Page last updated: 2024-08-26

prolinedithiocarbamate and Innate Inflammatory Response

prolinedithiocarbamate has been researched along with Innate Inflammatory Response in 31 studies

Research

Studies (31)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (3.23)18.2507
2000's8 (25.81)29.6817
2010's15 (48.39)24.3611
2020's7 (22.58)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Deng, W; Duan, J; He, L; Liu, S; Lu, M; Pei, F; Zhai, Y; Zhang, C1
Kim, SS; Seo, SR; Shin, JH1
Chen, JY; Chu, HR; Li, KW; Liao, LM; Ruan, JR; Wang, JJ; Zhu, SS; Zou, L1
Bishayi, B; Dutta, P1
Lin, L; Shen, X; Wang, L; Yin, Y; Zhao, L1
Fang, X; Jin, Y; Li, D; Qi, C; Song, J; Wang, Z; Zhou, J1
Brändle, AL; Fragasso, A; Herzog, P; Munz, B; Röchner, F; Schmitt, A1
Alper, SL; Delpire, E; DiLuna, ML; Duran, D; Furey, CG; Gerzanich, V; Gunel, M; Kahle, KT; Karimy, JK; Kurland, DB; Mansuri, MS; Medzhitov, R; Montejo, J; Simard, JM; Stokum, JA; Theriault, BC; Vera, A; Zhang, J; Zhou, X1
Guo, F; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Lv, P; Mu, Y; Tang, C; Wang, W1
Chen, XL; Chen, XZ; Jin, H; Li, BQ; Li, XL; Ling, B; Pan, XH; Sun, J; Xiu, GH; Zhou, X1
Duan, Y; Han, Y; Liu, S; Tao, J; Yan, C; Yang, G; You, Y1
Liu, Y; Lu, D; Ma, Y; Sun, L; Teitelbaum, DH; Xiao, W; Yang, H; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yu, M; Zhang, C1
Chen, G; Chen, J; Chen, P; Feng, J; Guo, R; Hua, X; Mo, L; Wu, K; Xu, W; Zheng, D1
Chen, M; Huang, H; Lin, J; Su, C1
Chen, Y; Deng, T; Dong, L; He, Z; Huang, B; Lan, C; Yang, B; Zhou, X1
Wang, T; Xia, L; Xie, H; Yan, J; Yu, Y; Zhou, H1
Chang, HF; Liang, Y; Xu, MX; Zhu, YF1
Lim, G; Mao, J; Sung, B; Wang, S1
Cheng, T; Guo, CJ; Zhang, GY; Zhang, X1
Baker, PR; Bonacci, G; Cole, MP; Freeman, BA; Ramani, R; Rudolph, TK; Rudolph, V; Schopfer, FJ; Woodcock, SR1
Ji, YY; Liu, JT; Liu, N; Lu, PP1
Hao, A; Li, G; Ling, EA; Liu, S; Wang, F; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yao, L; Yin, J; Zhang, X1
Chen, Y; Liu, C; Lv, Y; Yan, H; Zeng, M; Zhao, B; Zhao, HJ; Zhou, P1
Senftleben, U1
Khan, M; Pannu, R; Singh, AK; Singh, I; Won, JS1
Jana, M; Pahan, K1
El-Assar, M; Nevado, J; Peiró, C; Rodríguez-Mañas, L; Sánchez-Ferrer, CF; Vallejo, S1
Campbell, JS; Chaisson, M; Chait, A; Chiba, T; Fausto, N; Han, CY; Orasanu, G; Plutzky, J1
Blais-Charron, E; Cloutier, A; Dubois, CM; Ear, T; McDonald, PP1
Chen, KF; Cheng, HL; Hang, CH; Mao, L; Qi, XP; Shi, JX; Yin, HX; Zhou, ML1
Barascud, Y; Bascands, JL; Bataillé, E; Gauthier, F; Girolami, JP; Hirtz, C; Marin Castaño, ME; Pecher, C; Pesquero, JB; Schanstra, JP1

Reviews

1 review(s) available for prolinedithiocarbamate and Innate Inflammatory Response

ArticleYear
NF-kappaB in critical diseases: a bad guy?
    Intensive care medicine, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:11

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Critical Illness; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Multiple Organ Failure; NF-kappa B; Oxidation-Reduction; Proline; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Time Factors; Transcription Factors; Zymosan

2003

Other Studies

30 other study(ies) available for prolinedithiocarbamate and Innate Inflammatory Response

ArticleYear
Natural swietenine attenuates diabetic nephropathy by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathways: In vivo and in vitro study.
    Environmental toxicology, 2022, Volume: 37, Issue:12

    Topics: Animals; Caspase 1; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; NF-kappa B; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Signal Transduction

2022
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Suppresses
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2023, Feb-23, Volume: 24, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Base Composition; Cytokines; Dermatitis; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Mice; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; NLR Proteins; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA

2023
[Moxibustion relieves colonic inflammation by up-regulating expression of miR-345-3p/miR-216a-5p and down-regulating NF-κB p65 in colonic tissue of rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome].
    Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 2023, Mar-25, Volume: 48, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Inflammation; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; MicroRNAs; Moxibustion; NF-kappa B; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2023
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in combination with L-N-monomethyl arginine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus infection via regulation of CXCL8/CXCR1 axis in peritoneal macrophages in vitro.
    Microbial pathogenesis, 2023, Volume: 183

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Arginase; Cytokines; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammation; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Mice; NF-kappa B; omega-N-Methylarginine; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Interleukin-8A; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

2023
Effect of 10.6 μm laser moxibustion on inflammation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats.
    Frontiers in endocrinology, 2023, Volume: 14

    Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Inflammation; Lasers; Male; Moxibustion; NF-kappa B; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

2023
Cigarette smoke extract combined with lipopolysaccharide reduces OCTN1/2 expression in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro and rat lung in vivo under inflammatory conditions.
    International immunopharmacology, 2020, Volume: 87

    Topics: Alveolar Epithelial Cells; Animals; Cell Line; Cigarette Smoking; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung Diseases; Male; NF-kappa B; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Proline; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5; Symporters; Thiocarbamates

2020
Effects of the anti-oxidant PDTC in combination with a single bout of treadmill running on murine skeletal muscle.
    Redox report : communications in free radical research, 2020, Volume: 25, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Proline; Thiocarbamates

2020
Inflammation-dependent cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion by the choroid plexus epithelium in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
    Nature medicine, 2017, Volume: 23, Issue:8

    Topics: Acetazolamide; Animals; Antioxidants; Blotting, Western; Bumetanide; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Ventricles; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Choroid Plexus; Diuretics; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene Knockout Techniques; Hydrocephalus; Immunoblotting; Immunohistochemistry; Immunoprecipitation; Inflammation; NF-kappa B; Proline; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Salicylanilides; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2; Sulfonamides; Thiocarbamates; Toll-Like Receptor 4

2017
The interplay of LncRNA ANRIL and miR-181b on the inflammation-relevant coronary artery disease through mediating NF-κB signalling pathway.
    Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2018, Volume: 22, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Coronary Artery Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Proline; RNA, Long Noncoding; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Transcription Factor RelA

2018
Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Attenuating Inflammatory Reaction in Lipopolysaccaride-induced Acute Kidney Injury of Rats Associated with TLR4-NF-κB Signaling Pathway Inhibition.
    Annals of clinical and laboratory science, 2018, Volume: 48, Issue:6

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Proline; Rats; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2018
Cellular repressor of E1A stimulated genes enhances endothelial monolayer integrity.
    Molecular biology reports, 2013, Volume: 40, Issue:6

    Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Blotting, Western; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Nucleus; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; NF-kappa B; Proline; Protein Transport; Repressor Proteins; Thiocarbamates; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2013
Interferon-γ-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.
    Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:3

    Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; Cell Line; Electric Impedance; Enzyme Activation; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; I-kappa B Kinase; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Intestinal Mucosa; Proline; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Tight Junction Proteins; Tight Junctions; Transcription Factor RelA

2014
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against doxorubicin-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity by inhibiting p38MAPK/NFκB pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells.
    Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 32, Issue:6

    Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Doxorubicin; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Phosphorylation; Proline; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Sulfites; Thiocarbamates; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2013
Testosterone enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 and macrophage chemotactic protein-1 expression by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
    Molecular medicine reports, 2015, Volume: 12, Issue:1

    Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Animals; Chemokine CCL2; Female; Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Lipopolysaccharides; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; NF-kappa B; Proline; Testosterone; Thiocarbamates

2015
Preinduction of heat shock protein 70 protects mice against post-infection irritable bowel syndrome via NF-κB and NOS/NO signaling pathways.
    Amino acids, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:12

    Topics: Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Amino Acid Transport System y+; Amino Acid Transport System y+L; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic; Amino Acids; Animals; Arginine; Cytokines; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Lipopolysaccharides; Lysine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Permeability; Proline; Random Allocation; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Tight Junctions; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinellosis

2015
The Effects of NF-κB and c-Jun/AP-1 on the Expression of Prothrombotic and Proinflammatory Molecules Induced by Anti-β2GPI in Mouse.
    PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antiphospholipid Syndrome; beta 2-Glycoprotein I; Curcumin; E-Selectin; Immunoglobulin G; Inflammation; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Phosphorylation; Proline; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Thiocarbamates; Thromboplastin; Thrombosis; Transcription Factor AP-1; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

2016
Nanoceria restrains PM2.5-induced metabolic disorder and hypothalamus inflammation by inhibition of astrocytes activation related NF-κB pathway in Nrf2 deficient mice.
    Free radical biology & medicine, 2016, Volume: 99

    Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Astrocytes; Cerium; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hypothalamus; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nanoparticles; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Oxidative Stress; Particulate Matter; Primary Cell Culture; Proline; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates

2016
Regulation of the trigeminal NR1 subunit expression induced by inflammation of the temporomandibular joint region in rats.
    Pain, 2009, Volume: 141, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antibodies; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Freund's Adjuvant; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Male; NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Proline; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Thiocarbamates; Up-Regulation

2009
Effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor on titanium particulate-induced inflammation in a murine model.
    The Journal of surgical research, 2010, Volume: 162, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cytokines; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Particulate Matter; Proline; Thiocarbamates; Titanium; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2010
Endogenous generation and protective effects of nitro-fatty acids in a murine model of focal cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion.
    Cardiovascular research, 2010, Jan-01, Volume: 85, Issue:1

    Topics: Alkylation; Animals; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Echocardiography; Fatty Acids; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Neutrophil Infiltration; Nitric Oxide; Proline; Thiocarbamates; Transcription Factor RelA

2010
C-reactive protein triggers inflammatory responses partly via TLR4/IRF3/NF-κB signaling pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
    Life sciences, 2010, Sep-11, Volume: 87, Issue:11-12

    Topics: Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Cells, Cultured; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; I-kappa B Proteins; Inflammation; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; Interleukin-6; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; NF-kappa B; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Phosphorylation; Polymyxin B; PPAR gamma; Proline; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Thiocarbamates; Toll-Like Receptor 4

2010
High glucose-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in cultured astrocytes.
    Neuroscience, 2012, Jan-27, Volume: 202

    Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Blotting, Western; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucose; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Nick-End Labeling; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Melatonin; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Proline; Reactive Oxygen Species; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Thiocarbamates; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Triterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

2012
Suppression of NF-κB reduces myocardial no-reflow.
    PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chemokines, CXC; Coronary Vessels; Heart; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Male; Myocardium; Neutrophil Infiltration; NF-kappa B; Proline; Rabbits; Reperfusion Injury; Thiocarbamates; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2012
A novel role of lactosylceramide in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression: implications for neuroinflammatory diseases.
    The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2004, Jun-30, Volume: 24, Issue:26

    Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Demyelinating Diseases; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme Induction; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Female; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Galactosyltransferases; I-kappa B Proteins; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Lactosylceramides; Lipopolysaccharides; Morpholines; Nerve Tissue Proteins; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphorylation; Proline; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recombinant Proteins; Signal Transduction; Spinal Cord Injuries; Thiocarbamates; Transfection

2004
Redox regulation of cytokine-mediated inhibition of myelin gene expression in human primary oligodendrocytes.
    Free radical biology & medicine, 2005, Sep-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6

    Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antioxidants; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; DNA Primers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammation; Interleukin-1; Mice; Multiple Sclerosis; Myelin Basic Protein; Myelin Proteins; Myelin Proteolipid Protein; Myelin Sheath; Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein; Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; Neuroglia; Oligodendroglia; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Proline; Pyrrolidines; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Thiocarbamates; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

2005
Changes in the human peritoneal mesothelial cells during aging.
    Kidney international, 2006, Volume: 69, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Cytokines; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Indomethacin; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Peritoneal Cavity; Proline; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; RNA, Messenger; Thiocarbamates

2006
Reciprocal and coordinate regulation of serum amyloid A versus apolipoprotein A-I and paraoxonase-1 by inflammation in murine hepatocytes.
    Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Apolipoprotein A-I; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytokines; Hepatocytes; I-kappa B Proteins; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; NF-kappa B; Peptides; PPAR alpha; Proline; RNA, Messenger; Serum Amyloid A Protein; Thiocarbamates

2006
Differential involvement of NF-kappaB and MAP kinase pathways in the generation of inflammatory cytokines by human neutrophils.
    Journal of leukocyte biology, 2007, Volume: 81, Issue:2

    Topics: Boronic Acids; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Leupeptins; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Neutrophils; NF-kappa B; Nitriles; Proline; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfones; Thiocarbamates

2007
Potential contribution of nuclear factor-kappaB to cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits.
    Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:9

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Basilar Artery; Brain; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Gene Expression; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; NF-kappa B; Proline; Rabbits; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Thiocarbamates; Vasospasm, Intracranial

2007
The B1-agonist [des-Arg10]-kallidin activates transcription factor NF-kappaB and induces homologous upregulation of the bradykinin B1-receptor in cultured human lung fibroblasts.
    The Journal of clinical investigation, 1998, May-15, Volume: 101, Issue:10

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Cell Line; Cholera Toxin; DNA-Binding Proteins; Fibroblasts; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1; Kallidin; Lung; Molecular Sequence Data; NF-kappa B; Proline; Pyrrolidines; Receptor, Bradykinin B1; Receptors, Bradykinin; RNA, Messenger; Thiocarbamates; Transcriptional Activation; Up-Regulation; Virulence Factors, Bordetella

1998