucrose; Dietary Supplements; Enzymes; Hypercholesterolemia; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Plant Extracts; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Stevia; Sucrose; Weight Gain

There are more published dietary exposure data for intense sweeteners than for any other group of food additives. Data are available for countries with different patterns of sweetener approvals and also for population groups with high potential intakes, such as children and diabetic subjects. These data provide a secure basis for predicting the potential intakes of a novel intense sweetener by adjustment of the reported intakes of different sweeteners in mg/kg body weight by their relative sweetness intensities. This approach allows the possibility that a novel sweetener attains the same pattern and extent of use as the existing sweeteners. The intakes by high consumers of other sweeteners allows for possible brand loyalty to the novel sweetener. Using this method, the estimated dietary exposures for rebaudioside A in average and high consumers are predicted to be 1.3 and 3.4mg/kg body weight per day for the general population, 2.1 and 5.0mg/kg body weight per day for children and 3.4 and 4.5mg/kg body weight per day for children with diabetes. The temporary ADI defined by the JECFA for steviol glycosides [JECFA, 2005. Steviol glycosides. In: 63rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, WHO Technical Report Series 928, pp. 34-39] was set at 0-2mg/kg body weight (expressed as steviol equivalents); after correction for the difference in molecular weights, these estimated intakes of rebaudioside A are equivalent to daily steviol intakes of less than 2mg/kg. In consequence, this analysis shows that the intakes of rebaudioside A would not exceed the JECFA temporary ADI set for steviol glycosides.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Dietary Sucrose; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Humans; Sweetening Agents