pyrophosphate and Dental-Caries

Does reduction of supragingival calculus provide only a cosmetic effect, or does it benefit oral health as well? The author discusses the causes and effects of calculus development and reviews methods of calculus control.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; United States

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Female; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Pregnancy; Toothbrushing

The effect of three types of fluoride dentifrices and one non-fluoride dentifrice were evaluated and compared intra-orally for their ability to promote the remineralization of caries-like lesions in thin sections of human dentin and enamel. The three fluoride dentifrices were silica based. One dentifrice contained 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), another contained 0.247% sodium fluoride (NaF), and the third contained 0.247% NaF plus 1.3% pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer (denoted NaF/PPi). The fourth dentifrice (placebo) was also silica based, but contained no fluoride, and served as a negative control. Two week treatment resulted in the following percent mineral changes for the enamel specimens: +21 +/- 16 for MFP, +10 +/- 30 for NaF, +16 +/- 15 for NaF/PPi, and -30 +/- 30 for the placebo. The respective percent mineral change values for the dentin specimens were +28 +/- 20 for MFP, +22 +/- 19 for NaF, +28 +/- 18 for NaF/PPi, and -34 +O/- 61 for the placebo. A statistical analysis revealed that the three fluoride dentifrices were significantly better (p<0.05) than the placebo at promoting remineralization for both types of specimens. No significant differences were found among the three fluoride dentifrices. The following can be concluded from this study: 1) silica based dentifrices containing MFP and NaF are effective at remineralizing caries-like lesions in both enamel and dentin; 2) there was no statistical difference between NaF and MFP in their ability to promote remineralization; and 3) pyrophosphate does not interfere with the remineralizing effects of NaF.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Dentin; Diphosphates; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Remineralization

A 3-year double blind clinical trial was conducted to compare the caries inhibition of an A.D.A.-accepted fluoride dentifrice to the caries inhibitions provided by three fluoride dentifrices containing anticalculus agents. All dentifrices used a compatible silicon dioxide abrasive system. The initial mean age of the subjects was 9.9 yrs and they resided in F-deficient (F less than 0.3 ppm) communities on Long Island, NY. Caries activity in all groups was low with the average annual increment being less than one surface. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the dental parameters tested, DMFS, DMFT, and buccolingual, mesiodistal and occlusal surface increments. It was concluded that the presence of anticalculus agents, specifically soluble pyrophosphates, zinc chloride and zinc oxide, do not interfere with the caries inhibition benefits of fluoride in a compatible dentifrice formulation.

Topics: Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; Child; Chlorides; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Interactions; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; New York; Sodium Fluoride; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

We evaluated the potential of a pyrophosphate-fluoride solution to affect the remineralizing-demineralizing equilibrium, i.e., caries-inhibiting/-promoting effects on enamel in vivo. Fifteen subjects carried dentin blocks and enamel thin sections with artificial caries lesions in removable partial dentures for periods of two weeks, during which time they rinsed twice daily in a double-blind, randomized cross-over design with solutions containing (a) 90 ppm F, (b) 90 ppm F and 1% pyrophosphate, or (c) no active agents (placebo). A severe cariogenic challenge provided to the lesions by plaque under a stainless steel mesh cover resulted in the placebo-treated lesions losing 70.2% +/- 72.1% mineral. The pyrophosphate rinse with fluoride held the mineral loss to only 28.1 +/- 52.8%, while the fluoride rinse without pyrophosphate held the loss to 24.2 +/- 50.1%. The differences between the fluoride and placebo results were significant (p less than 0.01), but the difference between the two fluoride groups was not. A large amount of fluoride was deposited in the dentin lesions. In the surface layer, the concentration was increased from 1000 ppm F to more than 2300 ppm F by both fluoride treatments. The concentration of fluoride in both groups of fluoride-treated lesions further increased to more than 3500 ppm F in the approximate center of the lesion before declining in deeper layers toward the level found in the placebo-treated group. The findings from both mineral change and fluoride uptake phases of this study show that in the presence of 90 ppm F, 1% pyrophosphate did not promote demineralization of artificial caries lesions.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Diphosphates; Female; Humans; Male; Maleates; Maleic Anhydrides; Middle Aged; Minerals; Mouthwashes; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Remineralization

Topics: Child; Chlorides; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

The first year of a two-year double-blind clinical trial of the anticaries effectiveness of a stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate (SnF2-CPP) dentifrice as compared to a placebo control dentifrice involved 1,337 adult subjects, 18 to 78 years of age. Adult subjects were examined for dental caries at a baseline examination and after one year of ad lib dentifrice usage by an experienced clinical examiner using a visual-tactile examination and a radiographic evaluation. Results of the study after one year indicate a significant (P < 0.05) 33.3% difference in new caries formation with use of the SnF2-CPP dentifrice as compared to the placebo control based on the DMFS score.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Calcium Pyrophosphate; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Fluorides; Humans; Middle Aged; Placebos; Tin Fluorides

A double-blind study to determine the anticaries efficacy of a neutral pH dentifrice containing sodium fluoride and a high Beta-phase calcium pyrophosphate was conducted among elementary school children in Kansas City, Missouri. A sample of 567 children ages 8-13 were recruited and randomly assigned to test and control groups: the test group received a sodium fluoride high Beta-phase calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice, and the control group received a calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice without the active ingredient. The sodium fluoride dentifrice contained fluoride at the level of 1000 ppm. Caried examinations were conducted at initiation, after 12 months, and again after 24 months at the study's termination. All examinations (clinical and radiographic) were performed by the same investigator. At 12 months the sodium fluoride dentifrice demonstrated a caries reduction of 24.1% (DMFS). At 24 months the reduction demonstrated was 30.1% (DMFS); this reduction is significant at alpha = 0.05.

Topics: Adolescent; Calcium Phosphates; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Evaluation; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Sodium

Topics: Adolescent; Calcium; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fluorides, Topical; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Missouri; Sodium; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Phosphates; Rural Population; Sodium; Tin

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Drug Storage; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Male

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Female; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Pregnancy; Toothbrushing

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Pennsylvania; Phosphates; Sampling Studies; Sodium; Sorbitol; Statistics as Topic; Toothbrushing

Topics: Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Male; Radiography; Toothbrushing

Farnesol is a sesquiterpene from propolis and citrus fruit that shows promising anti-bacterial activity for caries treatment and prevention, but its hydrophobicity limits the clinical application. We aimed to develop the novel polymeric micelles (PMs) containing a kind of derivative of farnesol and a ligand of pyrophosphate (PPi) that mediated PMs to adhere tightly with the tooth enamel.. Farnesal (Far) was derived from farnesol and successfully linked to PEG via an acid-labile hydrazone bond to form PEG-hyd-Far, which was then conjugated to PPi and loaded into PMs to form the aimed novel drug delivery system, PPi-Far-PMs. The in vitro test about the binding of PPi-Far-PMs to hydroxyapatite showed that PPi-Far-PMs could bind rapidly to hydroxyapatite and quickly release Far under the acidic conditions. Results from the mechanical testing and the micro-computed tomography indicated that PPi-Far-PMs could restore the microarchitecture of teeth with caries. Moreover, PPi-Far-PMs diminished the incidence and severity of smooth and sulcal surface caries in rats that were infected with Streptococcus mutans while being fed with a high-sucrose diet. The anti-caries efficacy of free Far can be improved significantly by PPi-Far-PMs through the effective binding of it with tooth enamel via PPi.. This novel drug-delivery system may be useful for the treatment and prevention of dental caries as well as the targeting therapy of anti-bacterial drugs in the oral disease.

Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Drug Carriers; Durapatite; Farnesol; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Micelles; Molar; Polyethylene Glycols; Rats; Streptococcus mutans

During the last 50 years, an increasing number of toothpastes have been marketed that include pyrophosphates as anti-tartar (calculus) agents. Pyrophosphates are chelating agents with low toxicity and a broad range of applications, such as food additives and in industrial applications. Like other chelating agents, the prime function is to combine with metal elements and, in toothpastes, to inhibit calcium phosphate deposits in the form of dental calculus. It is well established that pyrophosphates inhibit crystal growth of hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth, and theoretically may negatively affect the demineralisation-remineralisation equilibrium at the tooth surface. Surprisingly, little clinical research has been carried out to assess if the caries protection provided by fluoride toothpaste is compromised by the inclusion of pyrophosphates and the existing evidence is inconsistent. In the absence of more clinical research, it is suggested that children should not use pyrophosphate-containing toothpastes under 12 years of age.

Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Child; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Toothpastes

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel, drug-free therapy that can reduce the over-accumulation of cariogenic bacteria on dental surfaces.. We designed and synthesized a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrophilic copolymer functionalized with a pyrophosphate (PPi) tooth-binding anchor using "click" chemistry. The polymer was then evaluated for hydroxyapatite (HA) binding kinetics and capability of reducing bacteria adhesion to artificial tooth surface.. The PPi-PEG copolymer can effectively inhibit salivary protein adsorption after rapid binding to an artificial tooth surface. As a result, the in vitro S. mutans adhesion study showed that the PPi-PEG copolymer can inhibit saliva protein-promoted S. mutans adhesion through the creation of a neutral, hydrophilic layer on the artificial tooth surface.. The results suggested the potential application of a PPi-PEG copolymer as a drug-free alternative to current antimicrobial therapy for caries prevention.

Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Tooth

To evaluate sealing ability of different types of restorative-adhesive combinations and to correlate etch patterns with leakage scores.. 56 molars were selected and divided randomly in four groups of 14 specimens each. A standardized adhesive Class II preparation with the cervical margin placed 1 mm below the CEJ and an occlusal reduction of 2 mm was performed. No bevels were utilized in the preparation. Four combinations of bonding system/restorative material were tested. Group 1: Excite (EX) in combination with Tetric Ceram (TC) as control; Group 2: Prompt-L-Pop (PP1) applied for 15 seconds in combination with TC; Group 3: Etch and Prime 3.0 in combination with Definite restorative material (EP); Group 4: Prompt-L-Pop (PP2) applied for 30 seconds in combination with TC. The bonding systems (Groups 1, 2 and 3) and all restorative materials were used following strictly manufacturers' instructions. The resin composite was applied following an incremental technique. Ten specimens of each group were processed for leakage test. The specimens were sectioned with a diamond saw in three different areas in mesial-distal direction. Two different operators evaluated the sections blindly for scoring leakage at cervical and occlusal margins. The highest score for the sections of each tooth area was selected for scoring and further statistical analysis. The results of the staining measurements were statistically evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance with Bonferroni alpha protection. The level of statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. The remaining four specimens of each group were kept in a 37% HCl solution for 48 hours to dissolve the dental structures and to observe the resin replica of the cavities by SEM.. EX showed less dye penetration at occlusal margins than the other three groups, while no statistically significant differences were found at the dentin margin. The SEM observations showed rougher and more uniform enamel etch pattern when phosphoric acid (EX) was applied than that obtained with self-etching adhesive systems. Resin tags and adhesive lateral branches were noted in all groups at the dentin site.

Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Caries; Dental Cements; Dental Leakage; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Diphosphates; Ethanol; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Methacrylates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molar; Resin Cements

The anticaries properties of a silica-based, sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (PPi) with anti-tartar properties (Aquafresh All Tartar Control) were assessed in specific pathogen-free Osborne-Mendel rats.. The dentifrice was compared to a silica-based, fluoride-free control toothpaste that contained PPi but no NaF, termed a "Placebo" (negative control), and a NaF-containing silica-based USP reference standard toothpaste which was used as a positive fluoride control toothpaste. Sixty weanling rats were randomly distributed into groups of 20; all were inoculated with S. mutans 10449S, ate cariogenic diet 2000, and drank demineralized water, ad libitum. Each toothpaste, contained in coded tubes, was applied to the dentitions of rats' teeth for one minute, twice daily on weekdays and once daily on weekends and holidays. There was no difference in weight gains or in recoveries of the S. mutans inoculant from tooth swabs among the groups at either the 24- or 38-day post-inoculation recovery date. After euthanasia at 42 days and defleshing, heads were randomly coded and scored blindly for carious lesions according to Keyes/Larson methods. Only after scoring was completed were the random codes broken to enable statistical analyses. Only after statistical analyses were completed and the data reported to sponsor were the identities of the test items revealed.. Both the NaF/PPi-containing and the NaF-containing USP standard toothpaste groups had lower total enamel caries scores (29.8 to 30.6%, respectively) than the group treated with the fluoride-free PPi-containing control. Similar-dimensioned differences were evident both at smooth surface and sulcal enamel sites and in dentinal sites. All were statistically significant at p < 0.001. There were no statistically significant differences at any tooth surface category site between the two fluoride-containing toothpastes' effects.. It is thus apparent that Aquafresh All Tartar Control, an anti-tartar NaF toothpaste, retains the anticaries benefit of a USP reference standard NaF toothpaste in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Caries; Diet, Cariogenic; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Streptococcus mutans; Toothpastes

Five current dentin adhesives were evaluated for their ability to bond to caries-affected dentin. The materials were: total etch [Solid Bond (SB)], two self-etch [Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), Etch and Prime (EP)], two one bottle [Prime and Bond 2.1 (PB), One Coat Bond (OCB)]. Sixty extracted molar teeth with proximal caries (mesial or distal) extending into mid-dentin were used. By grinding normal and caries-affected proximal surfaces, flat dentin surfaces were obtained. The surfaces were then bonded with each adhesive system and composite resins were added to the surfaces by packing the material into a cylindrical-shaped plastic matrix with an internal diameter of 2.5 mm and height of 3 mm. Shear bond testing was performed following 10 days incubation of specimens in distilled water at 37 degrees C. Results were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U multiple comparison test and Wilcoxon rank tests. The results obtained with CSE, SB, and EP were similar in caries affected and normal dentin (P > 0.05). But bonds made to normal dentin with OCB and PB were lower (P < 0.05) than bonds to caries-affected dentin. Bonding to caries-affected dentin with CSE (24.49 +/- 5.38), SB (21.49 +/- 9.15), and EP (21.19 +/- 9.17) showed shear bond strengths higher than OCB (17.43 +/- 9.78) and PB (14.10 +/- 7.94) (P < 0.05). Bonding to normal dentin with CSE (29.91 +/- 8.95) was the highest (P < 0.05). SB (21.17 +/- 5.41) and EP (17.45 +/- 6.21) showed shear bond strengths higher than OCB (11.99 +/- 10.15) and PB (10.57 +/- 4.56) (P < 0.05).

Topics: Acetone; Analysis of Variance; Dental Bonding; Dental Caries; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin-Bonding Agents; Diphosphates; Epoxy Compounds; Ethanol; Humans; Materials Testing; Methacrylates; Molar; Phosphates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Random Allocation; Resin Cements; Shear Strength; Statistics, Nonparametric

A series of "profile" laboratory studies was conducted to confirm the anticaries potential and hard tissue safety of a novel sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice technology which provides dual-action tooth whitening (i.e., stain prevention as well as stain removal), while simultaneously providing improved anticalculus action. Under remineralization pH cycling conditions, the dual-action whitening dentifrice produced lesion fluoridation comparable to a conventional NaF dentifrice. Under lesion progression pH cycling conditions, the dual-action whitening dentifrice produced enamel protection against caries initiation and progression comparable to a conventional NaF dentifrice, as well as comparable to a conventional tartar control dentifrice, also containing NaF. These results are consistent with clinical data supporting the anticaries effectiveness of NaF dentifrices combined with anionic tartar control inhibitors, such as pyrophosphate. Abrasion assessments were made using Radioactive Dentin and Enamel Abrasivity (RDA and REA) methods. These laboratory studies demonstrated that the new, dual-action whitening dentifrice produces dentin and enamel abrasivity similar to conventional silica-based dentifrice formulations. These in vitro studies verify the anticaries potential and demonstrate the hard tissue safety of the dual-action, sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice.

Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Dentin; Diphosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Humans; Phosphates; Prohibitins; Safety; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Remineralization

A series of pH cycling "profile" laboratory studies was conducted to confirm the anticaries potential of an enhanced cleaning and whitening dentifrice based on a novel abrasive polishing silica and pyrophosphate tartar control source, with sodium fluoride as the anticaries ingredient. Under pH cycling remineralization conditions, the whitening dentifrice produced lesion fluoridation comparable to a conventional tartar control dentifrice containing combinations of pyrophosphate anion and a NaF fluoride ion source. Under pH cycling lesion progression conditions, the whitening dentifrice produced enamel protection against caries development, comparable to control dentifrices containing NaF alone or in combination with tartar control pyrophosphate anion. These results are consistent with clinical data supporting the effectiveness of NaF dentifrices combined with anionic tartar control inhibitors such as pyrophosphate. These results support the anticaries effectiveness of the enhanced cleaning and whitening dentifrice based upon "Stain-Specific Soft Silica."

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Disease Progression; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Remineralization

A dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether and maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Sensitive/Tartar Control) has been developed to concomitantly control tartar, caries and dentinal hypersensitivity. In vitro and animal studies show that the fluoride in this product effectively inhibits formation of enamel and dentine caries. In vitro studies also demonstrate that this dentifrice effectively reduces hydraulic conductance by occluding dentine tubules with a mixed surface deposit of copolymer and silica. Using an in vitro model that simulates in vivo conditions, this dentifrice also allows a rapid penetration of potassium nitrate through the dentine matrix. These findings demonstrate a correlation under in vivo conditions between the occlusion of dentine and the ability to deliver topically applied agents to target sites within or below dentine. The results indicate that this new dentifrice should provide multiple clinical therapeutic benefits including controlling tooth decay and tartar formation, and reducing and preventing dentinal hypersensitivity.

Topics: Animals; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Maleates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Polyethylenes; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rheology; Silicon; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Tooth Remineralization

Anticalculus toothpastes are available on the market. Toothpastes with Zinc compounds interfere mainly with the plaque formation. Dentifrices containing pyrophosphate give the highest reductions in calculus formation. The inclusion of pyrophosphate in a fluoride containing dentifrice did not interfere with the cariostatic action of fluoride on tooth enamel. The influence of anticalculus dentifrices on root caries and root hypersensitivity are, so far, not documented. Fundamentally, a lot of doubt still exists about the precise role of supragingival calculus formation in the onset of periodontal disease.

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Humans; Toothpastes; Zinc

The aim of the present study was to examine a sodium fluoride anticalculus dentifrice product containing soluble pyrophosphate for its ability to promote remineralization and/or inhibit demineralization of dental enamel in a pH cycling model in vitro. Enamel crowns with windows were subjected to 14 days of alternating demineralization and remineralization periods at 37 degrees C. Teeth were immersed 5 min daily in one of the test dentifrice systems (1:3 slurry in deionized water) between the demineralization and remineralization cycles. Test dentifrices included (1) sodium fluoride (NaF; 1,100 ppm F)/silica abrasive (Crest) and (2) NaF (1,100 ppm F) with 3.3% soluble pyrophosphate/silica abrasive (Crest Tartar Control). Controls included a placebo dentifrice (silica abrasive) with no added fluoride and a group which received no treatment at all, i.e., demineralization/remineralization only. Overall, both of the NaF dentifrices were very effective in limiting in vitro caries progression and were not significantly different from each other. Inclusion of pyrophosphate in the NaF dentifrice did not affect the net outcome of the cycling demineralization/remineralization processes which is in agreement with recent clinical and in situ studies of these products.

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Solubility; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Hardness; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Remineralization

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Furans; Maleic Anhydrides; Methyl Ethers; Polyvinyls; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium Fluoride

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chlorides; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Female; Humans; Male; Methyl Ethers; Middle Aged; Minerals; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Humans; Sodium Fluoride

In the light of a literature review, the author deals with the significance of anorganic pyrophosphate in the mineralization process in the organism. Diphosphonates are synthetic substances which act on mineralisation. The author made experiments with them, the results of which might be of importance in the stomatological sphere with regard to caries reduction and plaque inhibition.

Topics: Animals; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Diphosphonates; Humans; Male; Rats

Preexposure of hydroxyapatite (HA) to polyphosphate reduced the near-equilibrium acid solubility of HA, the mineralization of HA, and the exchange of PO4 between medium and HA. Appreciably longer exposure times were required for maximal effects of trimetaphosphate (TMP) than of pyrophosphate (PP), tripolyphosphate (TPP), and hexametaphosphate (HMP). Calcifying solution solubilized small amounts of the HA-bound polyphosphates. This occurred to the smallest extent in the case of TMP, a fact which could have relevance for the superior anticaries effect of TMP.

Topics: Binding Sites; Calcium; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Hydroxyapatites; Phosphates; Solubility

Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Dentin; Diphosphates; Phosphates; Saliva

Topics: Bone and Bones; Calcium; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Homeostasis; Hydroxyapatites; Hyperparathyroidism; Hyperthyroidism; Hypophosphatasia; Osteitis Deformans; Osteoporosis; Phosphates; Saliva; Solubility

Topics: Adolescent; Alabama; Child; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Toothbrushing

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; DMF Index; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Indiana; Male

Topics: Adolescent; Biomedical Research; Calcium; Child; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Phosphates

Topics: Air Pollution; Child; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Latvia; Phosphates; Toxicology

Topics: Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Tin Fluorides; Water