primidone and Aura studies

Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.
primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Phenytoin induced dystonia."	7.88	Phenytoin induced dystonia. ( Acar, T; Alkan, G; Çaksen, H; Cander, B; Ergin, M; Ertekin, B; Koçak, S, 2018)
"A 14-year-old girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia showed rapid conversion from undertreatment to overtreatment when primidone, used to treat coexistent epilepsy, was withdrawn while on a constant steroid dose."	7.68	Loss of therapeutic control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to interaction between dexamethasone and primidone. ( Hughes, IA; Young, MC, 1991)
"The efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone against canine epilepsy was compared in a controlled study."	7.67	Therapeutic efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone in canine epilepsy: a comparison. ( Frey, HH; Löscher, W; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1985)
"Fourteen epileptic women treated with primidone, either alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs, were studied prospectively during their pregnancy."	7.66	Teratogenic and pharmacokinetic studies of primidone during pregnancy and in the offspring of epileptic women. ( Beck-Mannagetta, G; Göpfert-Geyer, I; Helge, H; Jäger-Roman, E; Koch, S; Nau, H; Rating, D; Schmidt, D, 1982)
"We describe a procedure for determining 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide (I) in serum of epilepsy patients dosed with primidone (II) for seizure control, by extracting the sample with chloroform under basic conditions, with use of an internal standard, 2-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)malonamide, and without derivative formation."	7.66	Monitoring 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide in serum by gas-liquid chromatography: application to retrospective study in epilepsy patients dosed with primidone. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1980)
"Phenobarbitone (PB) and primidone (PRM) plasma concentrations were measured in 88 patients of both sexes with different types of epilepsy and treated with PRM, alone or in association with carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), ethosuximide (ESM) or valproic acid (VPA)."	7.66	PB:PRM ratio in patients with epilepsy treated with primidone. ( Altamura, AC; Bianchi, M; Canger, R; Cornaggia, CM; Polana, P; Pruneri, C, 1983)
"The problem of phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia is dicussed within the context of consultative planning between oral care practitioners and the physician managing the epilepsy."	7.66	Therapeutic alternatives in phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A case report and discussion. ( Kirkham, DB; Reynolds, NC, 1980)
"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and probenecid were examined in 14 children with epilepsy (ages 6 months to 17 years) and 17 controls (ages 14 months to 16 years)."	7.65	Reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in children with epilepsy. ( Bowers, MB; Cohen, DJ; Shaywitz, BA, 1975)
"Depression was common and associated with inadequate seizure control and use of primidone."	6.71	Primidone is associated with interictal depression in patients with epilepsy. ( Campillo, C; Espinola, M; Lopez-Gomez, M; Ramirez-Bermudez, J; Ruiz, I; Sosa, AL, 2005)
"Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug obtained in three adult controlled clinical trials conducted in the United States were pooled and analyzed using NONMEM, a population pharmacokinetic computer program, to facilitate development of dosing guidelines."	6.40	Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in adults with epilepsy. ( Chen, C; Cox, E; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Grasela, TH; Risner, ME; Womble, GP, 1999)
" Serum concentrations differed even with the same dosage among individual dogs."	5.28	[Effectiveness of bromide in therapy resistant epilepsy of dogs]. ( Jürgens, U; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1991)
" Further, for dogs given phenobarbital, there was a sixfold variation between dosage and achieved serum concentration, whereas dogs given primidone manifested even greater variability between dosage and serum concentration."	5.27	Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy. ( Farnbach, GC, 1984)
"Forty-seven dogs with a history of generalized recurrent seizures were treated with primidone at a daily oral dosage of 13 to 100 mg/kg of body weight, divided into 2 to 3 doses."	5.26	Treatment of canine epilepsy with primidone. ( Frey, HH; Löscher, W; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1982)
"Carbamazepine was given to 152 patients who were receiving multiple drug therapy for uncontrolled seizures."	5.26	Role of carbamazepine in reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy. ( Maheshwari, MC; Padmini, R, 1981)
"5-year-old girl who was treated with phenobarbital (PHB) for epilepsy was admitted with decreased levels of consciousness."	4.89	A child exposed to primidone not prescribed for her. ( 't Jong, GW; Colantonio, D; Friedman, JN; Koren, G; Merlocco, A; Simpson, J; Tanoshima, R, 2013)
" Intermittent diazepam prophylaxis at times of fever may or may not reduce the recurrence rate significantly, but there is no data to suggest that it improves the long-term outcome, as compared with short-term seizure control, in terms of IQ, cognition, academic progress, motor control, and subsequent epilepsy."	4.81	[Febrile convulsions, Treatment and prognosis]. ( Knudsen, FU, 2001)
"The antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is an adverse drug reaction associated with the aromatic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), and primidone."	4.80	Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. ( Schlienger, RG; Shear, NH, 1998)
" Phenytoin induced dystonia."	3.88	Phenytoin induced dystonia. ( Acar, T; Alkan, G; Çaksen, H; Cander, B; Ergin, M; Ertekin, B; Koçak, S, 2018)
" Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as fasting total Hcy above 12 micromol/L and/or post-methionine load concentrations above 38 micromol/L."	3.74	Drug-induced pertubation of the aminothiol redox-status in patients with epilepsy: improvement by B-vitamins. ( Apeland, T; Frøyland, ES; Kristensen, O; Mansoor, MA; Strandjord, RE, 2008)
" In a prospective trial in dogs with newly diagnosed epilepsy, ELB 138 markedly reduced seizure frequency and severity without significant difference to standard treatments (phenobarbital or primidone) but was much better tolerated than the standard drugs."	3.72	Anticonvulsant efficacy of the low-affinity partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist ELB 138 in a dog seizure model and in epileptic dogs with spontaneously recurrent seizures. ( Löscher, W; Potschka, H; Rieck, S; Rundfeldt, C; Tipold, A, 2004)
"Our data indicate that not only fasting but also 6h-PML tHcy levels should be determined in order to identify hyperhomocysteinemia among patients on AEDs."	3.70	Homocysteine concentrations and methionine loading in patients on antiepileptic drugs. ( Apeland, T; Kristensen, O; Mansoor, MA; Strandjord, RE, 2000)
"A 14-year-old girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia showed rapid conversion from undertreatment to overtreatment when primidone, used to treat coexistent epilepsy, was withdrawn while on a constant steroid dose."	3.68	Loss of therapeutic control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to interaction between dexamethasone and primidone. ( Hughes, IA; Young, MC, 1991)
"The efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone against canine epilepsy was compared in a controlled study."	3.67	Therapeutic efficacy of phenobarbital and primidone in canine epilepsy: a comparison. ( Frey, HH; Löscher, W; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1985)
"Fourteen epileptic women treated with primidone, either alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs, were studied prospectively during their pregnancy."	3.66	Teratogenic and pharmacokinetic studies of primidone during pregnancy and in the offspring of epileptic women. ( Beck-Mannagetta, G; Göpfert-Geyer, I; Helge, H; Jäger-Roman, E; Koch, S; Nau, H; Rating, D; Schmidt, D, 1982)
"We describe a procedure for determining 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide (I) in serum of epilepsy patients dosed with primidone (II) for seizure control, by extracting the sample with chloroform under basic conditions, with use of an internal standard, 2-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)malonamide, and without derivative formation."	3.66	Monitoring 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide in serum by gas-liquid chromatography: application to retrospective study in epilepsy patients dosed with primidone. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1980)
" Primidone was the only anti-epileptic drug, taken during pregnancy, to have a significant effect on infant head circumference."	3.66	Neonatal outcome in infants of epileptic mothers. ( Heifetz, L; Neri, A; Nitke, S; Ovadia, J, 1983)
"Phenobarbitone (PB) and primidone (PRM) plasma concentrations were measured in 88 patients of both sexes with different types of epilepsy and treated with PRM, alone or in association with carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), ethosuximide (ESM) or valproic acid (VPA)."	3.66	PB:PRM ratio in patients with epilepsy treated with primidone. ( Altamura, AC; Bianchi, M; Canger, R; Cornaggia, CM; Polana, P; Pruneri, C, 1983)
"The problem of phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia is dicussed within the context of consultative planning between oral care practitioners and the physician managing the epilepsy."	3.66	Therapeutic alternatives in phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A case report and discussion. ( Kirkham, DB; Reynolds, NC, 1980)
"Fifteen dogs with idiopathic epilepsy were included in a 9-month clinical trial to determine the therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its active metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide."	3.66	Therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide in epileptic dogs. ( Cunningham, JG; Haidukewych, D; Jensen, HA, 1983)
"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and probenecid were examined in 14 children with epilepsy (ages 6 months to 17 years) and 17 controls (ages 14 months to 16 years)."	3.65	Reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in children with epilepsy. ( Bowers, MB; Cohen, DJ; Shaywitz, BA, 1975)
"Two patients with intractable epilepsy who had been treated with various combinations of anticonvulsant drugs developed phenytoin encephalopathy."	3.65	Choreo-athetosis and encephalopathy induced by phenytoin. ( McLellan, DL; Swash, M, 1974)
"The therapeutics results with the use of different drugs (diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin, barbiturates--phenobarbital and primidone--, sodium dipropylacetate and ACTH) in twenty-nine patients with Lennox--Gastaut syndrome are carefully analysed."	3.65	[Effect of drugs on electroclinical types of epileptic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]. ( Lison, MP; Speciali, GG, 1977)
" Phenobarbital is usually given as well to prevent grand mal seizures."	3.64	Treatment of epilepsy. ( BAILEY, AA, 1963)
"Depression was common and associated with inadequate seizure control and use of primidone."	2.71	Primidone is associated with interictal depression in patients with epilepsy. ( Campillo, C; Espinola, M; Lopez-Gomez, M; Ramirez-Bermudez, J; Ruiz, I; Sosa, AL, 2005)
"The most important factor determining seizure recurrence was continued therapy, which was the case for barbiturates, phenytoin and valproate."	2.69	Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. ( Chadwick, D, 1999)
"Decreased libido and impotence were more common in patients given primidone."	2.66	Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. ( Browne, TR; Collins, JF; Cramer, JA; Delgado-Escueta, AV; Mattson, RH; McCutchen, CB; McNamara, JO; Smith, DB; Treiman, DM; Williamson, PD, 1985)
"Both carbamazepine and phenytoin were associated with significantly lower incidences of intolerable side effects than were primidone or phenobarbital."	2.66	Results of a nationwide Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. ( Collins, JF; Craft, B; Cramer, JA; Mattson, RH; Novelly, RA; Smith, DB, 1987)
"A controlled clinical trial of the anti-epileptic efficacy and toxic side effects of diphenylsilanediol was conducted on 24 client-owned epileptic dogs."	2.65	Clinical evaluation of the new compound diphenylsilanediol for ani-epileptic efficacy and toxicity. ( Chandler, ML; Cunningham, JG; Ford, RB; Gifford, JA; Hulce, VD; LeVier, RR, 1981)
" Measuring antiepileptic drug levels in body fluids (therapeutic drug monitoring) is frequently used to optimise drug dosage for individual patients."	2.44	Therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy. ( Dahl, ML; Kimland, E; Tomson, T, 2007)
"If primidone treatment is discontinued too quickly, withdrawal seizures may appear, some of which may be severe."	2.42	[Antiepileptic primidone shortly to be withdrawn from sale: change medication now]. ( Carpay, JA; de Haan, GJ; van Donselaar, CA, 2003)
"Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug obtained in three adult controlled clinical trials conducted in the United States were pooled and analyzed using NONMEM, a population pharmacokinetic computer program, to facilitate development of dosing guidelines."	2.40	Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in adults with epilepsy. ( Chen, C; Cox, E; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Grasela, TH; Risner, ME; Womble, GP, 1999)
" Particular attention has been paid to the role of age in determining the variability of pharmacokinetic parameters, but the effect of other factors, such as different formulations and routes of administration, concomitant treatments, gender and pathological conditions other than epilepsy, have also been considered."	2.39	Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in paediatric patients. Part I: Phenobarbital, primidone, valproic acid, ethosuximide and mesuximide. ( Avanzini, G; Battino, D; Estienne, M, 1995)
" However, their chronic use may be associated with serious sedative-hypnotic effects that interfere with cognitive function and behavior."	2.37	Use of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in treatment of epilepsy. ( Vining, EP, 1986)
"Phenobarbital has been in clinical use as an antiepileptic drug (AED) since 1912."	1.38	How did phenobarbital's chemical structure affect the development of subsequent antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? ( Bialer, M, 2012)
" To demonstrate a case of a 15 year old girl suffering from refractory epilepsy with underlying focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), whose seizure deterioration was most probably associated with drug-drug interactions between prescribed common antiepileptic drugs, namely valproic acid, phenobarbital or the prodrug primidon and carbamazepine."	1.37	Antiepleptic drug interactions: a clinical case demonstration. ( Klapková, E; Komárek, V; Tesfaye, H; Tesfayeová, A, 2011)
" Outcome did not depend on duration of barbiturate therapy, dosage or serum concentration, co-medication, reduction rate, degree of intellectual disability, or epilepsy syndrome."	1.35	Ambiguous results of an attempt to withdraw barbiturates in epilepsy patients with intellectual disability. ( Bocchicchio, M; Hauser, I; Horstmann, V; Huber, B; Jokeit, G; May, T; Meinert, T; Robertson, E; Schorlemmer, H; Schulz, L; Seidel, M; Wagner, W, 2009)
" When phenobarbital is used in combination with bromide, a reasonable therapeutic range for serum phenobarbital concentrations is 9 to 36 micrograms/ml, although in some dogs treated with bromide, phenobarbital can eventually be discontinued."	1.30	Therapeutic serum drug concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with potassium bromide alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants: 122 cases (1992-1996). ( Carrillo, J; Schwark, WS; Trepanier, LA; Van Schoick, A, 1998)
"The medication regimens used to treat epilepsy are further complicated by the fact that most seizure medications are metabolized in the liver and have the potential for serious pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with many other medications."	1.29	Practical considerations in anticonvulsant therapy--Part 2. ( Cloyd, J; Garnett, WR; Holmes, GL; Meyer, MC; Schiffer, JR, 1995)
" In order to define the minimal dosage of fentanyl required, the MD was titrated according to increases or decreases in the heart rate and/or mean arterial pressure exceeding 15 per cent of baseline ward values."	1.28	Anticonvulsant therapy increases fentanyl requirements during anaesthesia for craniotomy. ( Modica, PA; Spitznagel, EL; Tempelhoff, R, 1990)
"There was a greater risk of recurrence among girls."	1.28	[Factors influencing the effectiveness of preventive treatment of febrile convulsions]. ( Armijo Simón, JA; Arteaga Manjón-Cabeza, R; Herranz Fernández, JL, 1989)
" Serum concentrations differed even with the same dosage among individual dogs."	1.28	[Effectiveness of bromide in therapy resistant epilepsy of dogs]. ( Jürgens, U; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1991)
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs may lead to considerable fluctuation in plasma drug concentration, and monotherapy is often preferable."	1.27	Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs. ( Neuvonen, PJ; Tokola, RA, 1983)
"Phenytoin continues to be a very popular drug for most types of seizures, but carbamazepine, used adjunctively until recently, is effective as monotherapy for the control of partial seizures, particularly those of the complex partial variety."	1.27	Treatment of the nonconvulsive epilepsies. ( Dreifuss, FE, 1983)
"Only when the epilepsy is uncontrolled despite high plasma concentrations which cannot be raised because of side effects, a second drug should be given."	1.27	[Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy--current problems and controversies]. ( Schmidt, D, 1983)
"Behavior problems, such as withdrawal symptoms, were observed in neonates who eliminated PMD with short half-lives, while other infants with longer PMD half-lives or slower elimination because of nursing showed no such symptoms."	1.27	Primidone and phenobarbital during lactation period in epileptic women: total and free drug serum levels in the nursed infants and their effects on neonatal behavior. ( Helge, H; Koch, S; Kuhnz, W; Nau, H, 1988)
" Further, for dogs given phenobarbital, there was a sixfold variation between dosage and achieved serum concentration, whereas dogs given primidone manifested even greater variability between dosage and serum concentration."	1.27	Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy. ( Farnbach, GC, 1984)
"Most patients have quiescent seizure disorders and can manage well on monotherapy."	1.27	Reduction of polypharmacy for epilepsy in an institution for the retarded. ( Bennett, HS; Dunlop, T; Ziring, P, 1983)
" The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been elucidated and possibly include decreased bioavailability or compliance, increased metabolic clearance, or decreased plasma protein binding."	1.27	Effects of pregnancy on antiepileptic drug utilization. ( Levy, RH; Yerby, MS, 1985)
"Fifty-nine patients with chronic generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures refractory to the maximally tolerated daily dosage of single-drug therapy with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone subsequently received single-drug therapy with another one of these primary anticonvulsant drugs."	1.27	Alternative single anticonvulsant drug therapy for refractory epilepsy. ( Richter, K; Schmidt, D, 1986)
" Serum concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in all dogs before and after primidone therapy was initiated, to ensure that the primidone dosage achieved comparable or higher values when derived from primidone."	1.27	Efficacy of primidone in dogs with seizures unresponsive to phenobarbital. ( Farnbach, GC, 1984)
" Significant positive correlations were found between the dosage of CBZ, DPH, PMD and PB and both indices of enzyme induction."	1.27	A comparative study of the relative enzyme inducing properties of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. ( Hedges, A; Makki, KA; Perucca, E; Richens, A; Ruprah, M; Wilson, JF, 1984)
"Experimental production of hemifacial microsomia by a folic acid antagonist, triaxene, is mediated via hemorrhage in the fetus."	1.27	Goldenhar syndrome, anterior encephalocele, and aqueductal stenosis following fetal primidone exposure. ( Chen, H; Gustavson, EE, 1985)
"Carbamazepine was given to 152 patients who were receiving multiple drug therapy for uncontrolled seizures."	1.26	Role of carbamazepine in reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy. ( Maheshwari, MC; Padmini, R, 1981)
" The long-term administration of anticonvulsant drugs was monitored by measurement of the serum concentrations of phenytoin and primidone, by seizure anamnesis, and by repeated EEG investigations."	1.26	Chromosomal investigations in epileptic children during long-term therapy with phenytoin or primidone. ( Esser, KJ; Habedank, M; Kotlarek, F; Mühler, E; Mühler, U, 1981)
"Forty-seven dogs with a history of generalized recurrent seizures were treated with primidone at a daily oral dosage of 13 to 100 mg/kg of body weight, divided into 2 to 3 doses."	1.26	Treatment of canine epilepsy with primidone. ( Frey, HH; Löscher, W; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1982)
"Phenytoin dosage was increased to study the effect on the frequency of seizures and the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbitone."	1.26	Therapeutic and pharmacokinetic effects of increasing phenytoin in chronic epileptics on multiple drug therapy. ( Johnson, RH; Lambie, DG; Nanda, RN; Shakir, RA, 1976)
" Subtherapeutic levels appear to be due to inadequate dosage adjustment."	1.26	The necessity of drug level monitoring in anticonvulsant drug therapy. ( Bailey, DG; Davis, HL; Johnson, GE; Wilson, TW, 1976)
" Half-life values ranged from 17 to 25 h in normal subjects and from 10 to 23 h in the patients."	1.26	Pharmacokinetics of phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) in normal subjects and in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs. ( Berry, DJ; Cottrell, PR; Perucca, E; Pisani, F; Richens, A; Schäfer, H; Streete, JM, 1982)
" Monitoring plasma concentrations may lead to adaptations of the choice of the drug and of the dosage regimen."	1.26	Kinetics of drug interactions in the treatment of epilepsy. ( Guelen, P; Knop, H; Schobten, F; van der Kleijn, E; Vree, T; Westenberg, H, 1978)
"Phenobarbital is know to be a stimulator of the drug metabolizing enzyme system in the liver."	1.26	[The effect of primidone treatment of thyroid hormones in epileptic children and adolescents (author's transl)]. ( Fichsel, H; Knöpfle, G, 1977)
" 4 In individual patients, within the limits of dosage studied, the relation between plasma phenobarbitone level and drug dose was not rectilinear if phenobarbitone itself was taken, but was rectilinear if methylphenobarbitone was taken."	1.26	Factors influencing plasma phenobarbitone levels in epileptic patients. ( Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; Lander, CM; Tyrer, JH, 1977)
"Carbamazepine has recently been introduced for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures."	1.26	Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy. ( Bruni, J, 1979)
"The phenytoin plasma levels were measured in 45 epileptic patients whose only treatment was phenytoin."	1.26	In vivo interaction of anticonvulsant drugs. The mathematical correlation of plasma levels of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. ( Abarbanel, J; Eylath, U; Herishanu, Y; Rosenberg, P, 1978)
"Successful treatment of partial complex seizures (and the epilepsies in general) is a process of management over time and involves several factors."	1.25	Management of the difficult patient with complex partial seizures. ( Booker, HE, 1975)
" (3) Use of well-standardized, yet simplified, mental performance tests in combination with changes in the dosage of medication can help in reaching a compromise between acceptable seizure control and avoidance of excessive slowing of mental activity."	1.25	Effects of different dosages of anticonvulsant drugs on mental performance in patients with chronic epilepsy. ( Dekaban, AS; Lehman, EJ, 1975)
" Reduction in antiepileptic drug dosage should be carried out as a stepwise procedure over a period of about 2 years."	1.25	[A discussion of the curability of childhood epilepsies (author's transl)]. ( Groh, C, 1975)
"The investigation and treatment of osteomalacia are described in four patients with epilepsy treated with long-term anticonvulsant therapy."	1.25	Osteomalacia with long-term anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy. ( Dent, CE; Richens, A; Rowe, DJ; Stamp, TC, 1970)
" Hypocalcaemia was related to high dosage of anticonvulsant drugs, to multiple drug therapy, and to the use of individual anticonvulsant drugs in the following order, with decreasing order of importance: pheneturide, primidone, phenytoin, phenobarbitone."	1.25	Disturbance of calcium metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs. ( Richens, A; Rowe, DJ, 1970)
"Although sneezing is a particularly common symptom, there are surprisingly few references to this subject in the medical literature."	1.24	PAROXYSMAL SNEEZING. ( KOFMAN, O, 1964)

Research

Studies (472)

Authors

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

% Change in Frequency of Handwaving Episodes

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	426 (90.25)	18.7374
1990's	24 (5.08)	18.2507
2000's	16 (3.39)	29.6817
2010's	4 (0.85)	24.3611
2020's	2 (0.42)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Shawahna, R	1
Zaid, L	1
Becker, LL	1
Horn, D	1
Boschann, F	1
Van Hoeymissen, E	1
Voets, T	1
Vriens, J	1
Prager, C	1
Kaindl, AM	1
Acar, T	1
Alkan, G	1
Çaksen, H	1
Ertekin, B	1
Ergin, M	1
Koçak, S	1
Cander, B	1
Tanoshima, R	1
't Jong, GW	1
Merlocco, A	1
Simpson, J	1
Friedman, JN	1
Colantonio, D	1
Koren, G	1
Strzelczyk, A	1
Vogt, H	1
Hamer, HM	1
Krämer, G	1
Apeland, T	2
Frøyland, ES	1
Kristensen, O	2
Strandjord, RE	2
Mansoor, MA	2
Huber, B	1
Bocchicchio, M	1
Hauser, I	2
Horstmann, V	1
Jokeit, G	1
May, T	1
Meinert, T	1
Robertson, E	1
Schorlemmer, H	1
Schulz, L	1
Wagner, W	1
Seidel, M	1
Tesfaye, H	1
Klapková, E	1
Tesfayeová, A	1
Komárek, V	1
Bialer, M	1
SMITH, BH	1
MCNAUGHTON, FL	1
BUTTER, AJ	1
SMITH, B	2
FORSTER, FM	3
BONKALO, A	1
ARTHURS, RG	1
WHITTY, CW	2
JØRGENSEN, G	2
GREENSTEIN, L	1
SAPIRSTEIN, MR	1
DOYLE, PJ	1
LIVINGSTON, S	9
BRIGGS, JN	1
TUCKER, J	1
NATHAN, PW	1
GOLDIN, S	1
BURTON-BRADLEY, BG	1
GAME, JA	1
SELBY, G	1
CERANKE-HOFERMAYER, S	1
WILSON, WE	1
HODGSON, OE	1
NOWLIS, GR	1
BRAUN, F	1
KAYSER, W	1
PENCE, LM	1
COUSTON, TA	1
LYONS, JB	1
LIVERSEDGE, LA	1
SHARPE, DS	1
SUBIRANA, A	2
OLLER-DAURELLA, L	1
DELAY, J	1
TEULIE, G	2
MARTY, R	1
GUIBERT, M	1
PERSE, J	1
SCARINCI, V	1
MENDIGUCHIA CARRICHE, A	1
MENDIGUCHIA QUIJADA, F	1
LORENTZ DE HAAS, AM	1
TIMBERLAKE, WH	1
ABBOTT, JA	1
SCHWAB, RS	1
PEREYRA KAFER, J	1
POCH, GF	4
RUDOLF G DE, M	1
PETERSEN, D	1
BERIC, B	2
WENZEL, E	3
BALESTRIERI, A	1
MONTI, AA	1
MOYANO, JD	1
BENIANS, RC	1
HUNTER, RA	1
GRUBER, CM	1
MOSIER, JM	1
GRANT, P	1
DOBROWOLSKI, B	1
RETTIG, JH	1
ALDEGHI, E	1
GENERALI, L	1
CHANARIN, I	3
ELMES, PC	1
MOLLIN, DL	1
BOZHINOV, S	1
IANKOV, Ia	1
MAKEDONSKA, D	1
VASILEV, M	1
MILLER, RA	1
SMARTT, CG	1
REGGIANI, R	1
LUGARESI, E	1
POECK, K	1
BAILEY, AA	1
HORSFIELD, GI	1
CHALMERS, JN	1
KAHN, SB	1
LISCHNER, H	1
BAKER, L	1
WILLIAMS, WJ	1
ZIVIN, I	1
ROWLEY, W	1
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JIMENEZESPINOSA, L	1
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Bode-Böger, SM	1
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Li, JH	1
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Tomson, T	2
Dahl, ML	1
Kimland, E	1
Olesen, OV	4
Rousso, C	1
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Maheshwari, MC	2
Schmidt, D	6
Deisenhammer, E	3
Schwarzbach, H	1
Sommer, R	2
Tokola, RA	1
Neuvonen, PJ	1
Kugoh, T	2
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Nautsch, JP	1
Rolf, LH	1
Brune, GG	1
Krause, KH	3
Rascher, W	1
Berlit, P	2
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Dodson, WE	1
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Swift, TR	1
Gross, JA	1
Ward, LC	1
Crout, BO	1
Smith, DB	5
Delgado Escueta, AV	2
Cramer, JA	5
Mattson, RH	10
Koch, S	6
Göpfert-Geyer, I	2
Jäger-Roman, E	3
Jakob, S	1
Huth, H	1
Hartmann, A	1
Rating, D	4
Helge, H	5
Rowan, AJ	3
Friis, ML	3
Hvidberg, EF	2
Dreifuss, FE	2
Callaghan, N	2
O'Dwyer, R	1
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Hedges, A	1
Makki, KA	1
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Gathman, G	1
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Hoffmann, F	1
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Collins, JF	4
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Aminoff, MJ	1
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Tokarz, A	1
Kido, H	1
Battino, D	3
Avanzini, G	3
Bossi, L	2
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Cusi, C	1
Gomeni, C	1
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Lambie, DG	2
Johnson, RH	2
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Haidukewych, D	2
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Holliday, TA	1
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Gifford, JA	1
Hulce, VD	1
Chandler, ML	1
LeVier, RR	1
Carl, GF	1
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Berry, DJ	2
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
An Open-Label Treatment of ZX008 (Fenfluramine Hydrochloride) in Pediatric and Adult Epilepsy Patients (Ages 4-25) With Sunflower Syndrome.[NCT03790137]	Phase 3	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-31	Active, not recruiting
An Open Prospective Randomised Long-Term Effectiveness Study, Comparing Best Medical Practice With or Without Adjunctive VNS Therapy in Patients 16 Years and Older With Pharmaco-resistant Partial Epilepsy[NCT00522418]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
Effect of the Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Drug-resistant Epilepsy[NCT03475225]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"The number of handwaving episodes (seizures) per day were recorded on a seizure diary by either the subject or the parent of the subject. One handwaving episode was defined as the period starting from when the hand first came up toward the face, until there was a brief pause in waving. Subjects and their caregivers were instructed to record the total number of handwaving episodes each day during a one month baseline, and during the 3 month treatment period.~The baseline seizure frequency was calculated as an average of the reported handwaving episodes per day during the baseline period. This number was compared to the average episodes per day for the final month of the study (month 3 of treatment with fenfluramine) for each patient. The median percent change in frequency of handwaving episodes across all patients is reported below." (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3

Change in Frequency of Generalized Tonic-clonic Seizures

Intervention	% change in hand waving episodes (Median)
Treatment Group	-66.2

Daily seizure logs will be maintained by either the subject or the parent of the subject and used to calculate seizure frequency. Frequency of Generalized Tonic-clonic seizures was recorded as an average number of seizures/day. The average number of tonic-clonic seizures per day during the baseline period was compared to the average number of tonic-clonic seizures per day during the final month (month 3) for each patient that had experienced at least one tonic-clonic seizure in their lifetime. (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3

Change in Spike Frequency on EEG

Intervention	tonic-clonic seizures/day (Mean)
Treatment Group	0

The investigators will read and interpret pre-drug (baseline) and post-drug EEGs (month 3 of core study) for the first 9 patients. The average number of spikes/hour across these patients will be reported for both pre- and post-treatment EEGs. (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3

Changes in Anger Determined by the Beck Self Report Inventory

Intervention	spikes/hour (Mean)
	Pre-Treatment	Post-Treatment
Treatment Group	73.9	50.4

"The Beck Self Report Inventory will be administered at baseline, and 84 days after the first dose (Month 3; Visit 5). This questionnaire assesses self-concept, depression, anxiety, anger and disruptive behavior through a 100-item self-report.~The raw scores for subscales are calculated in the following manner:~Add scores from Items 1-20 for the total Beck Self Concept Inventory for Youth (BSCI-Y) score.~Add scores from Items 21-40 for the total Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth (BAI-Y) score.~Add scores from Items 41-60 for the total Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) score.~Add scores from Items 61-80 for the total Beck Anger Inventory for Youth (BANI-Y) score.~Add scores from Items 81-100 for the total Beck Disruptive Inventory for Youth (BDBI-Y) score.~Raw scores will be translated into T-scores.~T-scores for BYI are as follows:~55 or less = average~55-59 = mildly elevated~60-69 = moderately elevated~70+ = extremely elevated" (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3

Changes in Anxiety Determined by the Beck Self Report Inventory

Intervention	T score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	45.00	41.75

Changes in Cognitive Functioning Determined by the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II Subtests)

Intervention	T score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	47.29	45.13

"The Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II subtests) will be administered to the first 10 patients at baseline and 84 days after the start of the first dose of study drug. Results of these cognitive tests will be compared between baseline and 84 days post initial dose.~The WASI-II measures cognitive functioning through 2 subtests, vocabulary and matrix reasoning. The raw scores on these subtests are combined to give a composite full-scale IQ (FSIQ) that is scaled to an average of 100 and standard deviation of 15.~Maximum raw scores for the subtests are as follows (higher values are considered better and minimum score on each is 0).~Vocabulary:~ages 7-11: 47 ages 12-14: 53 ages 15-25: 59~Matrix Reasoning:~ages 6-8: 24 ages 9-25: 30" (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3 (~84 days after the first dose of fenfluramine.)

Changes in Cognitive Functioning Determined by the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) -Processing Speed Subtests.

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Month 3
Treatment Group	97.89	106.22

"The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) -Processing Speed subtests will be administered at baseline and 84 days after the start of the first dose of study drug (Month 3; visit 5). Results of these cognitive tests will be compared between baseline and 84 days post initial dose.~Raw scores for the coding and symbol search subtests will be used to evaluate processing speed. The maximum raw scores are as follows (the minimum score is 0 and higher scores are considered better).~Coding:~ages 6-7: 65 ages 8-16: 119~Symbol search:~ages 6-7: 45 ages 8-16: 60" (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3 (approximately 84 days after the first dose of fenfluramine)

Changes in Depression Determined by the Beck Self Report Inventory

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Month 3
Treatment Group	89.63	92.14

Changes in Disruptive Behavior Determined by the Beck Self Report Inventory

Intervention	T score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	49.29	47.13

Changes in Executive Functioning Determined by The Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Questionnaire.

Intervention	T score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	44.14	43.50

"The Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire will be administered at baseline, and 84 days after the first dose of fenfluramine (Month 3; Visit 5). This questionnaire assesses executive function across 8 clinical scales:~Inhibit~Shift~Emotional Control~Initiate~Working Memory~Plan/Organize~Organization of Materials~Monitor~Item level scores are rated on a 3 point Likert Scale from 1-3:~Never~Sometimes~Often~The Global Executive Composite (GEC) score is the total score of all 8 clinical subscales. The item scores are summed for each scale and raw scores are converted to Tscores. The mean of the GEC score will be reported.~T scores from 60 to 64 are considered mildly elevated. T scores from 65 to 69 are considered potentially clinically elevated. T scores at or above 70 are considered clinically elevated." (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3 (approximately 84 days after the first dose of fenfluramine)

Changes in Quality of Life Determined by the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire(QOLCE-16)

Intervention	T Score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	61.29	58.50

"The Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire will be administered at baseline, and 84 days after the first dose (Month 3; visit 5). This questionnaire assesses mood, social relationships, and behaviors. Results will be compared.~The QOLCE assesses quality of life across 4 domains of functioning: cognitive, emotional, social and physical. Scores range from 0-100. Composite scores are calculated as a mean across all measures." (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3 (approximately 84 days after first dose of fenfluramine)

Changes in Self-Concept Determined by The Beck Self Report Inventory.

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	Month 3
Treatment Group	60.41	60.76

Number of Patients That Experienced a Photoparoxysmal Response on EEG

Intervention	T-Score (Mean)
	Baseline Score	Month 3 Score
Treatment Group	44.43	52.88

The investigators will read and interpret pre- (baseline) and post-treatment (month 3) EEGs. The number of patients that experienced a photoparoxysmal response during the EEGs will be reported. (NCT03790137)
Timeframe: Month 3

Change From Baseline in Adverse Event Profile (AEP) Score

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Baseline EEG (pre-treatment)	Month 3 EEG (post-treatment)
Treatment Group	5	3

Adverse Events Profile (AEP) is a 19-item scale used as a systematic measure of adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Scores range from 19-76; higher scores indicate high prevelance and severity of adverse events. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline AEP Score at 12 months

Change From Baseline in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Score

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-6.0
Best Medical Practice	-3.2

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) includes 20 items comprising six scales reflecting major dimensions of depression: depressed mood, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance. Possible range of scores is 0 to 60, higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline CES-D Score at 12 months

Change From Baseline in Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) Score

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-2.2
Best Medical Practice	0.5

The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) is a 6-item questionnaire validated to screen for depression in people with epilepsy. Scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline NDDI-E Score at 12 months

Changes in Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs)

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-1.0
Best Medical Practice	-0.2

Change from baseline in number of AED medications by visit (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Change from baseline in number of AEDs at 12 months

Mean Change From Beginning of Intervention Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I) Score at 12 Months

Intervention	Number of AEDs Taken (Median)
VNS Therapy	0
Best Medical Practice	0

The Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI-I) is a 7 point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention Scores range from 1-7: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline CGI-I Score at 12 months

Mean Percent Change in Seizure Frequency

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-0.8
Best Medical Practice	-0.3

Percent change in total seizuires per week from baseline at 12 months (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean percent change from baseline in seizure frequency at 12 months

Overall Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 (QOLIE-89) Score in Patients With Baseline & at Least One Post-baseline QOLIE Assessment

Intervention	Percent Change (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-19.1
Best Medical Practice	-1.0

QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life, emotional well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, social support, social isolation, energy/fatigue, worry about seizure, medication effects, health discouragement, work/driving/social function, attention/concentration, language, memory, physical function, pain, role limitations due to physical problems, and health perceptions. Range of values 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life; lower ones, worse quality of life. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline QOLIE-89 Overall Score at 12 months

Response Rate

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	5.5
Best Medical Practice	1.2

Response Rate is defined as the percent of participants who are responders. A Responder is defined as participants with a reduction of at least 50% or 75% in seizure frequency from baseline to the seizure count evaluation period. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Number of Responders at 12 Months

Change From Baseline in QOLIE-89 Measures: Subgroup Analysis of Population With Baseline Adverse Event Profile Score < 40

Intervention	participants (Number)
VNS Therapy	10
Best Medical Practice	7

QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life. Range of values 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life; lower ones, worse quality of life. Adverse Events Profile (AEP) is a 19-item scale used as a systematic measure of adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Scores range from 19-76; higher scores indicate high prevelance and severity of adverse events. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Change from baseline up to 12 months

Change From Baseline in QOLIE-89 Measures: Subgroup Analysis of Population With Baseline Adverse Event Profile Score >= 40

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Behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1975, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Confusion; Disorders of Excess	1975
The medical treatment of epilepsy: maintenance of drug therapy. Pediatric annals, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biological Availability; Bromides; Carbamazepine; Child; Dextroa	1979
[The effect of monotherapy on concentration of selected blood serum hormones and upon cognitive function of children with epilepsy]. Endokrynologia Polska, 1992, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Suppl Topics: Adolescent; Carbamazepine; Child; Cognition; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Phen	1992
Antiepileptic drugs in adolescents. Journal of adolescent health care : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1987, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Clonazepam; Dru	1987
[Neurotraumatology and post-traumatic epilepsy. Prevention, treatment and long-term follow-up. Barbexaclone + phenobarbital (maliasin) versus diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine]. Minerva medica, 1987, Nov-30, Volume: 78, Issue:22 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug The	1987
Use of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in treatment of epilepsy. Neurologic clinics, 1986, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Child; Clonazepam; Clorazepate Dipotassium; Diazepam; Epilepsy	1986
Pharmacokinetics of anti-epileptic drugs in the dog: a review. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood Proteins; Carbamazepine; Clonazepam; Diazepam; Dog Diseases; Dogs; E	1985
Anticonvulsants, folic acid, and epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1973, Jun-16, Volume: 1, Issue:7816 Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Ep	1973
Usefulness of blood levels of antiepileptic drugs. Archives of neurology, 1974, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chloramphenicol; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Chromatography, G	1974
Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy: overview and general principles. Pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination;	1974
Relation of laboratory evaluation to clinical effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzazepines; Clinical Trials	1969
A basic approach to the understanding of seizures and the mechanism of action and metabolism of anticonvulsants. Advances in pediatrics, 1973, Volume: 20, Issue:0 Topics: Acetylcholine; Aminobutyrates; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Cell Membrane Permeability; Depression, Che	1973
Toxic effects of anticonvulsants: general principles. Pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepinones; Body Surface Area; Body Weig	1974
The management of children with epilepsy. The Practitioner, 1970, Volume: 204, Issue:219 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Ethosuxim	1970
[Antiepileptics. 39]. Pharmazeutische Praxis, 1969, Volume: 10 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aminoglutethimide; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Carbam	1969
Cerebrospinal folate levels in epileptics and their response to folate therapy. Nutrition reviews, 1974, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Def	1974
The use of blood levels of antiepileptic drugs in clinical practice. Pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biopharmaceutics; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Tolerance	1974
Osteomalacia and anticonvulsant drugs. Nutrition reviews, 1971, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Humans; Liver; Osteomalacia; P	1971
[General review of the present therapy of epilepsy]. Neuropsihijatrija, 1971, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Chlordiazepoxide; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Humans; Hydantoins; Phenobarbit	1971

Article	Year
Primidone is associated with interictal depression in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2005, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anticonvulsants; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Depression; Epile	2005
Historical perspective on the choice of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of seizures in adults. Neurology, 1983, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; History, 20th Century; Hu	1983
[Anti-epileptic agents during pregnancy. A prospective study on the course of pregnancy, malformations and child development]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1983, Feb-18, Volume: 108, Issue:7 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anencephaly; Ant	1983
Clinical evaluation of the new compound diphenylsilanediol for ani-epileptic efficacy and toxicity. American journal of veterinary research, 1981, Volume: 42, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone Marrow; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epilepsy; Heart	1981
Systematic testing of medical intractability for carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital or primidone in monotherapy for patients considered for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 1996, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Dose	1996
Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1996, Volume: 85, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Nervous System	1996
[Immunomodulatory therapy of epilepsy with transfer factor]. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 1997, Volume: 98, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy	1997
Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. Brain : a journal of neurology, 1999, Volume: 122 ( Pt 3) Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Combinations; Epilepsy; Female; Human	1999
[Evaluation of antiepileptic therapy during pregnancy]. Ginekologia polska, 2002, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Apgar Score; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbi	2002
One drug (phenytoin) in the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1976, May-01, Volume: 1, Issue:7966 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Ep	1976
A comparison of phenobarbitone and primidone in the control of seizures in chronic epilepsy [proceedings]. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1979, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Humans; Middle Aged; Phenobarbital	1979
Clinical evaluation of eterobarb, a new anticonvulsant drug. Neurology, 1975, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluati	1975
Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 1975, Volume: 160, Issue:2-1 Topics: Adult; Aggression; Anticonvulsants; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epi	1975
[Clinical and experimental control of optimal therapy in epilepsy]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie, 1990, Volume: 42, Issue:9 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Humans; Neurocognitive Disorder	1990
Aspects of compliance: taking drugs and keeping clinic appointments. Epilepsy research. Supplement, 1988, Volume: 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Appointments and Schedules; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as To	1988
Results of a nationwide Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. Epilepsia, 1987, Volume: 28 Suppl 3 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenobarbital	1987
Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The New England journal of medicine, 1985, Jul-18, Volume: 313, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsies, P	1985
Influence of folic acid on blood-phenytoin levels. Lancet (London, England), 1971, Jan-09, Volume: 1, Issue:7689 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Male; Phenobarbital; Ph	1971
Evaluation of albutoin as an antiepileptic drug. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allyl Compounds; Analysis of Variance; Anticonvulsants; Appetite; Biopharmaceutic	1974
"Anticonvulsant action" of vitamin D in epileptic patients? A controlled pilot study. British medical journal, 1974, May-04, Volume: 2, Issue:5913 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1974
Relation of laboratory evaluation to clinical effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzazepines; Clinical Trials	1969
Folate therapy in epilepsy. A controlled study. Archives of neurology, 1973, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognition; Epilepsy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Folic Acid; Humans; Leuc	1973
Cerebrospinal folate levels in epileptics and their response to folate therapy. Nutrition reviews, 1974, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Def	1974
Incidence of anticonvulsant osteomalacia and effect of vitamin D: controlled therapeutic trial. British medical journal, 1973, Dec-22, Volume: 4, Issue:5894 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Creatinine; Epilepsy; F	1973
Subnormal serum folate due to anticonvulsive therapy. A double-blind study of the effect of folic acid treatment in patients with drug-induced subnormal serum folates. Archives of neurology, 1970, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Folic Acid; H	1970
The metabolic conversion of primidone (Mysoline) to phenobarbitone in patients under long-term treatment. An attempt to estimate the independent effect of primidone. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1967, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Behavior; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Synergism; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epileps	1967
Relative anticonvulsant potency of primidone; a double blind comparison. Archives of neurology, 1966, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Primidone	1966

primidone and Aura