pyrophosphate and Dental-Leakage

To evaluate the microleakage around class V restorations restored with either a self-etching adhesive system or a conventional two-bottle adhesive system used with "total etch" technique, and their recommended resin-based composites (RBC).. Two types of adhesive systems were used. A self-etching adhesive, Etch and Prime 3.0 (Degussa AG, Hanau, Germany), and a conventional two-bottle adhesive, Gluma Solid Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). The bonding systems were used in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, except that, with the two-bottle adhesive system, the cavities were filled with either a "wet" or a "dry" bonding technique, subsequent to acid-etching with 20% phosphoric acid. Etch & Prime 3.0 was used in conjunction with Degufill Mineral (Degussa, Hanau, Germany) RBC and Gluma Solid Bond with Flow Line RBC (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). Standardised bucco-cervical cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 15 extracted maxillary first premolar teeth; all cavity margins were in enamel. Ten of the resulting cavities (Group A) were restored using Etch & Prime 3.0 and Degufill Mineral, ten (Group B) using Gluma Solid Bond (Wet Bond), and ten (Group C) using Gluma Solid Bond (Dry Bond). Leakage scores at occlusal and gingival margins were calculated after thermocycling 500 times between baths, held at 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively, with 30 seconds dwell time in both. Data were analysed by the Fisher Exact Test.. There was no statistically significant difference between the self-etching adhesive and conventional two-bottle adhesive systems at either the occlusal or the gingival margins. With the self-etching adhesive, there was no statistically significant difference in leakage scores between occlusal and gingival margins. There was a statistically significant difference between the occlusal and the gingival margins when a "wet" or "dry" bonding technique was used with the conventional two-bottle adhesive system.. The results suggest that the application of a conventional two-bottle bonding system used with a "total etch" technique is better than that of a self-etching adhesive system. With the former, the use of a "wet" bonding does not give better results than a "dry" bonding technique.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Cements; Dental Enamel; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Materials; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Fluorides; Glutaral; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Surface Properties

To evaluate microleakage of Class V resin-based composites (RBC) bonded with two self-etching dentin adhesive systems. Class V cavities were restored with either one or three increments of RBC to determine whether the restorative method affected microleakage.. 60 extracted human premolars and molars were randomly assigned to 6 groups for bonding with Clearfil Liner Bond 2V or Etch & Prime 3.0 or Prime & Bond NT. The latter, using a total-etch technique, was used as a control. Cavities were cut in both the buccal and lingual surfaces. Half of each preparation was in enamel and half was in cementum/dentin. The teeth were thermocycled and the restorations examined microscopically for leakage using Procion Brilliant Red as a marker. SEM microphotographs were prepared from dye-labeled and non dye-labeled areas to illustrate the micromorphology of the systems.. None of the groups showed microleakage at the enamel margins. All groups showed microleakage at the gingival margins. At the gingival margin, there was no significant difference between the groups irrespective of the bonding material (Kruskal-Wallis: ANOVA P=0.2113). No significant difference was observed with each material when the bulk filling (one increment) technique was compared with the three-increment technique. SEM showed that the self-etching materials produced a shallower depth of etch, and a less abundant resin tag complex than the material using a separate phosphoric acid gel. In dye-labeled areas, debonding was predominantly cohesive in resin.. Gingival margin microleakage is not prevented by either restoring cavities with self-etching materials of the control using a total-etch technique.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adhesiveness; Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Child; Coloring Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Cementum; Dental Enamel; Dental Leakage; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Humans; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface Properties; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Triazines; Water

There are no data available on whether or to what extent hydrofluoric acid affects the marginal integrity of dentin-bonded composite restorations when it is used instead of phosphoric acid in the total-etch technique.. This in vitro study examined the etching effects of phosphoric acid versus a combination of phosphoric and hydrofluoric acid by evaluation of microleakage in a composite restoration bonded with different dentin adhesive systems.. Extracted teeth (n = 90) containing 2 class II preparations, mesial occlusal (MO) and distal occlusal (DO) standarized (cervical margins in dentin) were perfused with Ringer solution and etched in 1 of 2 ways: with phosphoric acid only or with phosphoric combined with hydrofluoric acid. Different dentin bonding agents were then applied (Etch & Prime 3.0, Optibond Solo, Prime & Bond NT, Scotchbond 1, Syntac Single Component, or Syntac Sprint; (n = 15 for each etching material)). The preparations were restored with a hybrid composite (Herculite XRV) and submitted to 5000 thermocycles (5 degrees C to 55 degrees C) to simulate the in vivo situation. Microleakage was assessed with 2% methylene blue diffusion for 24 hours. Dye penetration was calculated as a percentage of the total length of the gingival margins of the preparation with light microscopy at original magnification x 32. The results were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison z-value assay (alpha = .05).. Differences in dye penetration were significant, both as a function of the dentin adhesive and the conditioning mode applied. In the specimen groups conditioned with phosphoric acid, Optibond Solo (54% +/- 44%) and Syntac Sprint (74% +/- 39%) demonstrated the lowest penetration values. Higher values were obtained for Prime & Bond NT (81% +/- 34%), Scotchbond 1 (83% +/- 31%), Etch & Prime 3.0 (85% +/- 33%), and Syntac Single Component (95% +/- 16%), with no significant differences (alpha=.05) between specimen groups. The best results were obtained for Syntac Sprint (24% +/- 26% dye penetration) after conditioning with a mixture of phosphoric and hydrofluoric acid. The least favorable result was obtained for Optibond Solo (65% +/- 31%). It was significantly different from Prime & Bond NT (76% +/- 37%), Scotchbond 1 (85% +/- 29%), and Etch & Prime 3.0 (88% +/- 24%). Syntac Single Component (75% +/- 32%) was significantly different from Syntac Sprint. Syntac Single Component and Syntac Sprint exhibited significantly better results when conditioned with a combination of phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid than with phosphoric acid only.. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, total-etching water-based (Syntac Single Component) and acetone-based (Syntac Sprint) bonding agents with a combination of phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid led to significant reductions (alpha=.05) in dye penetration compared to phosphoric acid conditioning only. Ethanol-based dentin bonding agents (Etch & Prime 3.0, Optibond Solo, and Scotchbond 1) were not significantly influenced by the type of conditioner used.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Acrylates; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Humans; Hydrofluoric Acid; Maleates; Methacrylates; Phosphoric Acids; Polymethacrylic Acids; Resin Cements; Statistics, Nonparametric

To evaluate sealing ability of different types of restorative-adhesive combinations and to correlate etch patterns with leakage scores.. 56 molars were selected and divided randomly in four groups of 14 specimens each. A standardized adhesive Class II preparation with the cervical margin placed 1 mm below the CEJ and an occlusal reduction of 2 mm was performed. No bevels were utilized in the preparation. Four combinations of bonding system/restorative material were tested. Group 1: Excite (EX) in combination with Tetric Ceram (TC) as control; Group 2: Prompt-L-Pop (PP1) applied for 15 seconds in combination with TC; Group 3: Etch and Prime 3.0 in combination with Definite restorative material (EP); Group 4: Prompt-L-Pop (PP2) applied for 30 seconds in combination with TC. The bonding systems (Groups 1, 2 and 3) and all restorative materials were used following strictly manufacturers' instructions. The resin composite was applied following an incremental technique. Ten specimens of each group were processed for leakage test. The specimens were sectioned with a diamond saw in three different areas in mesial-distal direction. Two different operators evaluated the sections blindly for scoring leakage at cervical and occlusal margins. The highest score for the sections of each tooth area was selected for scoring and further statistical analysis. The results of the staining measurements were statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance with Bonferroni alpha protection. The level of statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. The remaining four specimens of each group were kept in a 37% HCl solution for 48 hours to dissolve the dental structures and to observe the resin replica of the cavities by SEM.. EX showed less dye penetration at occlusal margins than the other three groups, while no statistically significant differences were found at the dentin margin. The SEM observations showed rougher and more uniform enamel etch pattern when phosphoric acid (EX) was applied than that obtained with self-etching adhesive systems. Resin tags and adhesive lateral branches were noted in all groups at the dentin site.

Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Caries; Dental Cements; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar; Resin Cements

Self-etch adhesives that etch, prime, and bond simultaneously should not exhibit incomplete resin infiltration within hybrid layers. We hypothesized that nanoleakage patterns in these systems are artifacts caused by mineral dissolution in mildly acidic silver nitrate. Resin-dentin interfaces bonded with four single-step, self-etch adhesives were examined for nanoleakage by conventional (pH 4.2) and basic ammoniacal (pH 9.5) silver nitrate and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. All adhesives exhibited a reticular mode of nanoleakage within hybrid layers when conventional silver nitrate was used. With ammoniacal silver nitrate, an additional spotted pattern of nanoleakage was observed within adhesive and hybrid layers. The reticular mode of nanoleakage in self-etch adhesives probably represents sites of incomplete water removal that leads to regional suboptimal polymerization. The spotted pattern identified with the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate probably represents potentially permeable regions in the adhesive and hybrid layers that result from the interaction of the basic diamine silver ions with acidic/hydrophilic resin components.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Adhesiveness; Artifacts; Collagen; Dental Bonding; Dental Leakage; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron; Permeability; Polymers; Resin Cements; Silver; Silver Nitrate; Silver Staining; Smear Layer; Surface Properties; Water

The aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of new all-in-one adhesive systems on enamel and dentin margins with that of a conventional total-etch system.. Thirty buccal Class V cavities were prepared with enamel and dentin margins in 30 bovine teeth and randomly divided into three groups of 10 specimens each. Group 1 was bonded with Etch & Prime, group 2 with Prompt L-Pop, and group 3 with 35% phosphoric acid plus Prime & Bond 2.1. After being stored in an environment of 100% humidity for 24 hours, the teeth were immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution for 24 hours and then put in a developing solution for 15 minutes. The specimens were sectioned vertically and buccolingually, and microleakage was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3.. For the enamel margin, statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 or groups 1 and 3 but that there was a statistically significant difference between groups 2 and 3. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among the groups in dentinal microleakage.. Among the three adhesive systems used in this study, Prompt L-Pop provided the least microleakage in enamel; however, there was no statistically significant difference among the groups on dentin margins.

Topics: Acetone; Animals; Cattle; Dental Bonding; Dental Enamel; Dental Leakage; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Random Allocation; Resin Cements; Statistics, Nonparametric

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage and dye penetration patterns of various restorative systems in the cervical margins of Class II cavities using the dye penetration technique.. Ninety bovine incisors were selected and part of the crown was sectioned producing a standardized occlusogingival margin of 4 mm. Standardized Class II box cavities were designed on the mesial (MO) and distal (OD) surfaces with the gingival margin in dentin. The cavities were randomly divided into six groups (n = 30): group 1 (control), Etch & Prime 3.0 (Degussa AG) + Definite (Degussa AG); group 2, Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply De Trey) + Definite; group 3, Etch & Prime 3.0 + flowable composite resin Wave (SDI) + Definite; group 4 (control), Prime & Bond NT + TPH Spectrum (Denstply De Trey); group 5, Etch & Prime 3.0 + TPH Spectrum; group 6, Prime & Bond NT + Wave + TPH Spectrum. After they were finished and polished, the specimens were subjected to 1500 thermal cycles in baths of 5 degrees+/-2 degrees C and 55 degrees+/-2 degrees C with 60 seconds of dwell time for each bath. After the thermocycling, the specimens were sealed with acid-resistant varnish, leaving a 1-mm window around the cervical margin interface, and immersed in 2% methylene blue buffered solution for 4 hours. Then the specimens were sectioned longitudinally in half and qualitatively evaluated under stereomicroscopy at 45 times magnification, using ranked scores for the dentin cervical margin (0-4). The dye penetration pattern (adhesive or dentinal) was also evaluated. The data were subjected to a reproducibility kappa test, and the mean of the three examiners' scores was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and a multiple comparison nonparametric test. Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the dye penetration pattern.. The rank sums of the groups were expressed in decreasing order: group 4, 67.23a; group 3, 72.58ab; group 6, 78.43ab; group 5, 93.19bc; group 2, 112.97c; group 1, 113.52c. (Statistically significant differences are expressed by different superscript letters.) The results indicate that none of the systems used in this study was able to impede microleakage, and that the use of a flowable resin decreases the values of leakage only for Definite composite resin. The dye penetration pattern for the groups that used Prime & Bond NT was predominantly dentinal, whereas the pattern for Etch & Prime 3.0 groups was adhesive.. An ormocer-based resin that was developed to improve the physical properties of composite resin and a self-etching primer adhesive system obtained higher values of microleakage compared with a one-bottle adhesive system and a microhybrid composite resin. The flowable composite resin decreased the values of microleakage only for the ormocer-based resin.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Coloring Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Enamel; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Polishing; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Methylene Blue; Polymethacrylic Acids; Random Allocation; Reproducibility of Results; Siloxanes; Statistics as Topic; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface Properties; Terpenes; Thermodynamics; Time Factors

To investigate the microleakage of four hydrophilic adhesive systems: one "multiple-bottles" (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus); two "one-bottle" (Single Bond, Stae); and one self-etching (Etch & Prime 3.0).. 120 bovine incisor teeth were divided into four groups (n = 30) and Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction. The cavities were restored with the adhesive systems and with Z100 composite. The teeth were thermocycled 1,000 times between 5+/-2 degrees C and 55+/-2 degrees C with a dwell time of 1 min, and then placed in a 2% methylene blue dye (pH 7.0) for 4 hrs, washed and sectioned vertically through the center of the restorations. The qualitative evaluation was made by three examiners who distributed pre-established scores (0-4) for each tooth using a stereomicroscope at x30 magnification.. In enamel margins little microleakage was observed and the Kruskal-Wallis analysis did not show differences. In dentin margins the Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison analyses were applied: microleakage was significantly greater with Stae (median 3) and Scotchbond MP Plus (median 4). Single Bond (median 1) and Etch & Prime 3.0 (median 2) showed the best results in dentin margins, and the statistical analysis did not demonstrate differences in microleakage among these groups.

Topics: Animals; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Cattle; Coloring Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Cavity Preparation; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Incisor; Methacrylates; Methylene Blue; Observer Variation; Resin Cements; Silicon Dioxide; Statistics as Topic; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface Properties; Temperature; Thermodynamics; Tooth Cervix; Wettability; Zirconium

To evaluate microleakage at enamel and dentin margins of Class V resin-based composite (RBC) restorations using five simplified adhesive systems, one self-etching adhesive, three commercial one-bottle adhesives and one experimental one-bottle adhesive.. Class V cavities (3 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm) were prepared in sound human molars with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin/cementum. Etch & Prime 3.0 (Degussa), Single Bond (3M), PQ1 (Ultradent), Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply) and Experimental BEH (Dentsply DeTrey) were applied strictly according to manufacturers instructions. All adhesive systems were applied on etched substrates, except for the self-etching adhesive Etch & Prime 3.0. Cavities were restored with Z100 RBC. After finishing and polishing, teeth were thermo-cycled (x 700, 5-55 degrees C, 60 s dwell time). Specimens were coated with nail varnish, immersed in silver nitrate for 2 hours and sectioned longitudinally with a diamond disc. The extent of leakage was measured and ranked using a 0-4 scale.. Statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significantly higher leakage scores (P < 0.001) for Etch & Prime 3.0 on enamel when compared to all other adhesive systems. Regarding dentin margins none of the systems completely eliminated microleakage. PQ1 had significantly lower scores (P < 0.05) when compared to Etch & Prime 3.0 and Single Bond. No statistically significant difference was observed for the other groups.

Topics: Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Silicon Dioxide; Statistics, Nonparametric; Zirconium