Page last updated: 2024-10-20

pyrazinamide and Co-infection

pyrazinamide has been researched along with Co-infection in 27 studies

pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The aim of the study was to document the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-TB agents in children <2 years of age comparing previous and revised WHO dosages of isoniazid (INH; 5 versus 10 mg/kg/day), rifampin (RMP; 10 versus 15 mg/kg/day), and pyrazinamide (PZA; 25 versus 35 mg/kg/day) and to investigate the effects of clinical covariates, including HIV coinfection, nutritional status, age, gender, and type of tuberculosis (TB), and the effect of NAT2 acetylator status."9.15Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations. ( Donald, PR; Hesseling, AC; Magdorf, K; Roll, S; Rosenkranz, B; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Thee, S; Werely, CJ, 2011)
"We report the case of a 35-year-old man treated by RHEZ for a first episode of a smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and who developed a DRESS syndrome due to pyrazinamide after twenty days of treatment, associated with a viral reactivation to Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6)."7.88[DRESS syndrome secondary to pyrazinamide: An uncommon complication of tuberculosis treatment]. ( Dia Kane, Y; Diouf, NF; Fall, L; Ka, W; Kombila, UD; Koutonin, ANE; Mbaye, FBR; Ouedraogo, P; Oumar Toure Badiane, N, 2018)
" One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands."5.43HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients. ( Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Meintjes, G; Rockwood, N; Wiesner, L; Wilkinson, RJ, 2016)
" The aim of the study was to document the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-TB agents in children <2 years of age comparing previous and revised WHO dosages of isoniazid (INH; 5 versus 10 mg/kg/day), rifampin (RMP; 10 versus 15 mg/kg/day), and pyrazinamide (PZA; 25 versus 35 mg/kg/day) and to investigate the effects of clinical covariates, including HIV coinfection, nutritional status, age, gender, and type of tuberculosis (TB), and the effect of NAT2 acetylator status."5.15Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations. ( Donald, PR; Hesseling, AC; Magdorf, K; Roll, S; Rosenkranz, B; Schaaf, HS; Seddon, JA; Seifart, HI; Thee, S; Werely, CJ, 2011)
"Pyrazinamide is a first-line drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis."4.02Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Its Metabolites in Patients Coinfected with HIV and Implications for Individualized Dosing. ( Äbelö, A; Ashton, M; Bienvenu, E; Hoffmann, KJ; Sundell, J; Wijk, M, 2021)
"We report the case of a 35-year-old man treated by RHEZ for a first episode of a smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and who developed a DRESS syndrome due to pyrazinamide after twenty days of treatment, associated with a viral reactivation to Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6)."3.88[DRESS syndrome secondary to pyrazinamide: An uncommon complication of tuberculosis treatment]. ( Dia Kane, Y; Diouf, NF; Fall, L; Ka, W; Kombila, UD; Koutonin, ANE; Mbaye, FBR; Ouedraogo, P; Oumar Toure Badiane, N, 2018)
"The World Health Organization recommends for tuberculosis retreatment a regimen of isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), pyrazinamide (Z), and streptomycin (S) for 2 months, followed by H, R, E, and Z for 1 month and H, R, and E for 5 months."3.81High mortality associated with retreatment of tuberculosis in a clinic in Kampala, Uganda: a retrospective study. ( Acuña-Villaorduña, C; Ayakaka, I; Dryden-Peterson, S; Fennelly, KP; Hosford, J; Jones-López, EC; Nakubulwa, S; Okwera, A; Reilly, N; Worodria, W, 2015)
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling found that influential covariates for the pharmacokinetics were weight, sex, and a 30% increased bioavailability among heterozygous carriers of SLCO1B1 rs1104581 (previously associated with low rifampin concentrations)."2.82Effect of SLCO1B1 Polymorphisms on Rifabutin Pharmacokinetics in African HIV-Infected Patients with Tuberculosis. ( Egan, D; Hennig, S; Kellerman, T; McIlleron, H; Naiker, S; Owen, A; Pym, A; Reddy, T; Wiesner, L, 2016)
"There are limited pharmacokinetic data for use of the first-line antituberculosis drugs during infancy (<12 months of age), when drug disposition may differ."2.82Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Infants Dosed According to Revised WHO-Recommended Treatment Guidelines. ( Bekker, A; Donald, PR; Draper, HR; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Murray, S; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L, 2016)
" Isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide concentration-time profiles and treatment outcome were obtained from 161 Indian children with drug-sensitive tuberculosis undergoing thrice-weekly dosing as per previous Indian pediatric guidelines."1.48Suboptimal Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations and Outcomes in Small and HIV-Coinfected Children in India: Recommendations for Dose Modifications. ( Bhavani, PK; Dooley, KE; Gangadevi, NP; Guiastrennec, B; Gupta, A; Karlsson, MO; Kumar, AKH; Ramachandran, G; Savic, RM; Swaminathan, S, 2018)
" Pyrazinamide pharmacokinetic (PK) data from 61 HIV/TB-coinfected patients in South Africa were used in the analysis."1.46Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis. ( Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2017)
"If isoniazid Cmax was <4."1.46Concentration-Dependent Antagonism and Culture Conversion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. ( Denti, P; Gumbo, T; Lesosky, M; McIlleron, H; Meintjes, G; Pasipanodya, JG; Rockwood, N; Sirgel, F; Wilkinson, RJ, 2017)
" One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands."1.43HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients. ( Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Meintjes, G; Rockwood, N; Wiesner, L; Wilkinson, RJ, 2016)

Research

Studies (27)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's25 (92.59)24.3611
2020's2 (7.41)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Yang, H1
Antwi, S1
Maranchick, N1
Dompreh, A1
Amissah, AK1
Sly-Moore, E1
Martyn-Dickens, C1
Opoku, T1
Enimil, A1
Bosomtwe, D1
Ojewale, O1
Sarfo, AD1
Appiah, AF1
Kusi-Amponsah, I1
Dong, SK1
Osei Kuffour, B1
Morgan, R1
Alshaer, MH1
Peloquin, CA1
Kwara, A1
Sundell, J1
Wijk, M1
Bienvenu, E1
Äbelö, A1
Hoffmann, KJ1
Ashton, M1
Chirehwa, MT1
McIlleron, H5
Rustomjee, R2
Mthiyane, T1
Onyebujoh, P1
Smith, P2
Denti, P3
Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C1
Castelnuovo, B1
von Braun, A1
Musaazi, J1
Muller, D1
Buzibye, A1
Gutteck, U1
Henning, L1
Ledergerber, B1
Corti, N1
Lamorde, M1
Fehr, J1
Kambugu, A1
Wondale, B1
Medihn, G1
Teklu, T1
Mersha, W1
Tamirat, M1
Ameni, G1
Guiastrennec, B1
Ramachandran, G1
Karlsson, MO1
Kumar, AKH1
Bhavani, PK1
Gangadevi, NP1
Swaminathan, S1
Gupta, A1
Dooley, KE1
Savic, RM1
Kombila, UD1
Ka, W1
Mbaye, FBR1
Diouf, NF1
Fall, L1
Ouedraogo, P1
Koutonin, ANE1
Dia Kane, Y1
Oumar Toure Badiane, N1
Adane, K1
Spigt, M1
Dinant, GJ1
Zhao, Y1
Fox, T1
Manning, K1
Stewart, A1
Tiffin, N1
Khomo, N1
Leslie, J1
Boulle, A1
Mudaly, V1
Kock, Y1
Meintjes, G3
Wasserman, S1
Walsh, KF1
Souroutzidis, A1
Vilbrun, SC1
Peeples, M1
Joissaint, G1
Delva, S1
Widmann, P1
Royal, G1
Pry, J1
Bang, H1
Pape, JW1
Koenig, SP1
O'Donnell, MR1
Padayatchi, N1
Kvasnovsky, C1
Werner, L1
Master, I1
Horsburgh, CR1
Smythe, W1
Merle, CS1
Gninafon, M1
Lo, MB1
Bah-Sow, O1
Olliaro, PL1
Lienhardt, C1
Horton, J1
Simonsson, US1
Wejse, C1
Furtado, A1
Camara, C1
Lüneborg-Nielsen, M1
Sodemann, M1
Gerstoft, J1
Katzenstein, TL1
Jindani, A1
Harrison, TS1
Nunn, AJ1
Phillips, PP1
Churchyard, GJ1
Charalambous, S1
Hatherill, M1
Geldenhuys, H1
McIlleron, HM2
Zvada, SP1
Mungofa, S1
Shah, NA1
Zizhou, S1
Magweta, L1
Shepherd, J1
Nyirenda, S1
van Dijk, JH1
Clouting, HE1
Coleman, D1
Bateson, AL1
McHugh, TD2
Butcher, PD1
Mitchison, DA1
Oshi, SN1
Alobu, I1
Ukwaja, KN1
Oshi, DC1
Martinez-Longoria, CA1
Rubio-Perez, NE1
Rios-Solis, JE1
Garcia-Rodriguez, F1
Honeyborne, I1
Lipman, MC1
Eckold, C1
Evangelopoulos, D1
Gillespie, SH1
Pym, A2
Acuña-Villaorduña, C1
Ayakaka, I1
Dryden-Peterson, S1
Nakubulwa, S1
Worodria, W1
Reilly, N1
Hosford, J1
Fennelly, KP1
Okwera, A1
Jones-López, EC1
Hennig, S1
Naiker, S1
Reddy, T1
Egan, D1
Kellerman, T1
Wiesner, L3
Owen, A1
Bekker, A1
Schaaf, HS2
Draper, HR1
van der Laan, L1
Murray, S1
Donald, PR2
Hesseling, AC2
Mukherjee, A1
Velpandian, T1
Singla, M1
Kanhiya, K1
Kabra, SK1
Lodha, R1
Rockwood, N2
Chirehwa, M1
Wilkinson, RJ2
Sogebi, OA1
Adefuye, BO1
Adebola, SO1
Oladeji, SM1
Adedeji, TO1
Pasipanodya, JG1
Sirgel, F1
Lesosky, M1
Gumbo, T1
Thee, S1
Seddon, JA1
Seifart, HI1
Werely, CJ1
Rosenkranz, B1
Roll, S1
Magdorf, K1
Trindade, MÂ1
Miyamoto, D1
Benard, G1
Sakai-Valente, NY1
Vasconcelos, Dde M1
Naafs, B1
Shaweno, D1
Worku, A1

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs and Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in HIV-tuberculosis Co-infected Ugandan Adults[NCT01782950]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-02-28Recruiting
A Randomised Open-Label Controlled Trial of a 4-Month Gatifloxacin-Containing Regimen Versus Standard Regimen for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis[NCT00216385]Phase 32,070 participants Interventional2005-01-31Recruiting
Using Biomarkers to Predict TB Treatment Duration[NCT02821832]Phase 2946 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-21Active, not recruiting
Pharmacokinetics of Rifabutin Combined With Antiretroviral Therapy in the Treatment of Tuberculosis Patient With HIV Infection in South Africa: A Phase II Trial[NCT00640887]Phase 248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Optimal Dosing of 1st Line Antituberculosis and Antiretroviral Drugs in Children (a Pharmacokinetic Study)[NCT01637558]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
A Pharmacokinetics Study Comparing Lopinavir Plasma Exposure When Given as Lopinavir/Ritonavir (1:1) in the Presence of Rifampicin and Lopinavir/Ritonavir (4:1) Without Rifampicin in HIV and TB Co-infected Children in South Africa.[NCT02348177]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Comparison of the Rate of Treatment Success at 18 Months (After Treatment Initiation) Between Arms B and C

Estimation of the lower bound of a one-sided 95% confidence interval of the difference in success rates between arms B and C. If the lower bound is greater than -7%, this will be evidence that the treatment-shortening arm is not inferior to the standard duration arm. (NCT02821832)
Timeframe: 18 months

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CuredConfirmed relapsesLate withdrawal, lost to follow-upProbable relapsesTreatment Failure
Arm A21751311
Arm B1211910
Arm C1179634

Reviews

1 review available for pyrazinamide and Co-infection

ArticleYear
Leprosy and tuberculosis co-infection: clinical and immunological report of two cases and review of the literature.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2013, Volume: 88, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Brazil; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Is

2013

Trials

6 trials available for pyrazinamide and Co-infection

ArticleYear
Evaluation of initial and steady-state gatifloxacin pharmacokinetics and dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients by using monte carlo simulations.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2013, Volume: 57, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Area Under Curve; Coinfection; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Dosa

2013
Impact of tuberculosis treatment on CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and p24 antigen in patients with HIV and tuberculosis.
    International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Biomarkers; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Coinfection; Dietary Supplements; Dr

2013
High-dose rifapentine with moxifloxacin for pulmonary tuberculosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2014, Oct-23, Volume: 371, Issue:17

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, C

2014
Effect of SLCO1B1 Polymorphisms on Rifabutin Pharmacokinetics in African HIV-Infected Patients with Tuberculosis.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2016, Volume: 60, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Area Under Curve; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Coinfection; Ethambutol; Femal

2016
Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Infants Dosed According to Revised WHO-Recommended Treatment Guidelines.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2016, Volume: 60, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Area Under Curve; Coinfection; Drug Dosage Calculations; Ethambutol; Female;

2016
Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2011, Volume: 55, Issue:12

    Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Area Under Curve; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; HIV Infections; Huma

2011

Other Studies

20 other studies available for pyrazinamide and Co-infection

ArticleYear
Effect of HIV infection on plasma exposure to first-line TB drugs and target attainment in children.
    The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2023, Dec-01, Volume: 27, Issue:12

    Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; HIV Infections; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyra

2023
Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Its Metabolites in Patients Coinfected with HIV and Implications for Individualized Dosing.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2021, 06-17, Volume: 65, Issue:7

    Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Pyrazinamide; Tuberculosis

2021
Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2017, Volume: 61, Issue:8

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; HIV Infections

2017
Cohort profile of a study on outcomes related to tuberculosis and antiretroviral drug concentrations in Uganda: design, methods and patient characteristics of the SOUTH study.
    BMJ open, 2017, 09-18, Volume: 7, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biomedical Research; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Coh

2017
A retrospective study on tuberculosis treatment outcomes at Jinka General Hospital, southern Ethiopia.
    BMC research notes, 2017, Dec-04, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethiopia; Fema

2017
Suboptimal Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations and Outcomes in Small and HIV-Coinfected Children in India: Recommendations for Dose Modifications.
    Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2018, Volume: 104, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Antitubercular Agents; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; D

2018
[DRESS syndrome secondary to pyrazinamide: An uncommon complication of tuberculosis treatment].
    Revue des maladies respiratoires, 2018, Volume: 35, Issue:1

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome;

2018
Tuberculosis treatment outcome and predictors in northern Ethiopian prisons: a five-year retrospective analysis.
    BMC pulmonary medicine, 2018, Feb-20, Volume: 18, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aftercare; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Directly O

2018
Improved Treatment Outcomes With Bedaquiline When Substituted for Second-line Injectable Agents in Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019, 04-24, Volume: 68, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Diarylquinolines; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; E

2019
Potentially High Number of Ineffective Drugs with the Standard Shorter Course Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in Haiti.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2019, Volume: 100, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethambutol; Ethiona

2019
Treatment outcomes for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infection.
    Emerging infectious diseases, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Cycloserine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Etham

2013
Investigating gender disparities in the profile and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis in Ebonyi state, Nigeria.
    Epidemiology and infection, 2015, Volume: 143, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Ethambutol; Female; Health Status Dispari

2015
Severe meningoencephalitis co-infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.
    International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2015, Volume: 33

    Topics: Amphotericin B; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Coinfection; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus neoformans;

2015
Effective anti-tuberculosis therapy correlates with plasma small RNA.
    The European respiratory journal, 2015, Volume: 45, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Biomarkers; Coinfection; Ethambutol; Female; Gene Expression Profiling

2015
High mortality associated with retreatment of tuberculosis in a clinic in Kampala, Uganda: a retrospective study.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015, Volume: 93, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Ethambutol; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Hu

2015
Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in HIV-infected Indian children.
    The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 2016, Volume: 20, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Liquid; Coi

2016
HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2016, Volume: 60, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; Area Under Cur

2016
Clinical predictors of aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity in drug-resistant Tuberculosis patients on intensive therapy.
    Auris, nasus, larynx, 2017, Volume: 44, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aminoglycosides; Antitubercular Agents; Audiometry, Pure-Tone; Body Mass Index;

2017
Concentration-Dependent Antagonism and Culture Conversion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2017, May-15, Volume: 64, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV

2017
Tuberculosis treatment survival of HIV positive TB patients on directly observed treatment short-course in Southern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.
    BMC research notes, 2012, Dec-12, Volume: 5

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Coinfection; Drug Administration Schedule; Fem

2012