raffinose and Acute-Kidney-Injury

The effects of three hemoglobin solutions were compared with those of iso-oncotic human serum albumin in rats with ischemic renal failure and sham-operated controls. Unmodified and alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobins both increase mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and reduce cardiac output substantially and to a comparable extent. In contrast, omicron-raffinose cross-linked hemoglobin has no deleterious effect on any of these parameters. In sham-operated rats unmodified hemoglobin reduces the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by approximately 30%, whereas neither of the two cross-linked hemoglobins has any adverse effect on GFR in this group. None of the three hemoglobin solutions exacerbated the degree to which GFR was reduced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Also, the degree of tubular necrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury was also comparable in all groups. We conclude the following: (1) omicron-raffinose cross-linking, but not alpha-alpha cross-linking, ameliorates the effects of unmodified hemoglobin on vascular resistance and cardiac output; (2) both forms of cross-linking reduce the nephrotoxicity exhibited by unmodified hemoglobin in sham-operated rats; and (3) none of the hemoglobin solutions exacerbate renal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Aspirin; Blood Pressure; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Heart Rate; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Male; Necrosis; Oxygen; Raffinose; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reperfusion Injury; Serum Albumin; Sodium; Vasoconstriction

Injury during the transplant process affects the alloantigen-dependent factors and the alloantigen-independent processes of "chronic" rejection. Consequently, the determination of reliable parameters for the assessment of ischemic damage is essential for the prediction of renal changes after ischemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of (1)H NMR spectroscopy to predict the early graft dysfunction in an ischemia/reperfusion model after preservation in two standard preservation solutions, Euro-Collins (EC) and University of Wisconsin (UW). The second aim was to specify the role of the UW solution in preventing renal medullary injury. Urine and plasma samples from three experimental groups were examined during 2 weeks: control group (n = 5), EC group (cold flushed and 48-h cold storage of kidney in EC and autotransplantation, n = 12), and UW group (cold flushed and 48-h cold storage of kidney in UW and autotransplantation; n = 12). We also examined these kidneys 30-40 min after implantation and on the sacrifice day. Creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in the EC group during the second week. Fractional excretion of sodium and urine N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity were improved but not significantly different in the preserved groups. Urinary concentrations of the alpha-class glutathione S-transferase were significantly greater in the EC group during the first week after transplantation. The most relevant resonances for evaluating renal function after transplantation determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy were those arising from citrate, dimethylamine (DMA), lactate, and acetate in urine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in urine and plasma. These findings suggest that graft dysfunction is associated with damage to the renal medulla determined by TMAO release in urine and plasma associated with DMA and acetate excretion. Citrate is also a urinary marker that can discriminate kidneys with a favorable evolution. Our results suggest that (1)H NMR spectroscopy is an efficient technique for detecting ischemic damage when accurate and precise data on graft injury is required. In addition, this study outlines the specific impact of the UW solution against injury to the renal medulla.

Topics: Acetic Acid; Acetylglucosaminidase; Acute Kidney Injury; Adenosine; Allopurinol; Animals; Biomarkers; Citric Acid; Cold Temperature; Creatinine; Dimethylamines; Glutathione; Glutathione Transferase; Hypertonic Solutions; Insulin; Isoenzymes; Kidney; Kidney Medulla; Kidney Transplantation; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Methylamines; Organ Preservation; Organ Preservation Solutions; Raffinose; Reperfusion Injury; Swine; Transplantation, Autologous