pyruvic acid has been researched along with Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion in 47 studies
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "For glycerol, there was a further increase at reperfusion." | 5.33 | Myocardial glycerol release, arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability during regional ischemia-reperfusion in an open chest pig model. ( Algotsson, L; Liao, Q; Metzsch, C; Steen, S, 2006) |
| "Levosimendan used throughout myocardial ischemia-reperfusion might have a cardioprotective affect on the response to myocardial ischemia as compared with levosimendan started during the ischemia." | 3.74 | Levosimendan cardioprotection reduces the metabolic response during temporary regional coronary occlusion in an open chest pig model. ( Algotsson, L; Liao, Q; Metzsch, C; Steen, S, 2007) |
| "It reduced the duration of arrhythmias at the onset of reperfusion." | 1.34 | After four hours of cold ischemia and cardioplegic protocol, the heart can still be rescued with postconditioning. ( Bouchot, O; Delemasure, S; Lauzier, B; Menetrier, F; Moreau, D; Rochette, L; Sicard, P; Vergely, C, 2007) |
| "For glycerol, there was a further increase at reperfusion." | 1.33 | Myocardial glycerol release, arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability during regional ischemia-reperfusion in an open chest pig model. ( Algotsson, L; Liao, Q; Metzsch, C; Steen, S, 2006) |
| "Cardiac function decreased during hemorrhagic shock but improved significantly in the UTI group after transfusion compared with the control group." | 1.32 | Protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor on myocardial mitochondria during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. ( Ikeda, KM; Izumi, T; Masuda, T; Matsunaga, A; Matsuyama, N; Nagasawa, H; Noda, C; Ogura, MN; Sato, K; Shimizu, K, 2003) |
| "Glycerol was progressively released during prolonged ischemia." | 1.31 | Monitoring of porcine myocardial ischemia and reperfusion by intravasal microdialysis. ( Bäckström, T; Franco-Cereceda, A; Liska, J; Lockowandt, U; Sylven, C, 2002) |
| "Adenosine appeared to be a more sensitive marker of early ischaemia than lactate, although interestingly, adenosine levels had decreased already after 15 min, most probably due to intracellular accumulation of protons and Pi." | 1.29 | Continuous monitoring of energy metabolites using microdialysis during myocardial ischaemia in the pig. ( Maripu, E; Nilsson, S; Ronquist, G; Waldenström, A; Wikström, G, 1995) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 1 (2.13) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 18 (38.30) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 18 (38.30) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 9 (19.15) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 1 (2.13) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Huang, Q | 1 |
| Su, H | 1 |
| Qi, B | 1 |
| Wang, Y | 1 |
| Yan, K | 1 |
| Wang, X | 1 |
| Li, X | 1 |
| Zhao, D | 1 |
| Aquaro, GD | 1 |
| Frijia, F | 1 |
| Positano, V | 1 |
| Menichetti, L | 1 |
| Santarelli, MF | 1 |
| Ardenkjaer-Larsen, JH | 1 |
| Wiesinger, F | 1 |
| Lionetti, V | 1 |
| Romano, SL | 1 |
| Bianchi, G | 1 |
| Neglia, D | 1 |
| Giovannetti, G | 1 |
| Schulte, RF | 1 |
| Recchia, FA | 1 |
| Landini, L | 1 |
| Lombardi, M | 1 |
| Woodman, OL | 1 |
| Long, R | 1 |
| Pons, S | 1 |
| Eychenne, N | 1 |
| Berdeaux, A | 1 |
| Morin, D | 1 |
| Bonazzola, P | 1 |
| Ragone, MI | 1 |
| Consolini, AE | 1 |
| Kajimoto, M | 1 |
| Ledee, DR | 1 |
| Xu, C | 1 |
| Kajimoto, H | 1 |
| Isern, NG | 1 |
| Portman, MA | 1 |
| Metzsch, C | 3 |
| Linnér, R | 1 |
| Steen, S | 3 |
| Liao, Q | 3 |
| Algotsson, L | 3 |
| Ahlström, K | 1 |
| Biber, B | 1 |
| Åberg, AM | 1 |
| Abrahamsson, P | 1 |
| Johansson, G | 1 |
| Ronquist, G | 3 |
| Waldenström, A | 3 |
| Haney, MF | 1 |
| Baliutyte, G | 1 |
| Baniene, R | 1 |
| Gendviliene, V | 1 |
| Martisiene, I | 1 |
| Trumbeckaite, S | 1 |
| Borutaite, V | 1 |
| Toleikis, A | 1 |
| Kuka, J | 1 |
| Makrecka, M | 1 |
| Grinberga, S | 1 |
| Pugovics, O | 1 |
| Liepinsh, E | 1 |
| Dambrova, M | 1 |
| Jensen, RV | 1 |
| Støttrup, NB | 1 |
| Kristiansen, SB | 1 |
| Bøtker, HE | 1 |
| Wang, QD | 1 |
| Tokuno, S | 1 |
| Valen, G | 1 |
| Sjöquist, PO | 1 |
| Thorén, P | 1 |
| Masuda, T | 1 |
| Sato, K | 1 |
| Noda, C | 1 |
| Ikeda, KM | 1 |
| Matsunaga, A | 1 |
| Ogura, MN | 1 |
| Shimizu, K | 1 |
| Nagasawa, H | 1 |
| Matsuyama, N | 1 |
| Izumi, T | 1 |
| Leon, H | 1 |
| Atkinson, LL | 1 |
| Sawicka, J | 1 |
| Strynadka, K | 1 |
| Lopaschuk, GD | 1 |
| Schulz, R | 1 |
| Wang, P | 1 |
| Lloyd, SG | 1 |
| Zeng, H | 1 |
| Bonen, A | 1 |
| Chatham, JC | 1 |
| Knott, EM | 1 |
| Ryou, MG | 1 |
| Sun, J | 2 |
| Heymann, A | 1 |
| Sharma, AB | 1 |
| Lei, Y | 1 |
| Baig, M | 1 |
| Mallet, RT | 3 |
| Olivencia-Yurvati, AH | 1 |
| Paquin, J | 1 |
| Aouffen, M | 1 |
| De Grandpré, E | 1 |
| Nadeau, R | 1 |
| Langlois, D | 1 |
| Mateescu, MA | 1 |
| Arya, DS | 1 |
| Bansal, P | 1 |
| Ojha, SK | 1 |
| Nandave, M | 1 |
| Mohanty, I | 1 |
| Gupta, SK | 1 |
| Gonsolin, D | 1 |
| Couturier, K | 1 |
| Garait, B | 1 |
| Rondel, S | 1 |
| Novel-Chaté, V | 1 |
| Peltier, S | 1 |
| Faure, P | 1 |
| Gachon, P | 1 |
| Boirie, Y | 1 |
| Keriel, C | 1 |
| Favier, R | 1 |
| Pepe, S | 1 |
| Demaison, L | 1 |
| Leverve, X | 1 |
| Carvajal, K | 1 |
| Zarrinpashneh, E | 1 |
| Szarszoi, O | 1 |
| Joubert, F | 1 |
| Athea, Y | 1 |
| Mateo, P | 1 |
| Gillet, B | 1 |
| Vaulont, S | 1 |
| Viollet, B | 1 |
| Bigard, X | 1 |
| Bertrand, L | 1 |
| Ventura-Clapier, R | 1 |
| Hoerter, JA | 1 |
| Weinberg, GL | 1 |
| Massad, MG | 1 |
| Lauzier, B | 2 |
| Sicard, P | 2 |
| Bouchot, O | 2 |
| Delemasure, S | 2 |
| Moreau, D | 2 |
| Vergely, C | 3 |
| Rochette, L | 3 |
| Menetrier, F | 1 |
| de Groot, MJ | 1 |
| van Helden, MA | 1 |
| de Jong, YF | 1 |
| Coumans, WA | 1 |
| van der Vusse, GJ | 1 |
| Crestanello, JA | 2 |
| Kamelgard, J | 1 |
| Whitman, GJ | 2 |
| Wikström, G | 2 |
| Nilsson, S | 1 |
| Maripu, E | 1 |
| Bünger, R | 2 |
| Rigobello, MP | 3 |
| Bindoli, A | 2 |
| Barzon, E | 1 |
| Barak, C | 1 |
| Reed, MK | 1 |
| Maniscalco, SP | 1 |
| Sherry, AD | 1 |
| Malloy, CR | 1 |
| Jessen, ME | 1 |
| Lingle, DM | 1 |
| Millili, J | 1 |
| Park, JW | 1 |
| Chun, YS | 1 |
| Kim, MS | 1 |
| Park, YC | 1 |
| Kwak, SJ | 1 |
| Park, SC | 1 |
| Rao, V | 1 |
| Merante, F | 1 |
| Weisel, RD | 1 |
| Shirai, T | 1 |
| Ikonomidis, JS | 1 |
| Cohen, G | 1 |
| Tumiati, LC | 1 |
| Shiono, N | 1 |
| Li, RK | 1 |
| Mickle, DA | 1 |
| Robinson, BH | 1 |
| Tejero-Taldo, MI | 1 |
| Caffrey, JL | 1 |
| Kerr, PM | 1 |
| Suleiman, MS | 1 |
| Halestrap, AP | 1 |
| Dunphy, G | 1 |
| Richter, HW | 1 |
| Azodi, M | 1 |
| Weigand, J | 1 |
| Sadri, F | 1 |
| Sellke, F | 1 |
| Ely, D | 1 |
| Dobsak, P | 1 |
| Courderot-Masuyer, C | 1 |
| Zeller, M | 1 |
| Laubriet, A | 1 |
| Assem, M | 1 |
| Eicher, JC | 1 |
| Teyssier, JR | 1 |
| Wolf, JE | 1 |
| Chapman, RA | 1 |
| Alabovskiĭ, VV | 1 |
| Vinokurov, AA | 1 |
| Van Emous, JG | 1 |
| Vleggeert-Lankamp, CL | 1 |
| Nederhoff, MG | 1 |
| Ruigrok, TJ | 1 |
| Van Echteld, CJ | 1 |
| Zemgulis, V | 1 |
| Bjerner, T | 1 |
| Henze, A | 1 |
| Lahtinen, M | 1 |
| Thelin, S | 1 |
| Bäckström, T | 1 |
| Lockowandt, U | 1 |
| Liska, J | 1 |
| Sylven, C | 1 |
| Franco-Cereceda, A | 1 |
| Broderick, TL | 1 |
| Belke, T | 1 |
| Driedzic, WR | 1 |
| Dolgikh, VT | 1 |
| Meerson, PZ | 1 |
| Merginsky, EM | 1 |
| Rusakov, VV | 1 |
| Korpacheva, OV | 1 |
| Wikman-Coffelt, J | 1 |
| Wagner, S | 1 |
| Wu, S | 1 |
| Parmley, W | 1 |
| Cavallini, L | 1 |
| Valente, M | 1 |
| Mentzer, RM | 1 |
| Van Wylen, DG | 1 |
| Sodhi, J | 1 |
| Weiss, RJ | 1 |
| Lasley, RD | 1 |
| Willis, J | 1 |
| Flint, LM | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Effect of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning on Coronary Endothelial Function in Patients With Angina.[NCT02666235] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacotoxicology of Trichloroethylene Metabolites: Short-term Effect of DCA on in Vivo Tyrosine Catabolism and MAAI Expression[NCT00865514] | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-08-31 | Terminated (stopped due to Difficulty in obtaining the solution from the compounding pharmacies caused a two year delay in start-up; the funding ended prior to study completion.) | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
47 other studies available for pyruvic acid and Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
A SIRT1 Activator, Ginsenoside Rc, Promotes Energy Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes and Neurons.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Ginsenosides; Glucose; Male; Mitochondria; Myocardial Reperfusion | 2021 |
3D CMR mapping of metabolism by hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate in ischemia-reperfusion.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Feasibility Studies; Image Inte | 2013 |
The cardioprotectant 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonol inhibits opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in rats.
Topics: Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Flavonols; Malates; Male; Mitochondria, Heart; Mitochondrial Membrane T | 2014 |
Effects of pyruvate on the energetics of rat ventricles stunned by ischemia-reperfusion.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Energy Metabolism; Female; Heart Arrest, Induced; Heart Ventricles; Male; Mitochon | 2014 |
Triiodothyronine activates lactate oxidation without impairing fatty acid oxidation and improves weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Drug Evaluation; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygena | 2014 |
Levosimendan cardioprotection in acutely beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocked open chest pigs.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Clinical Protocols; Female; Glucose; Glyce | 2010 |
Exogenous carbon monoxide does not affect cell membrane energy availability assessed by sarcolemmal calcium fluxes during myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion in the pig.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Carbon Monoxide; Cell Membrane; Coronary Occlusion; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Is | 2011 |
Influence of ethanol extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves on the isolated rat heart work and mitochondria functions.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Fluorescence; Ginkgo biloba; Heart Rate; Hydroge | 2012 |
A short-term high-dose administration of sodium pivalate impairs pyruvate metabolism without affecting cardiac function.
Topics: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Heart Rate; Male; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Pe | 2012 |
Release of a humoral circulating cardioprotective factor by remote ischemic preconditioning is dependent on preserved neural pathways in diabetic patients.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neuropathies; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Ische | 2012 |
Cyclic fluctuations in the cardiac performance of the isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse heart: pyruvate abolishes the fluctuations and has an anti-ischaemic effect.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Electrocardiography; Female; Magnesium; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred B | 2002 |
Protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor on myocardial mitochondria during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Transfusion, Autologous; Energy Metabolism; G | 2003 |
Pyruvate prevents cardiac dysfunction and AMP-activated protein kinase activation by hydrogen peroxide in isolated rat hearts.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitor | 2004 |
Impact of altered substrate utilization on cardiac function in isolated hearts from Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Glucose; In Vit | 2005 |
Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia suppresses oxidative stress and enhances phosphorylation potential of arrested myocardium.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Cardioplegic Solutions; Dinoprost; Energy Metabolism; Female; Glucos | 2005 |
Neuroprotective and cardioprotective actions of an association of pyruvate, vitamin E and fatty acids.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cardiotonic Agents; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Cell-Free System; Dr | 2005 |
Myocardial glycerol release, arrhythmias and hemodynamic instability during regional ischemia-reperfusion in an open chest pig model.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Coronary Circulation; Glucose; Glycer | 2006 |
Pyruvate provides cardioprotection in the experimental model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiotonic Agents; Catalase; Creatine Kinase; Glutathione; Glutathione Per | 2006 |
High dietary sucrose triggers hyperinsulinemia, increases myocardial beta-oxidation, reduces glycolytic flux and delays post-ischemic contractile recovery.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Dietary Sucrose; Glycolysis; Hyperinsulinism; In Vitro Techniqu | 2007 |
Levosimendan cardioprotection reduces the metabolic response during temporary regional coronary occlusion in an open chest pig model.
Topics: Animals; Cardiac Output; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Glucose; Hydrazones; Infusions, I | 2007 |
Dual cardiac contractile effects of the alpha2-AMPK deletion in low-flow ischemia and reperfusion.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Cell Respiration; Creatine Kinase, M | 2007 |
Metabolic modulation for cardiac protection.
Topics: Animals; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardioplegic Solutions; Female; Glucose; Heart Arrest, Induced | 2007 |
A peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst: FeTPPS confers cardioprotection during reperfusion after cardioplegic arrest in a working isolated rat heart model.
Topics: Animals; Cardioplegic Solutions; Cardiotonic Agents; Collagen; Heart Arrest, Induced; Heart Transpla | 2007 |
After four hours of cold ischemia and cardioplegic protocol, the heart can still be rescued with postconditioning.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cold Ischemia; Collagen; Heart; Heart Arrest, Induced; Heart Transpla | 2007 |
The influence of lactate, pyruvate and glucose as exogenous substrates on free radical defense mechanisms in isolated rat hearts during ischaemia and reperfusion.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Free Radicals; Glucose; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutat | 1995 |
The cumulative nature of pyruvate's dual mechanism for myocardial protection.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Creatine Kinase; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Myocardial | 1995 |
Continuous monitoring of energy metabolites using microdialysis during myocardial ischaemia in the pig.
Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Female; Guanosine; Hemodynamics; Hypoxanthine; Hypoxanthines; | 1995 |
Metabolic protection of post-ischemic phosphorylation potential and ventricular performance.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Coronary Circulation; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Tec | 1993 |
Effect of pyruvate on rat heart thiol status during ischemia and hypoxia followed by reperfusion.
Topics: Animals; Cytosol; Glutathione; Hypoxia; Mitochondria, Heart; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Repe | 1993 |
Inhibitory effect of pyruvate on release of glutathione and swelling of rat heart mitochondria.
Topics: Animals; Arsenicals; Biological Transport; Calcium; Depression, Chemical; Glutathione; Hypoxia; In V | 1995 |
Effects of dichloroacetate on mechanical recovery and oxidation of physiologic substrates after ischemia and reperfusion in the isolated heart.
Topics: Acetoacetates; Animals; Dichloroacetic Acid; Fatty Acids; Glucose; Heart; In Vitro Techniques; Lacta | 1998 |
Pyruvate improves myocardial tolerance to reperfusion injury by acting as an antioxidant: a chemiluminescence study.
Topics: Acridines; Animals; Antioxidants; Catalase; Free Radical Scavengers; Heart; Hydrogen Peroxide; In Vi | 1998 |
Metabolic modulation of cellular redox potential can improve cardiac recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Myocardium; NAD | 1998 |
Insulin stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase and protects human ventricular cardiomyocytes from simulated ischemia.
Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; La | 1998 |
Pyruvate potentiates beta-adrenergic inotropism of stunned guinea-pig myocardium.
Topics: Animals; Energy Metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Isoproterenol; Muscle Proteins; Myocardial Contraction; Myo | 1998 |
Reversal of permeability transition during recovery of hearts from ischemia and its enhancement by pyruvate.
Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Animals; Capillary Permeability; Deoxyglucose; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In V | 1999 |
The effects of mannitol, albumin, and cardioplegia enhancers on 24-h rat heart preservation.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Blood Pressure; Coronary Vessels; Creatine Kinase; Diuretics, Osmotic; Free Radic | 1999 |
Antioxidative properties of pyruvate and protection of the ischemic rat heart during cardioplegia.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Cardioplegic Solutions; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free | 1999 |
[Dependence of the protective effect of the elevated sodium level on the type of oxidative substrate in the isolated heart during "calcium paradox"].
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Extracellular Space; Glucose; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Myocardial Reperfu | 1999 |
Postischemic Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase reactivation is delayed in the absence of glycolytic ATP in isolated rat hearts.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Enzyme Activation; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; In Vitro Techniqu | 2001 |
Discrepant outcome between myocardial energy-related metabolites and infarct size limitation during retroperfusion of the coronary sinus.
Topics: Animals; Coronary Circulation; Energy Metabolism; Guanosine; Jugular Veins; Lactic Acid; Microdialys | 2001 |
Monitoring of porcine myocardial ischemia and reperfusion by intravasal microdialysis.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glycerol; Hemodyn | 2002 |
Effects of chronic caloric restriction on mitochondrial respiration in the ischemic reperfused rat heart.
Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Animals; Caloric Restriction; Carboxylic Acids; Cell Respiration; Diet; Fatty | 2002 |
Functional metabolic heart impairment after acute lethal hemorrhage followed by resuscitation.
Topics: Animals; Glucose; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Myocardium; Pyruvates | 1991 |
Alcohol and pyruvate cardioplegia. Twenty-four-hour in situ preservation of hamster hearts.
Topics: Animals; Cardioplegic Solutions; Cricetinae; Ethanol; Heart Arrest, Induced; Myocardial Reperfusion; | 1991 |
The protective action of pyruvate on recovery of ischemic rat heart: comparison with other oxidizable substrates.
Topics: Acetates; Animals; Coronary Disease; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Heart; Insulin; Lactates; Lactic Ac | 1990 |
Effect of pyruvate on regional ventricular function in normal and stunned myocardium.
Topics: Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Dogs; Female; Hemodynamics; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Re | 1989 |