prostaglandin-d2 and Myocardial-Infarction

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) have been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular effects, but its mechanism of protection against acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who are under guideline-based therapy is not fully understood. Here, we used a metabolomic approach to systematically analyze the eicosanoid metabolites induced by ω-3 PUFA supplementation and investigated the underlying mechanisms.. Participants with AMI after successful percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to 3 months of 2 g daily ω-3 PUFA and guideline-adjusted therapy (n = 30, ω-3 therapy) or guideline-adjusted therapy alone (n = 30, Usual therapy). Functional PUFA-derived eicosanoids in plasma were profiled by metabolomics. Clinical and laboratory tests were obtained before and 3 months after baseline and after the study therapy.. By intent-to-treat analysis, the content of 11-HDoHE, 20-HDoHE and 16,17-EDP and that of epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), derived from docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively, were significantly higher with ω-3 group than Usual therapy, whereas that of prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) and leukotriene B4, derived from arachidonic acid, was significantly decreased. As compared with Usual therapy, ω-3 PUFA therapy significantly reduced levels of triglycerides (-6.3%, P < 0.05), apolipoprotein B (-4.9%, P < 0.05) and lipoprotein(a) (-37.0%, P < 0.05) and increased nitric oxide level (62.2%, P < 0.05). In addition, the levels of these variables were positively correlated with change in 16,17-EDP and EEQs content but negatively with change in PGJ2 content.. ω-3 PUFA supplementation may improve lipid metabolism and endothelial function possibly by affecting eicosanoid metabolic status at a systemic level during convalescent healing after AMI.. URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn. Unique identifier: ChiCTR1900025859.

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Dietary Supplements; Eicosanoids; Endothelium, Vascular; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Humans; Intention to Treat Analysis; Leukotriene B4; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Nitric Oxide; Nutrition Policy; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Prostaglandin D2

Background and aims: Genipin, an iridoid derived from geniposide by β-glucosidase hydrolysis, has shown potential benefit in the treatment of heart function insufficiency despite its unclear therapeutic mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the primary cardioprotective mechanism of genipin. We hypothesized that genipin demonstrated the antiapoptosis and anti-inflammation for cardiac protection by inhibiting the cyclooxidase 2 (COX2)-prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and murine double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 pathways. Methods: The normal Sprague-Dawley rats were made into myocardial infarction models by conventional methods. Animals were treated with genipin for 5 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). Morphometric and hemodynamic measurements were performed 5 weeks post-MI. Biological and molecular experiments were performed after the termination. Results: Both morphometry and hemodynamics in systole and diastole were significantly impaired in the model group but restored close to basal level after treatment with genipin. Genipin also restored the post-MI upregulated expressions of cytochrome c, p53, COX2, and PGD2 and downregulated expression of MDM2 to the approximate baseline. Genipin inhibited apoptotic and inflammatory pathways to prevent post-MI structure-function remodeling. Conclusions: This study showed the cardioprotective mechanism of genipin and implied its potential clinical application for the treatment of ischemic heart failure.

Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 2; Heart Failure; Iridoids; Myocardial Infarction; Prostaglandin D2; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

The difficulty in the regeneration of cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction is a major cause of heart failure. Together, the amniotic membrane and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ

Topics: Amnion; Animals; Humans; Myocardial Infarction; Myocytes, Cardiac; Nanoparticles; Prostaglandin D2; Rats; Tissue Scaffolds

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Bone Marrow; Calcium; Calpain; Cardiotonic Agents; Caspase 12; Cell Hypoxia; Cellular Reprogramming; Doxorubicin; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Enzyme Activation; Fibroblasts; Gene Deletion; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11; Humans; Male; Mice; Myocardial Infarction; Myocytes, Cardiac; Prostaglandin D2; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Prostaglandin; Regeneration; Tetrazoles

The kinetic participation of macrophages is critical for inflammatory resolution and recovery from myocardial infarction (MI), particularly with respect to the transition from the M1 to the M2 phenotype; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the deletion of prostaglandin (PG) D2 receptor subtype 1 (DP1) in macrophages retarded M2 polarization, antiinflammatory cytokine production, and resolution in different inflammatory models, including the MI model. DP1 deletion up-regulated proinflammatory genes expression via JAK2/STAT1 signaling in macrophages, whereas its activation facilitated binding of the separated PKA regulatory IIα subunit (PRKAR2A) to the transmembrane domain of IFN-γ receptor, suppressed JAK2-STAT1 axis-mediated M1 polarization, and promoted resolution. PRKAR2A deficiency attenuated DP1 activation-mediated M2 polarization and resolution of inflammation. Collectively, PGD2-DP1 axis-induced M2 polarization facilitates resolution of inflammation through the PRKAR2A-mediated suppression of JAK2/STAT1 signaling. These observations indicate that macrophage DP1 activation represents a promising strategy in the management of inflammation-associated diseases, including post-MI healing.

Topics: Animals; Cecum; Cell Polarity; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIalpha Subunit; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Deletion; Hydantoins; Inflammation; Janus Kinase 2; Ligation; Macrophages; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Ischemia; Peritonitis; Prostaglandin D2; Protein Binding; Protein Subunits; Punctures; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Interferon; Receptors, Prostaglandin; Signal Transduction; STAT1 Transcription Factor; Wound Healing; Zymosan

Cerium oxide (CeO₂) represents an important nanomaterial with wide ranging applications. However, little is known regarding how CeO₂ exposure may influence pulmonary or systemic inflammation. Furthermore, how mast cells would influence inflammatory responses to a nanoparticle exposure is unknown. We thus compared pulmonary and cardiovascular responses between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-Kit(W-sh) mast cell deficient mice following CeO₂ nanoparticle instillation. C57BL/6 mice instilled with CeO₂ exhibited mild pulmonary inflammation. However, B6.Cg-Kit(W-sh) mice did not display a similar degree of inflammation following CeO₂ instillation. Moreover, C57BL/6 mice instilled with CeO₂ exhibited altered aortic vascular responses to adenosine and an increase in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury which was absent in B6.Cg-Kit(W-sh) mice. In vitro CeO₂ exposure resulted in increased production of PGD₂, TNF-α, IL-6 and osteopontin by cultured mast cells. These findings demonstrate that CeO₂ nanoparticles activate mast cells contributing to pulmonary inflammation, impairment of vascular relaxation and exacerbation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Topics: Adenosine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cerium; Chemokine CCL3; Gene Expression Regulation; Histocytochemistry; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-6; Lung; Male; Mast Cells; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardium; Osteopontin; Particle Size; Pneumonia; Prostaglandin D2; Reperfusion Injury; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

The second window of anaesthetic-induced preconditioning (APC) is afforded by the interplay of multiple signalling pathways, whereas a similar protective response is mediated by peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists. However, a possible role of this nuclear receptor during APC has not been studied to date. We investigated the hypothesis that the second window of APC is mediated by the activation of PPARγ. New Zealand White rabbits (n = 48) were subjected to 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. The animals received desflurane (1.0 minimal alveolar concentration), the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, as well as the combined application of both, respectively, 24 h prior to coronary artery occlusion. Infarct size was determined gravimetrically; tissue levels of 15-deoxy-(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), as well as PPAR DNA binding were measured using specific assays. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. Desflurane led to a reduced myocardial infarct size (41.7 ± 2.5 versus 61.8 ± 2.8%, P < 0.05), accompanied by significantly increased PPAR DNA binding (289.9 ± 33 versus 102.9 ± 18 relative light units, P < 0.05), as well as elevated tissue levels of 15d-PGJ(2) (224.4 ± 10.2 versus 116.9 ± 14.2 pg ml(-1), P < 0.05) and NO(x) (14.9 ± 0.7 versus 5.4 ± 0.7 μm, P < 0.05). Pharmacological inhibition of PPARγ abolished these protective effects, resetting the infarct size (56.5 ± 2.9%), as well as PPAR DNA-binding activity (91.2 ± 31 relative light units) and NO(x) tissue levels (5.9 ± 0.9 μm) back to control levels. Desflurane governs a second window of APC by increasing the production of 15d-PGJ(2), subsequently activating PPARγ, resulting in a diminished myocardial infarct size by increasing the downstream availability of NO.

Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anilides; Animals; Arteries; Coronary Occlusion; Desflurane; DNA-Binding Proteins; Heart; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; Isoflurane; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Nitric Oxide; PPAR gamma; Prostaglandin D2; Rabbits; Signal Transduction

Remote ischemic preconditioning (remote IPC) elicits a protective cardiac phenotype against myocardial ischemic injury. The remote stimulus has been hypothesized to act on major signaling pathways; however, its molecular targets remain largely undefined. We hypothesized that remote IPC exerts its effects by activating the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α and γ, which have been previously implicated in cardioprotective signaling. Male New Zealand white rabbits (n = 78) were subjected to a 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by three hours of reperfusion. Three cycles of remote IPC consisting of 10-min renal ischemia/reperfusion were performed. The animals either received the PPARα-antagonist GW6471 or the PPARγ-antagonist GW9662 alone or combined with remote IPC. Infarct size was determined gravimetrically. Tissue levels of 15d-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), as well as the PPAR DNA binding were measured using specific assays. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression in relative quantity (RQ). Data are mean ± SD. As a result, remote IPC significantly reduced the myocardial infarct size (42.2 ± 4.9%* versus 61 ± 1.9%), accompanied by an increased PPAR DNA-binding (189.6 ± 19.8RLU* versus 44.4 ± 9RLU), increased iNOS expression (3.5 ± 1RQ* versus 1RQ), as well as 15d-PGJ(2) levels (179.7 ± 7.9 pg/mL* versus 127.9 ± 7.6 pg/mL). The protective response elicited by remote IPC, as well as the accompanying molecular changes were abolished by inhibiting PPARα (56.8 ± 4.7%; 61.1 ± 14.2RLU; and 1.91 ± 0.96RQ, respectively) or PPARγ (57.4 ± 3.3%; 52.7 ± 16.9RLU; and 1.54 ± 0.25RQ, respectively). (*Significantly different from control P < 0.05). In conclusion, the obtained results indicate that both PPARα and PPARγ play an essential role in remote IPC against myocardial infarction, impinging on the transcriptional control of iNOS expression.

Topics: Anilides; Animals; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxazoles; PPAR alpha; PPAR gamma; Prostaglandin D2; Rabbits; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Tyrosine

Myofibroblasts (myoFb) are the major cell types that appear at the site of myocardial infarction (MI) in response to injury and play a vital role in tissue repair/remodeling. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a crucial role in the infarcted/ischemic heart, we hypothesized that activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma by its agonists induces VEGF expression while simultaneously decreasing inflammation (NF-kappaB). Such an increase in myoFb VEGF expression by PPAR-gamma agonists may play a role in angiogenesis.. Rat myoFb were treated with PPAR-gamma agonists and VEGF expression was measured by ELISA. The effect of these agonists on VEGF receptors was determined by qRT-PCR and flow-cytometric analysis. VEGF produced by these cells was also used for analysis of in vitro tubule formation (Matrigel assay).. The PPAR-gamma activators troglitazone (TZ) and 15-deoxy-prostaglandin J2 (15J2) induced the expression of VEGF and its receptors (Flt-1 and KDR) in myoFb. TZ and 15J2 elicited a significant increase in the expression of KDR (14.7+/-1.0% and 9.6+/-2.1% respectively) and Flt-1 (24.5+/-2.0%, and 14.0+/-2.2% respectively) when compared to untreated myoFb. MyoFb treated with PPAR-gamma agonists increased extracellular VEGF, augmenting tubule formation on a Matrigel. The PPAR-gamma activator 15J2 significantly decreased the NF-kappaB activity in myoFb.. This study demonstrates the induction of the VEGF accompanied by a reduction of NF-kappaB activity (inflammatory signaling) by PPAR-gamma agonists in cardiac myoFb. These results may further the understanding of the beneficial effects of PPAR-gamma agonists on infarcted tissue repair and angiogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chromans; Collagen; Drug Combinations; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gene Expression Regulation; Laminin; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Myocardial Infarction; Myocytes, Cardiac; NF-kappa B; PPAR gamma; Prostaglandin D2; Proteoglycans; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Thiazolidinediones; Troglitazone; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2

This study was designed to investigate the effects of various chemically distinct activators of PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Using Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR in samples of rat heart, we document the expression of the mRNA for PPAR-gamma (isoform 1 but not isoform 2) as well as PPAR-beta and PPAR-alpha in freshly isolated cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts and in the left and right ventricles of the heart. Using a rat model of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (in vivo), we have discovered that various chemically distinct ligands of PPAR-gamma (including the TZDs rosiglitazone, ciglitazone, and pioglitazone, as well as the cyclopentanone prostaglandins 15D-PGJ2 and PGA1) cause a substantial reduction of myocardial infarct size in the rat. We demonstrate that two distinct ligands of PPAR-alpha (including clofibrate and WY 14643) also cause a substantial reduction of myocardial infarct size in the rat. The most pronounced reduction in infarct size was observed with the endogenous PPAR-gamma ligand, 15-deoxyDelta12,14-prostagalndin J2 (15D-PGJ2). The mechanisms of the cardioprotective effects of 15D-PGJ2 may include 1) activation of PPAR-alpha, 2) activation of PPAR-gamma, 3) expression of HO-1, and 4) inhibition of the activation of NF-kappaB in the ischemic-reperfused heart. Inhibition by 15D-PGJ2 of the activation of NF-kappaB in turn results in a reduction of the 1) expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the nitration of proteins by peroxynitrite, 2) formation of the chemokine MCP-1, and 3) expression of the adhesion molecule ICAM-1. We speculate that ligands of PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha may be useful in the therapy of conditions associated with ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and other organs. Our findings also imply that TZDs and fibrates may help protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This beneficial effect of 15D-PGJ2 was associated with a reduction in the expression of the 1) adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and P-selectin, 2) chemokine macrophage chemotactic protein 1, and 3) inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase. 15D-PGJ2 reduced the nitration of proteins (immunohistological analysis of nitrotyrosine formation) caused by ischemia-reperfusion, likely due to the generation of peroxynitrite. Not all of the effects of 15D-PGJ2, however, are due to the activation of PPAR-gamma. For instance, exposure of rat cardiac myocytes to 15D-PGJ2, but not to rosiglitazon

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chemokine CCL2; Clofibrate; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); Heme Oxygenase-1; Humans; Ligands; Male; Membrane Proteins; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Pioglitazone; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandins A; Protein Isoforms; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; RNA, Messenger; Rosiglitazone; Thiazoles; Thiazolidinediones; Transcription Factors

In 2 male patients (35 and 38 years) presenting with myocardial infarction an abnormal conversion of exogenous 14C-arachidonic acid by the patients' platelets, incubated in vitro, was observed. Neither patient's platelets showed evidence of a lipoxygenase pathway. Platelet thromboxane formation from exogenous and endogenous substrate was high, while the platelet aggregation responses were normal. A myeloproliferative syndrome was excluded by bone marrow puncture. Similar defects have only been described so far in patients with myeloproliferative syndrome. This defect may be causative for the onset of clinical thrombotic events. It is speculative whether in vivo therapy with r-IFN alpha 1c might be able to eradicate the pathological platelet clone.

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acids; Blood Platelet Disorders; Blood Platelets; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dinoprostone; Humans; Lipoxygenase; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Platelet Aggregation; Prostaglandin D2; Thromboxanes

In order to diagnose patients in thrombotic state, it is quite important to detect increased concentration of plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2), a stable catabolite of TXA2. To determine plasma TXB2 levels with high sensitivity and selectivity, we employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives conventionally employed in GC/MS analysis of prostanoids are not suitable for quantitation of plasma prostanoids, because the mass spectra are deficient in ions with high intensity in the high mass range and TMS ether derivatives are sensitive to moisture. To solve these problems we employed tert-butyldimethylsilyl (t-BDMS) ether derivatives, based on the observation that t-BDMS ether derivatives afforded abundant ions at [M-57]+ and showed good hydrolytic stability. The reaction conditions of tert-butyldimethylsilylation were also examined to optimize the selected ion monitoring response. The t-BDMS ether derivatives of prostanoids were successfully analyzed with a short capillary column with a relatively large diameter, with maintaining good separation. In conjunction with the use of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography as purification procedure, a sensitive and reproducible stable isotope dilution assay of plasma TXB2 was developed. The values obtained by this method correlated well with those obtained by the radioimmunoassay we have developed.

Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Adult; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Coronary Vasospasm; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Organosilicon Compounds; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandins D; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Silicon; Thromboxane B2; Thromboxanes