pyrantel and Helminthiasis

Topics: Anthelmintics; Ascariasis; Cestode Infections; Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infections; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Levamisole; Mebendazole; Niclosamide; Paromomycin; Piperazines; Pyrantel; Pyrvinium Compounds; Quinacrine; Strongyloidiasis; Tetrachloroethylene; Thiabendazole; Trichuriasis

Topics: Helminthiasis; Humans; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate

Topics: Anthelmintics; Ascariasis; Cestode Infections; Dichlorvos; Fascioliasis; Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Hymenolepiasis; Imidazoles; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Niclosamide; Oxyuriasis; Paromomycin; Pyrantel; Strongyloidiasis; Tetramisole; Trichuriasis

32 elementary school children were treated for multiple intestinal helminthiasis (ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections) with a combination of the pamoate salts of oxantel and pyrantel in a dose of 15 to 20mg/kg body weight of each in 1 daily dose for 3 consecutive days. The cure rate for ascariasis was 96.7%, and 84.4% for both trichuriasis and hookworm infections. 68.7% were completely cured of all 3 helminths. However, among those not completely cured, only 1 species of the previous 3 infecting helminths was present after treatment and then with a very marked reduction in egg count.

Topics: Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Helminthiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Pyrantel; Pyrimidines; Styrenes

In a pilot study in 17 children, oxantel-pyrantel as one single dose of 10 to 20mg/kg of each, gave good results in ascariasis but poor cure rates in both trichuriasis and necatoriasis. However in the latter groups the infection was extremely heavy. In a controlled trial in 51 children, using oxantel-pyrantel at the same dose, but given daily for 3 consecutive days, or mebendazole 100mg twice daily for 3 days, the drugs gave similar response rates. Both gave 100% cure rates, as assessed by the absence of ova by both Beaver and brine-flotation techniques, in Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The percentage cures and egg reduction rates were 66.7 and 94.5 in trichuriasis and 53 and 93.6 in necatoriasis respectively. Those for mebendazole were 52 and 91.2 in trichuriasis and 37.5 and 89.7 in necatoriasis. Oxante-pyrantel treatment was associated with more cures, and a marginally greater reduction in ovum excretion than mebendazole but the differences were not statistically significant. No side-effects were seen with either treatment.

Topics: Benzimidazoles; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Feces; Helminthiasis; Humans; Mebendazole; Pyrantel; Pyrimidines; Styrenes

204 individuals from a rural community were given a single dose of oxantel-pyrantel at 15mg/kg bodyweight and if still infected, 20mg/kg bodyweight, with cure rates of 100%, 53% and 71% for ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection, respectively. From an urban community, 124 patients were given the same drug either as 15mg/kg bodyweight given twice in one day, with an interval of about 12 hours, or 20mg/kg bodyweight given daily for 2 days. Cure rates obtained were 100% in both groups for ascariasis; 89.2% of those given the first regimen were cured of trichuriasis compared with 71.2% of those on the second. For trichuriasis, oxantel-pyrantel given twice, 12 hours apart, appears to be the best treatment schedule and further clinical trials using this regimen are suggested.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Feces; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Philippines; Pyrantel; Pyrimidines; Rural Population; Soil; Styrenes; Urban Population

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Disease Models, Animal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Helminthiasis; Injections, Intravenous; Pyrantel; Respiration

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are intestinal parasitic nematodes that infect humans, and are transmitted through contaminated soil. These nematodes include the large roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus). Nearly 1.5 billion people (~24% of the population) worldwide are infected with at least one species of these parasites, burdening the poor, in particular, children and pregnant women. To combat these diseases, the WHO only recognizes four anthelmintic drugs, including the preferred drug, albendazole, for mass drug administration (MDA). These four drugs have a total of two different mechanisms of action, and, as expected, resistance has been observed. This problem calls for new drugs with different mechanisms of action. Although there is precedence for the use of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a free-living nematode, as a model for drug screening and anthelmintic testing, their usefulness for such anthelmintic study is not clear as past research has shown that C. elegans did not show a strong response to albendazole, the MDA drug of choice, in comparison with various STHs under similar treatment. To further examine if C. elegans has the potential to be a good model organism for anthelmintic drug study, we employed a health rating scale in order to tease out potential effects of albendazole, and other anthelmintics, that may have been missed using a binary, dead/alive scale. Using the health-rating scale we found that although the worms may have not been dying, they were sick, showing dose responses to anthelmintic drugs, including albendazole, reinforcing C. elegans as a useful model for anthelmintic study.

Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Caenorhabditis elegans; Helminthiasis; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Ivermectin; Lethal Dose 50; Nitro Compounds; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Pyrantel; Thiazoles

Nematode parasites may be controlled with drugs, but their regular application has given rise to concerns about the development of resistance. Drug combinations may be more effective than single drugs and delay the onset of resistance. A combination of the nicotinic antagonist, derquantel, and the macrocyclic lactone, abamectin, has been found to have synergistic anthelmintic effects against gastro-intestinal nematode parasites. We have observed in previous contraction and electrophysiological experiments that derquantel is a potent selective antagonist of nematode parasite muscle nicotinic receptors; and that abamectin is an inhibitor of the same nicotinic receptors. To explore these inhibitory effects further, we expressed muscle nicotinic receptors of the nodular worm, Oesophagostomum dentatum (Ode-UNC-29:Ode-UNC-63:Ode-UNC-38), in Xenopus oocytes under voltage-clamp and tested effects of abamectin on pyrantel and acetylcholine responses. The receptors were antagonized by 0.03 μM abamectin in a non-competitive manner (reduced Rmax, no change in EC50). This antagonism increased when abamectin was increased to 0.1 μM. However, when we increased the concentration of abamectin further to 0.3 μM, 1 μM or 10 μM, we found that the antagonism decreased and was less than with 0.1 μM abamectin. The bi-phasic effects of abamectin suggest that abamectin acts at two allosteric sites: one high affinity negative allosteric (NAM) site causing antagonism, and another lower affinity positive allosteric (PAM) site causing a reduction in antagonism. We also tested the effects of 0.1 μM derquantel alone and in combination with 0.3 μM abamectin. We found that derquantel on these receptors, like abamectin, acted as a non-competitive antagonist, and that the combination of derquantel and abamectin produced greater inhibition. These observations confirm the antagonistic effects of abamectin on nematode nicotinic receptors in addition to GluCl effects, and illustrate more complex effects of macrocyclic lactones that may be exploited in combinations with other anthelmintics.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Allosteric Site; Animals; Anthelmintics; Cloning, Molecular; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Expression Regulation; Haemonchus; Helminthiasis; Indoles; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Ivermectin; Nematoda; Nicotinic Antagonists; Oocytes; Oxepins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenylenediamines; Pyrantel; Receptors, Nicotinic; Xenopus laevis

Three anthelmintic pastes were compared in terms of their ability to suppress the output of parasite eggs in the faeces of 108 grazing horses at four sites in Britain; the horses were treated once with either ivermectin, fenbendazole or pyrantel. At each site, the horses grazed together throughout the trials which took place during the summers of 1985 and 1986. The median periods before parasite eggs reappeared in faeces were 70 days for ivermectin, 14 days for fenbendazole and 39 days for pyrantel embonate. Geometric mean faecal egg counts in the groups treated with ivermectin and pyrantel were significantly less (P less than 0.05) than in the fenbendazole group on days 21, 28, 35 and 42 after treatment. On days 49, 56, 63 and 70 the mean egg counts in the ivermectin group were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than those in either of the other groups. The results indicated that in order to ensure minimal contamination of pastures, grazing horses treated with ivermectin paste would have required a second treatment approximately 10 weeks after the first, and to achieve similar control with fenbendazole or pyrantel embonate, a second treatment would have been required after approximately two weeks and six weeks, respectively.

Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Feces; Female; Fenbendazole; Helminthiasis; Helminthiasis, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ivermectin; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Random Allocation; Recurrence; Statistics as Topic; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Dichlorvos; Fenbendazole; Helminthiasis; Helminthiasis, Animal; Hygromycin B; Ivermectin; Lactones; Levamisole; Piperazine; Piperazines; Pyrantel; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiabendazole

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Helminthiasis; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Poverty Areas; Prospective Studies; Protozoan Infections; Pyrantel

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Anthelmintics; Benzimidazoles; Cats; Cattle; Diethylcarbamazine; Dogs; Helminthiasis; Helminthiasis, Animal; Horses; Ivermectin; Lactones; Levamisole; Morantel; Organophosphorus Compounds; Piperazine; Piperazines; Praziquantel; Pyrantel; Salicylanilides; Sheep; Tetramisole

Topics: Adolescent; Anthelmintics; Child; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Malaysia; Male; Protozoan Infections; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Schools; Sex Factors

The mass pre-control survey was done in fall semester 1978 by both methods that Kato's thick smear for helminthic infection and cellophane tape perianal swab for pinworm infection. There are about 19,000 primary school children and around 5,000 kindergarten children in Suan-yuan District, being the subjects. The helminthic positive rates (%) obtained were 5.18 and 3.81, respectively. The rates for pinworm were found 28.68% former and 29.00% for the latter. Drug was given to the egg-positive persons after mass examination, in each semester, for three consecutive years. Two broad-spectrum anthelmintics, pyrantel pamoate and mebendazole were used. The children who harbored Ascaris, hookworm or pinworm were given pyrantel tablet as a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, and whipworm positives were given a standard course of 100 mg of mebendazole twice daily for three days. After three-year operation, in accordance with the results of examination in Spring semester 1981, the egg positive rates were sharply dropped to 0.56% for the primary school children and 0.50% for the kindergarten. The pinworm infection rates for the above-mentioned group were also reduced to 13.05% and 18.68%, respectively.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Helminthiasis; Humans; Mass Screening; Oxyuriasis; Pyrantel; Taiwan

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrantel; Sex Factors

Topics: Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Male; Military Medicine; Nepal; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate

Pyrantel pamoate at dosage of 10 mg per kilogramme body weight was given to each villager at 4-6 weeks intervals for three times. The infection rates of hookworms among those who received and did not received the drug decreased from 60.5% pre-treatment to 19.6% after the third treatment and then increased to 32.4% one year after the third treatment. Infection rates of A. lumbricoides and Strongyloides spp. among the villagers who received and did not received the drug decreased from 27.5% pre-treatment to 2.2% after the third treatment and then increased to 20.1% one year later for the former, while the latter decreased from 6.5% pre-treatment to 2.3% after the third treatment and 0.4% one year later. The infection rate of T. trichiura was found to increase as pyrantel pamoate had no effect on this nematode. The authors suggested that to obtain more satisfactory results the anthelmintic drug used must likewise be effective against T. trichiura particularly in areas where this nematode is a public health problem. It was also suggested that the duration of treatment should be prolonged.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ascariasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Parasite Egg Count; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Soil Microbiology; Strongyloidiasis; Trichuriasis

Topics: Bephenium Compounds; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Levamisole; Male; Pyrantel

Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Taiwan

Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Helminthiasis; Helminthiasis, Animal; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Wisconsin

Topics: Adult; Africa, Western; Animals; Ascaridiasis; Cats; Dogs; Feces; Female; Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Male; Necator; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate; Rats; Schistosomiasis; Strongyloidiasis

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Ascaris; Cattle; Dogs; Helminthiasis; Oxyuroidea; Pyrantel; Sheep; Strongyloidea

Topics: Anthelmintics; Bephenium Compounds; Child; Citrates; Helminthiasis; Humans; Naphthols; Nigeria; Piperazines; Pyrantel; Pyrantel Pamoate