prostaglandin-d2 and Cardiovascular-Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. A chronic inflammatory response is a common pathological alteration in diverse cardiovascular diseases. Prostaglandin (PG) D

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandins; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Prostaglandin

Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Mass Spectrometry; Prognosis; Prostaglandin D2; Radioimmunoassay; Reference Values; Specimen Handling

Prostaglandins (PGs) of the J2 family including PGJ2, delta12-PGJ2, and 15-deoxy-delta12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) are naturally occurring metabolites of PGD2. Among them, 15d-PGJ2 is a powerful ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma). 15d-PGJ2 and synthetic PPARgamma ligands have been reported to exert several effects on vascular cells, such as anti-proliferative, differentiation-inducing, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, most of which seem to be atheroprotective, although PPARgamma-independent mechanisms may be involved. Vascular endothelial cells, intimal smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes express lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) in vivo, which catalyzes the isomeric conversion of PGH2 to PGD2. L-PGDS expression in endothelial cells is stimulated by laminar fluid shear stress. PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2 are detected in the culture medium of endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Serum and urinary levels of L-PGDS increase in diseases with vascular injuries, such as hypertension and diabetes. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that PGs of the J2 series are physiological substances produced in the vascular wall to protect vascular cells from injurious stimuli and to repress inflammatory reactions. If this hypothesis is correct, PGJ2 family members or other similar substances may provide novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of vascular diseases.

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Inflammation; Prostaglandin D2

Topics: Bayes Theorem; Cardiovascular Diseases; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dyslipidemias; Flushing; Humans; Indoles; Lipid Regulating Agents; Niacin; Prostaglandin D2; Risk Assessment