prednisolone has been researched along with Muscular Dystrophy in 25 studies
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"We conducted a double blind controlled trial in 28 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with Deflazacort (DF), an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone which reduces its side-effects." | 9.07 | Steroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy--deflazacort trial. ( Corderi, J; Dubrovsky, AL; Flores, D; Marco, P; Mesa, LE, 1991) |
"Seven patients, aged 10-17 years, with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were treated orally with prednisolone (PSL) at a dose of 0." | 7.68 | Decrease in urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine by patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy during glucocorticoid treatment. ( Adachi, K; Inui, T; Kawai, H; Kimura, C; Nishida, Y; Saito, S, 1993) |
"The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and prednisolone (Pr), administered alone or in combination, on the serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been evaluated." | 7.65 | Effects of the simultaneous administration of diethylstilbestrol and prednisolone on serum enzymes in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. ( Bozyk, ME; Cohen, L; Morgan, J, 1977) |
"A special program for long-term application of low-dose prednisolone treatment in Duchenne-Becker muscular dystrophy with complex control of the patients' state was developed." | 5.09 | [The use of low doses of prednisolone for the treatment of patients with Duchenne-Becker myodystrophy]. ( Gerasimova, NL; Krakhmaleva, IN; Lunga, IN; Rodnikova, NI; Shakhovskaia, NI; Shakhovskiĭ, VA; Shishkin, SS; Skozobtseva, LF; Tarksh, MA, 1999) |
"We conducted a double blind controlled trial in 28 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with Deflazacort (DF), an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone which reduces its side-effects." | 5.07 | Steroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy--deflazacort trial. ( Corderi, J; Dubrovsky, AL; Flores, D; Marco, P; Mesa, LE, 1991) |
"Seven patients, aged 10-17 years, with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were treated orally with prednisolone (PSL) at a dose of 0." | 3.68 | Decrease in urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine by patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy during glucocorticoid treatment. ( Adachi, K; Inui, T; Kawai, H; Kimura, C; Nishida, Y; Saito, S, 1993) |
" The ratio of 3-methylhistidine:creatinine excretion, a measure of the fractional catabolic rate of myofibrillar protein was increased in severe injury, thyrotoxicosis, neoplastic disease, prednisolone administration, and sometimes Duchenne muscular dystrophy." | 3.66 | Clinical usefulness of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in indicating muscle protein breakdown. ( Bacon, S; Carter, A; Elia, M; Smith, R; Winearls, CG, 1981) |
"The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and prednisolone (Pr), administered alone or in combination, on the serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been evaluated." | 3.65 | Effects of the simultaneous administration of diethylstilbestrol and prednisolone on serum enzymes in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. ( Bozyk, ME; Cohen, L; Morgan, J, 1977) |
"Serum creatine phosphokinase activity increased significantly four or six hours after the administration of prednisolone in patients with muscular dystrophy of various types, whereas it did not increase in other muscular disorders." | 3.65 | Response of serum creatine phosphokinase to steroid hormone. ( Matsuo, B; Oimomi, M; Shinko, T; Shutta, K; Takahashi, K, 1975) |
" We also investigated the effect of glucocorticoid in 10 DMD patients taking a dosage of prednisolone 1 mg/kg on alternate day." | 2.68 | [Glucocorticoid therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. ( Kang, J, 1996) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 13 (52.00) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 8 (32.00) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 1 (4.00) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 3 (12.00) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Sreetama, SC | 1 |
Chandra, G | 1 |
Van der Meulen, JH | 2 |
Ahmad, MM | 1 |
Suzuki, P | 1 |
Bhuvanendran, S | 1 |
Nagaraju, K | 2 |
Hoffman, EP | 2 |
Jaiswal, JK | 2 |
Heier, CR | 1 |
Damsker, JM | 1 |
Yu, Q | 1 |
Dillingham, BC | 1 |
Huynh, T | 1 |
Sali, A | 1 |
Miller, BK | 1 |
Phadke, A | 1 |
Scheffer, L | 1 |
Quinn, J | 1 |
Tatem, K | 1 |
Jordan, S | 1 |
Dadgar, S | 1 |
Rodriguez, OC | 1 |
Albanese, C | 1 |
Calhoun, M | 1 |
Gordish-Dressman, H | 1 |
Connor, EM | 1 |
McCall, JM | 1 |
Reeves, EK | 1 |
Komaki, H | 1 |
Gosselin, LE | 1 |
McCormick, KM | 1 |
Cohen, L | 3 |
Morgan, J | 3 |
Babbs, R | 1 |
Karrison, TG | 1 |
Giacomoni, M | 1 |
Jörg, J | 1 |
Gerhard, H | 1 |
Elia, M | 1 |
Carter, A | 1 |
Bacon, S | 1 |
Winearls, CG | 1 |
Smith, R | 1 |
Vita, G | 1 |
Natoli, M | 1 |
Dattola, R | 1 |
Messina, C | 1 |
Bäckman, E | 1 |
Henriksson, KG | 1 |
Kawai, H | 1 |
Adachi, K | 1 |
Nishida, Y | 1 |
Inui, T | 1 |
Kimura, C | 1 |
Saito, S | 1 |
Kang, J | 1 |
Takagi, A | 1 |
Watanabe, T | 1 |
Kojima, S | 1 |
Endo, Y | 1 |
Shakhovskaia, NI | 1 |
Shishkin, SS | 1 |
Skozobtseva, LF | 1 |
Shakhovskiĭ, VA | 1 |
Rodnikova, NI | 1 |
Lunga, IN | 1 |
Tarksh, MA | 1 |
Gerasimova, NL | 1 |
Krakhmaleva, IN | 1 |
Bozyk, ME | 2 |
Takahashi, K | 2 |
Oimomi, M | 1 |
Shinko, T | 1 |
Shutta, K | 1 |
Matsuo, B | 1 |
Mesa, LE | 1 |
Dubrovsky, AL | 1 |
Corderi, J | 1 |
Marco, P | 1 |
Flores, D | 1 |
McDouall, RM | 1 |
Dunn, MJ | 1 |
Dubowitz, V | 1 |
Kinoshita, M | 1 |
Nishina, M | 1 |
Koya, N | 1 |
Siegel, IM | 1 |
Miller, JE | 1 |
Ray, RD | 1 |
Oimori, M | 1 |
Goto, T | 1 |
Tateiwa, M | 1 |
Mori, H | 1 |
Mason, DA | 1 |
Thomson, WH | 1 |
Cavalea, GG | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Phase II Open-Label, Multiple Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Exploratory Efficacy of Vamorolone in Boys Ages 2 to <4 Years and 7 to <18 Years With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)[NCT05185622] | Phase 2 | 54 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-21 | Recruiting | ||
A Phase II Pilot Trial of Vamorolone vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Becker Muscular Dystrophy[NCT05166109] | Phase 2 | 39 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-07-07 | Recruiting | ||
A Phase IIb Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel Group, Placebo- and Active-controlled Study With Double-Blind Extension to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Vamorolone in Ambulant Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)[NCT03439670] | Phase 2 | 121 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-29 | Completed | ||
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Double-blind Randomized Trial to Find Optimum Steroid Regimen[NCT01603407] | Phase 3 | 196 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-01-31 | Completed | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
Vamorolone at 6.0mg/kg/day vs. placebo group in change from baseline to the Week 24 assessment (NCT03439670)
Timeframe: 24 weeks
Intervention | Rises/Seconds (Mean) |
---|---|
Treatment Group 1 | -.007 |
Treatment Group 2 | 0.054 |
Measures the total distance walked in 6 minutes averaged over all post-baseline follow-up visits through Month 36. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | meters (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 384.95 |
Daily Deflazacort | 384.17 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 346.81 |
Forced vital capacity was measured during a spirometry test. Forced expiratory volume (FEV) measures how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath. Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air exhaled during the FEV test. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | liters (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 1.4 |
Daily Deflazacort | 1.4 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 1.5 |
Measured by trans-thoracic echocardiogram and 12-lead ECG. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | percentage of fractional shortening (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 33.74 |
Daily Deflazacort | 34.01 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 34.33 |
Measured by trans-thoracic echocardiogram and 12-lead ECG. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | bpm (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 94.10 |
Daily Deflazacort | 93.52 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 91.65 |
Measured by trans-thoracic echocardiogram and 12-lead ECG. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | percentage of ejection fraction (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 61.88 |
Daily Deflazacort | 62.65 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 62.45 |
"The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a 17-item rating scale that is used to measure functional motor abilities in ambulant children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). It is usually used to monitor the progression of the disease and treatment effects.~The activities are graded as follows:~2 - Normal - no obvious modification of activity~1 - Modified method but achieves goal independent of physical assistance from another 0 - Unable to achieve independently This scale is ordinal with 34 as the maximum score indicating fully-independent function." (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 23.7 |
Daily Deflazacort | 24.0 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 20.7 |
The number of participants who completed 36 months of follow-up on the originally assigned dosage (for weight) of study medication. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 3 years
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 36 |
Daily Deflazacort | 36 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 37 |
(NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | kilograms/square meter (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 18.9 |
Daily Deflazacort | 18.3 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 18.1 |
(NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | centimeters (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 116.8 |
Daily Deflazacort | 115.3 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 119.9 |
(NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | kilograms (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 26.3 |
Daily Deflazacort | 24.9 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 26.3 |
Measured by trans-thoracic echocardiogram and 12-lead ECG. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: 36 months
Intervention | milliseconds (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 115.59 |
Daily Deflazacort | 116.87 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 117.90 |
Quality of life was measured by parent/guardian self-report for all children utilizing the PEDSQL measurement tool. This is a 23-question tool. Scores can range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life for the child. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 12, 24, and 36 visits
Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 64.88 |
Daily Deflazacort | 63.71 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 61.33 |
Quality of life was measured by child self-report in children age 5 and older utilizing the PEDSQL measurement tool. This is a 23-question tool. Scores can range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 12, 24, and 36 visits
Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 67.39 |
Daily Deflazacort | 64.96 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 65.07 |
Range of motion at the ankle joint in dorsiflexion measured in degrees from plantigrade averaged over all post-baseline visits. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | degrees (Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 4.39 |
Daily Deflazacort | 3.29 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 2.67 |
Range of motion at the ankle joint in dorsiflexion measured in degrees from plantigrade averaged over all post-baseline visits. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | degrees (Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 4.05 |
Daily Deflazacort | 2.81 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 2.29 |
Reciprocal of time to rise from the floor (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | rise/sec (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 0.24 |
Daily Deflazacort | 0.24 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 0.18 |
The TSQM Global Satisfaction with Treatment is a 14-item questionnaire that ranges from 0 - 100 with higher scores indicating better outcomes. (NCT01603407)
Timeframe: Average of Months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 visits
Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Daily Prednisone | 71.2 |
Daily Deflazacort | 67.8 |
Intermittent Prednisone | 65.1 |
2 reviews available for prednisolone and Muscular Dystrophy
Article | Year |
---|---|
[Current status and future prospect of the therapy for muscular dystrophy].
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Comprehensive Health Care; Drug Discovery; Exons; Genetic Therapy; Humans; | 2014 |
Targeting the immune system to improve ventilatory function in muscular dystrophy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Collagen; Diaphragm; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation | 2004 |
5 trials available for prednisolone and Muscular Dystrophy
Article | Year |
---|---|
Low-dose prednisolone treatment in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Male; Muscles; Muscular Dys | 1995 |
[Glucocorticoid therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy].
Topics: Double-Blind Method; Humans; Muscular Dystrophies; Prednisolone | 1996 |
[The use of low doses of prednisolone for the treatment of patients with Duchenne-Becker myodystrophy].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Electromyography; Glucocorticoids; | 1999 |
Steroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy--deflazacort trial.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Muscular Dystrophies | 1991 |
Failure of corticosteroid in the treatment of Duchenne (pseudo-hypertrophic) muscular dystrophy. Report of a clinically matched three year double-blind study.
Topics: Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Male; Muscular Dystrophies; Placebos; Prednisolone | 1974 |
18 other studies available for prednisolone and Muscular Dystrophy
Article | Year |
---|---|
Membrane Stabilization by Modified Steroid Offers a Potential Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy Due to Dysferlin Deficit.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dysferlin; Humans; Male; Mice; Muscular Dystrophies; Myoblasts | 2018 |
Membrane Stabilization by Modified Steroid Offers a Potential Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy Due to Dysferlin Deficit.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dysferlin; Humans; Male; Mice; Muscular Dystrophies; Myoblasts | 2018 |
Membrane Stabilization by Modified Steroid Offers a Potential Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy Due to Dysferlin Deficit.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dysferlin; Humans; Male; Mice; Muscular Dystrophies; Myoblasts | 2018 |
Membrane Stabilization by Modified Steroid Offers a Potential Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy Due to Dysferlin Deficit.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Dysferlin; Humans; Male; Mice; Muscular Dystrophies; Myoblasts | 2018 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
VBP15, a novel anti-inflammatory and membrane-stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lasers; Mice; | 2013 |
Fast walking velocity in health and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a statistical analysis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Braces; Child; Child, Preschool; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Humans; | 1984 |
[Value of the prednisolone test in myopathy diagnosis].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Creatine Kinase; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Musc | 1984 |
Clinical usefulness of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in indicating muscle protein breakdown.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Female; Hip Joint; Histidine; H | 1981 |
Failure of the prednisolone test in neuromuscular disorders.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatine Kinase; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscular Atro | 1982 |
Decrease in urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine by patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy during glucocorticoid treatment.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Creatine Kinase; Glycine; Humans; Male; Methylhistidines; Muscles; Muscular Dystr | 1993 |
47th ENMC International Workshop: Treatment of Muscular Dystrophy. 13-15 December 1996, Naarden, The Netherlands.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Humans; Muscular Dystrophies; Prednisolone; Pregnenediones | 1997 |
[Effect of long-term administration of prednisolone on serum creatine kinase and muscle pathology of mdx mouse].
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Creatine Kinase; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred mdx; Muscle, Sk | 1998 |
Variable effects of corticosteroid treatment of serum enzyme activities in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
Topics: Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Child; Creatine Kinase; Glucocorticoids; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydro | 1977 |
Effects of the simultaneous administration of diethylstilbestrol and prednisolone on serum enzymes in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Creatine Kinase; Diethylstilbestrol; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; | 1977 |
Response of serum creatine phosphokinase to steroid hormone.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatine; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Diagnosis, Differ | 1975 |
Nature of the mononuclear infiltrate and the mechanism of muscle damage in juvenile dermatomyositis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Topics: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cells, Cultured; Dermatomyositis; HLA Antigens; Humans; Inflammation; In | 1990 |
Ten years follow up study of steroid therapy for congenital encephalomyopathy.
Topics: Azathioprine; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatine Kinase; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; I | 1986 |
[Hormone therapy of muscular atrophy].
Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anabolic Agents; Child; Creatine K | 1969 |
Steroid-induced myopathy and diabetes. Report of a case.
Topics: Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Muscular Dystrophies; Pemphigus; Prednisolone | 1972 |
Serum enzyme studies in acquired disease of skeletal muscle.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child; Creatine Ki | 1971 |
[Experimental myopathies after treatment with prednisolone and thyroddrugs].
Topics: Adult; Animals; Body Weight; Child; Female; Humans; Muscle Proteins; Muscles; Muscular Diseases; Mus | 1967 |