raffinose and Body-Weight

1. In order to accredit the NISR440 Polycarbonate Membrane for clinical studies, the following was accomplished and/or established: a. Casting and synthesis were increased from the laboratory level to production scale. b. Quality control of permeabilities and physical properties was within +/- 5%, from membrane lot to lot and within the same roll. c. The target properties of the Artificial Kidney Program (NIH) were reached(7): 1) Middle M. W. solute permeability of marked molecules was established by 3 different laboratories and averaged: Vitamin B12 - 296 x Cuprophan¿; Inulin 3.6 x Cuprophan¿; Bacitracin 2.94 x Cuprophan¿. 2) Low M. W. species permeabilities were approximately the same as Cuprophan¿, to avoid a depletion syndrome. 3) Hydraulic permeability was essentially the same as Cuprophan¿ (UF rate 1.25 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿) to avoid dehydration and hypotension. 4) Burst strength was 1.5 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿. d. Toxicology studies were all negative in spot and in serial lot testing. e. Non-thrombogenicity tests (Lindholm test) were up to 36.6% better than Cuprophan¿. f. No protein adsorption was found. g. The membrane could be produced in the wet and dry state with the same permeability and physical properties. 2. In an earlier clinical study at USC, it was established that: a. There were no toxic effects manifested in patients in 25 episodic studies. b. Clearances forlow M. W. solutes and hydraulic permeabilities were, as targeted, approximately the same as Cuprophan¿. c. In 4 1/2 mos of a double blind study of 6 patients, no significant toxic effects were noted for either the patients on Cuprophan¿ or NISR 440 Polycarbonate Membrane. Two patients had an increase of hematocrit. 3. The ability to heat seal the membrane in the periphery and in channels through many layers, combined with its relative rigidity when wet, make possible clinical hemodialyzer designs approximately the size of a package of cigarettes and inexpensive to produce.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biocompatible Materials; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Carbonates; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Costs and Cost Analysis; Creatinine; Hematocrit; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Membranes, Artificial; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Permeability; Phosphorus; Polymers; Quality Control; Raffinose; Renal Dialysis; Uric Acid; Water

The effects of in ovo injection of raffinose (RFO) as a prebiotic on growth performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, drumstick and breast muscles, and ileum mucosa morphology were examined in Cobb 500 broilers. A total of 240 fertilized eggs were divided into 4 groups: a non-injected with intact shell and 3 levels of RFO solution (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mg in 0.2 mL of an aqueous diluents). The RFO solution was injected into the air sac on d 12 of incubation. In total 144 birds were fed a standard diet and management and sacrificed at d 21 post hatch for collection of samples. Total RNA was extracted from the small intestine, and RT-qPCR was performed to quantify mRNA levels of marker genes of immune cells. Injection of RFO had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on d one body weight of chicks. On d 21, the relative weight of the proventriculus, drumstick, breast, and gizzard was not affected (P > 0.05) by RFO. On hatch d, the villus height increased linearly (P < 0.01) with an increasing dose of RFO. Also, an increasing dose of RFO increased the villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) but did not affect the crypt depth on d 21. The expression levels of CD3 and chB6, which are T cell and B cell marker genes, respectively, were significantly enhanced by high dose RFO (4.5 mg). In conclusion, although an increasing dose of RFO in ovo injection did not significantly influence growth performance or slaughter yield of broilers, RFO has the potential of enhancing ileum mucosa morphology and improving immunity in the small intestine, which are indicators of improved gut health.

Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Body Composition; Body Weight; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression; Injections; Intestine, Small; Ovum; Prebiotics; Raffinose; RNA, Messenger; T-Lymphocytes

Hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor for graft failure in liver transplantation. Hepatic steatosis shows a greater negative influence on graft function following prolonged cold ischaemia. As the impact of steatosis on hepatocyte metabolism during extended cold ischaemia is not well-described, we compared markers of metabolic capacity and mitochondrial function in steatotic and lean livers following clinically relevant durations of cold preservation.. Livers from 10-week old leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob, n = 9) and lean C57 mice (n = 9) were preserved in ice-cold University of Wisconsin solution. Liver mitochondrial function was then assessed using high resolution respirometry after 1.5, 3, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours of storage. Metabolic marker enzymes for anaerobiosis and mitochondrial mass were also measured in conjunction with non-bicarbonate tissue pH buffering capacity.. Ob/ob and lean mice livers showed severe (>60%) macrovesicular and mild (<30%) microvesicular steatosis on Oil Red O staining, respectively. Ob/ob livers had lower baseline enzymatic complex I activity but similar adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels compared to lean livers. During cold storage, the respiratory control ratio and complex I-fueled phosphorylation deteriorated approximately twice as fast in ob/ob livers compared to lean livers. Ob/ob livers also demonstrated decreased ATP production capacities at all time-points analyzed compared to lean livers. Ob/ob liver baseline lactate dehydrogenase activities and intrinsic non-bicarbonate buffering capacities were depressed by 60% and 40%, respectively compared to lean livers.. Steatotic livers have impaired baseline aerobic and anaerobic capacities compared to lean livers, and mitochondrial function indices decrease particularly from after 5 hours of cold preservation. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the clinical recommendation of shorter cold storage durations in steatotic donor livers.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Allopurinol; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Buffers; Cell Respiration; Cold Ischemia; Electron Transport; Fasting; Fatty Liver; Glucose Intolerance; Glutathione; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Mitochondria, Liver; Organ Preservation Solutions; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Raffinose; Thinness

Total or partial pancreatectomy followed by autologous islet transplantation is a therapeutic option for the treatment of refractory chronic pancreatitis (CP). Maximization of islet yields from fibrotic and inflamed organs is crucial for prevention of posttransplant diabetes. We adapted technical advancements developed for islet allotransplantation toward islet autotransplantation. Eight patients (two men, six women; ages 24-58 years) underwent total (n = 7) or partial (n = 1) pancreatectomy for the treatment of CP refractory to maximal medical management. Pancreata were preserved in UW solution (UW group) in initial three cases and the last five pancreata were preserved with pancreatic ductal injection followed by ET-Kyoto/oxygenated PFC solutions (DI+TLM group). Islets were isolated by modified Ricordi method and were purified only in one case. All islet infusions were performed under general anesthesia via direct vein injection into the portal venous system with pressure monitoring. Total islet yields (129,314 ± 51,627 vs. 572,841 ± 116,934 IEQ, p < 0.04), islet yield/pancreas weight (1,233 ± 359 vs. 6,848 ± 847 IEQ/g, p < 0.003), and islet yield/patient body weight (1,951 ± 762 vs. 7,305 ± 1,531 IEQ/kg, p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the DI+TLM group when compared to the UW group. Pellet size was also higher (5.3 ± 0.3 vs. 13.5 ± 3.4 ml) in the DI+TLM group, suggesting that this method of preservation effectively protected pancreatic tissue against autolysis. First month posttransplant basal C-peptide and the secretory unit of islet transplant objects (SUITO) index were also higher in the DI+TLM group when compared to the UW group (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 1.4 ± 0.4 ng/ml and 42.6 ± 12.7 vs. 14.6 ± 5.6, respectively). There were no technical complications related to the infusion. Our results suggest that higher islet yields can be achieved even from chronically inflamed and fibrotic organs using DI+TLM. The techniques applied for islet isolations from normal pancreata are showing promise for fibrotic pancreata from CP patients.

Topics: Adenosine; Adult; Allopurinol; Body Weight; C-Peptide; Epoprostenol; Female; Fluorocarbons; Follow-Up Studies; Glutamine; Glutathione; Humans; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Magnesium Sulfate; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Pancreatitis, Chronic; Raffinose; Transplantation, Autologous; Trehalose

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Body Weight; Dogs; Female; Glutathione; Hepatectomy; Hypertonic Solutions; Insulin; Ischemia; Liver; Liver Transplantation; Male; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Raffinose; Reperfusion; Time Factors; Tissue and Organ Harvesting; Transplantation, Autologous

University of Wisconsin solution (UW) provides effective heart preservation under hypothermic conditions, but it can be deleterious at warmer temperatures. Re-warming during the implantation of the graft may be a problem. This study examined the damaging effect of peri-operative warm ischemia in a transplant setting and recovery from such damage. The amelioration of damage by rinsing the graft before re-warming and transplantation was also examined.. Rat donor hearts were preserved for 2 hr (0 degrees C) as follows: Series A was preserved with colloid-free UW (MUW), St. Thomas' solution (ST), or calcium-supplemented MUW (MUW+Ca) followed by either transplantation or warming (22 degrees C) for 10 min before transplantation. Series B was preserved with MUW, rinsed with fresh MUW, ST, MUW+Ca, or low-potassium MUW before warming and transplantation. All heart isografts were transplanted heterotopically with an indwelling left intraventricular balloon-tipped catheter. Graft function was measured 1 and 7 days after transplantation.. Grafts re-warmed rapidly during implantation. Function (left ventricular developed pressure, contractility, and relaxation) was significantly and persistently diminished in MUW-preserved grafts subjected to additional warming before transplantation. Preservation with ST was less effective than MUW despite being unaffected by warming. Preservation with MUW+Ca and rinsing with fresh MUW or ST before re-warming allowed recovery of function within 7 days despite significantly diminished function on day 1.. This study demonstrated that an increase in the peri-transplant warm ischemic period was detrimental when hearts were preserved with MUW. Preservation with calcium-supplemented MUW or rinsing the heart with fresh MUW or ST before transplantation ameliorated this damage.

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Cardioplegic Solutions; Glutathione; Graft Survival; Heart Transplantation; Insulin; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Ischemia; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Raffinose; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors; Transplantation, Isogeneic

Conventional glucose-based solutions for peritoneal dialysis fluids have been shown to raise problems of biocompatibility. We therefore evaluated the ultrafiltration capabilities of raffinose as an alternative osmotic agent in a non-uremic rat model. Animals were divided into four groups and injected intraperitoneally with solutions containing raffinose (4.5%, 345 mOsm/kg; 16.7%, 518 mOsm/kg) or glucose (1.5%, 346 mOsm/kg; 4.25%, 489 mOsm/kg). Data obtained from animals exposed to 16.7% raffinose were excluded because of precipitation of the osmotic agent. Low-osmolality raffinose solution induced higher ultrafiltered volume than the low-osmolality glucose-enriched fluid at 120 minutes of dwelling time. No significant differences were observed in effluent sodium and potassium concentration and protein dialysate-to-plasma (D/P) ratio. The D/P ratio of phosphate was higher in the low-osmolality raffinose-based fluid than in the low-osmolality glucose solution. The osmolality of the solutions was significantly decreased after a dwelling time of 120 minutes. We conclude that 4.5% raffinose is an effective osmotic agent. Total or partial replacement of glucose by raffinose for clinical peritoneal dialysis could be eventually considered after appropriate evaluation of its biocompatibility and general side effects.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Glucose; Peritoneal Dialysis; Phosphates; Potassium; Raffinose; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Urea; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Bile; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Fasting; Fatty Liver; Glutathione; Insulin; Liver Transplantation; Nutritional Status; Organ Preservation Solutions; Organ Size; Raffinose; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors; Tissue Donors; Transplantation, Homologous; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Amylases; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Separation; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Collagenases; Dogs; Glutathione; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Islets of Langerhans; Organ Preservation Solutions; Pancreas; Raffinose; Tissue Preservation

In this prospective randomized trial a porcine model of renal autotransplantation was used to compare quality of preservation, as reflected by detailed analysis of posttransplant renal function, following 24-hr cold storage in phosphate-buffered sucrose (PBS140), hyperosmolar citrate (HOC), and University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solutions. There were 6 deaths with primary nonfunction: 3 of 5 HOC, 2 of 5 UW, but only 1 of 5 PBS140. Analysis of the whole group and separate analysis of the survivors demonstrated significantly better renal function following preservation with PBS140 when compared with both HOC and UW, with a lower peak serum creatinine (P = 0.02) and improved loop of Henle function (P = 0.02). The animals in the PBS140 group also demonstrated a more rapid return to normal creatinine, higher GFR, improved tubular function, and higher effective renal plasma flow, with figures approaching statistical significance (P = 0.06-0.07). The proposal of UW as a universal storage medium prompted this study, and its results suggest the need for a clinical comparison of renal preservation using UW and PBS140 in a prospective randomized trial.

Topics: Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Body Weight; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glutathione; Insulin; Kidney Transplantation; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Organ Size; Raffinose; Solutions; Sugar Phosphates; Swine; Transplantation, Autologous

The effects of some selected purified fibers were compared to those derived from cereals or legume seeds. Rats were fed for at least 9 weeks and measurements were taken to determine feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency ratios (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), apparent protein digestibility, and rate of transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Most diets were designed to contain approximately 10% dietary fiber and 10% protein. Compared to the fiber-free diet, pectin reduced weight gain, FER, PER and apparent protein digestibility values. Cellulose, xylan and raffinose had no influence on feed intake, weight gains or FERs. However, cellulose and xylan increased PER values and the rates of food passage but decreased the apparent protein digestibility values. Feed utilization, protein digestibility and growth were similar for the wheat bran, corn bran and fiber-free diets. These cereal fibers caused the rates of transit to be significantly increased relative to the fiber-free control diet. The hull and cell-wall-fiber fractions of beans, when compared to the fiber-free diet, had little effect on feed consumption, growth, FER or PER. The cell-wall-fiber fraction reduced apparent protein digestibility and the hull fraction accelerated food passage relative to the fiber-free diet.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cellulose; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Eating; Edible Grain; Fabaceae; Growth; Intestinal Mucosa; Pectins; Plants, Medicinal; Raffinose; Rats; Time Factors; Xylans