pyrophosphate and Body-Weight

Iron fortification of rice is a promising strategy for improving iron nutrition. However, it is technically challenging because rice is consumed as intact grains, and ferric pyrophosphate (FePP), which is usually used for rice fortification, has low bioavailability.. We investigated whether the addition of a citric acid/trisodium citrate (CA/TSC) mixture before extrusion increases iron absorption in humans from FePP-fortified extruded rice grains.. We conducted an iron absorption study in iron-sufficient young women (n = 20), in which each participant consumed 4 different meals (4 mg Fe/meal): 1) extruded FePP-fortified rice (No CA/TSC); 2) extruded FePP-fortified rice with CA/TSC added before extrusion (CA/TSC extruded); 3) extruded FePP-fortified rice with CA/TSC solution added after cooking and before consumption (CA/TSC solution); and 4) nonextruded rice fortified with a FeSO4 solution added after cooking and before consumption (reference). Iron absorption was calculated from erythrocyte incorporation of stable iron isotopes 14 d after administration. In in vitro experiments, we assessed the soluble and dialyzable iron from rice meals in which CA/TSC was added at different preparation stages and from meals with different iron:CA:TSC ratios.. Fractional iron absorption was significantly higher from CA/TSC-extruded meals (3.2%) than from No CA/TSC (1.7%) and CA/TSC solution (1.7%; all P < 0.05) and was not different from the FeSO4 reference meal (3.4%). In vitro solubility and dialyzability were higher in CA/TSC-extruded rice than in rice with No CA/TSC and CA/TSC solution, and solubility increased with higher amounts of added CA and TSC in extruded rice.. Iron bioavailability nearly doubled when CA/TSC was extruded with FePP into fortified rice, resulting in iron bioavailability comparable to that of FeSO4 We attribute this effect to an in situ generation of soluble FePP citrate moieties during extrusion and/or cooking because of the close physical proximity of FePP and CA/TSC in the extruded rice matrix. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02176759.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Citrates; Citric Acid; Cooking; Cross-Over Studies; Diphosphates; Erythrocytes; Female; Food, Fortified; Humans; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Nutritional Status; Oryza; Single-Blind Method; Young Adult

Fe-deficiency anaemia is a worldwide health problem. We studied the influence of consuming an Fe-fortified fruit juice on Fe status in menstruating women. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 16 weeks of duration was performed. Subjects were randomised into two groups: the P group (n 58) or the F group (n 64), and consumed, as a supplement to their usual diet, 500 ml/d of a placebo fruit juice or an Fe-fortified fruit juice, respectively. The Fe-fortified fruit juice, containing microencapsulated iron pyrophosphate, provided 18 mg Fe/d (100 % of the RDA). At baseline and monthly, dietary intake, body weight and Fe parameters were determined: total erythrocytes, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), Hb, serum Fe, serum ferritin, serum transferrin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP). The fruit juice consumption involved increased intake of carbohydrates and vitamin C, and increased BMI within normal limits. Ferritin was higher in the F group after week 4 (P < 0·05) and became 80 % higher than in the P group after week 16 (P < 0·001), and transferrin decreased in the F group compared with the P group after week 4 (P < 0·001). RDW was higher at weeks 4 and 8 in the F group compared with the P group (P < 0·05). Transferrin saturation increased after week 8, and haematocrit, MCV and Hb increased after week 12, in the F group compared with the P group. Serum Fe did not change. sTfR and ZnPP decreased in the F group at week 16 (P < 0·05). Iron pyrophosphate-fortified fruit juice improves Fe status and may be used to prevent Fe-deficiency anaemia.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Beverages; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Compounding; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fruit; Humans; Iron; Motor Activity; Spain; Young Adult

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Citrates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crystallization; Deficiency Diseases; Diet Therapy; Diphosphates; Humans; Infant; Magnesium; Male; Milk; Oxalates; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Rural Health; Sulfates; Thailand; Uric Acid; Urinary Bladder Calculi

This study aimed to evaluate iron (Fe) bioavailability in Wistar rats fed with rice fortified with micronized ferric pyrophosphate (FP) by Ultra Rice (UR) technology with or without addition of yacon flour as a source of 7.5% of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Diets were supplied with 12 mg iron/kg from the following sources: ferrous sulfate (FS - control diet), fortified rice with micronized ferric pyrophosphate (Ultra Rice) (UR diet), ferrous sulfate + yacon flour (FS + Y diet) or Ultra Rice + yacon flour (UR + Y diet). Blood samples were collected at the end of depletion and repletion stages for determination of hemoglobin concentration and calculation of the relative biological value (RBV). Also, the content of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetic, propionic and butyric acids) from animals' stools and caecum weight were determined. The UR diet showed high iron bioavailability (RBV = 84.7%). However, the addition of yacon flour in the diet containing fortified rice (UR + Y diet) decreased RBV (63.1%) significantly below the other three groups (p < 0.05). Groups that received yacon flour showed higher acetic acid values compared to those who did not. In conclusion, fortified UR with micronized ferric pyrophosphate showed high iron bioavailability but the addition of yacon flour at 7.5% FOS reduced iron bioavailability despite increased caecum weight and SCFA concentration.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Asteraceae; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Diphosphates; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Food, Fortified; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Male; Oryza; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Carcinogenicity Tests; Diphosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Female; Hematologic Tests; Kidney; Male; Organ Size; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344

In order to determine the radiation dose to children during bone scintigraphy, distribution and excretion measurements on 99mTc-pyrophosphate and 99mTc-diphosphonate were carried out in rats, piglets, children and adults. Because of the more intensive bone metabolism in children, uptake of 43 to 47% is higher than in adults, in whom uptake in the skeleton reaches 33 to 36%. Assuming homogenous distribution of uptake, radiation dose to the skeleton in children of the ages investigated was 51 to 55 mrd per mCi. Bearing in mind the non-homogeneous distribution in the juvenile skeleton, radiation dose at growth point reaches 85 to 95 mrd per mCi.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Child; Diphosphates; Diphosphonates; Half-Life; Hindlimb; Humans; Phosphates; Radiation Dosage; Radionuclide Imaging; Rats; Technetium; Tibia; Tissue Distribution

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium Oxalate; Diphosphates; Kidney Calculi; Rats; Strontium; Strontium Radioisotopes; Technetium; Tissue Distribution; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Biopharmaceutics; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Diphosphates; Edetic Acid; Electrolytes; Food, Fortified; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant Food; Iron; Iron Radioisotopes; Lipids; Organ Size; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphates; Sodium; Sulfates; Swine

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Calcium, Dietary; Chickens; Diphosphates; Food Additives; Hindlimb; Phosphorus

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Citrates; Diphosphates; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feeding Behavior; Flavoring Agents; Food Additives; Gluconates; Hematocrit; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Lactates; Milk; Phosphates; Rats; Sulfates

Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Detergents; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diphosphates; Fasting; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Insulin; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Organ Size; Phosphotransferases; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Resorption; Calcaneus; Calcium; Creatinine; Diet; Diphosphates; Feces; Humans; Hydroxyproline; Immobilization; Iodine Radioisotopes; Magnesium; Male; Minerals; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Radionuclide Imaging; Rest; Sodium; Sweat

Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Detergents; Diphosphates; Fasting; Glucose; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Hexosephosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Microsomes; Organ Size; Pyrophosphatases; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Amides; Anesthesia; Animals; Barbiturates; Body Weight; Carisoprodol; Diphosphates; Female; Hexobarbital; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Paralysis; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital; Rats; Starvation; Strychnine; Sucrose; Zoxazolamine