povidone-iodine and Streptococcal-Infections

To report the incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal drug injection by means of a standardized procedure that does not require topical antibiotics, sterile gloves, or a sterile drape.. Intravitreal injections of preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide or ranibizumab were administered in 2 prospective randomized clinical trials performed by the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. The standardized procedure for these trials requires the use of a topical combination product of povidone-iodine, a sterile lid speculum, and topical anesthetic, but does not require the use of topical antibiotics before, on the day of, or after injection.. As of February 23, 2009, a total of 3226 intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and 612 injections of preservative-free triamcinolone had been administered. Topical antibiotics were given on the day of injection in 361 (9.4%) of the 3838 cases, for several days after injection in 813 cases (21.2%), on the day of injection and after injection in 1388 cases (36.2%), and neither on the day of injection nor after injection in 1276 cases (33.3%). Three cases of culture-positive endophthalmitis occurred after ranibizumab injections (0.09%), and no cases occurred after triamcinolone injections. In all 3 cases of endophthalmitis, topical antibiotics were given for several days after the injection but not before injection.. The results suggest that a low rate of endophthalmitis can be achieved by means of a protocol that includes use of topical povidone-iodine, a sterile lid speculum, and topical anesthetic, but does not require topical antibiotics, sterile gloves, or a sterile drape. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00444600 and NCT00445003.

Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Disinfection; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Incidence; Injections; Laser Coagulation; Macular Degeneration; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Povidone-Iodine; Prospective Studies; Ranibizumab; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Viridans Streptococci; Vitreous Body

We evaluated the effects of special oral care using a toothbrush with combined irrigation and suctioning functions, along with povidone-iodine to treat oral bacteria and mucositis, in esophageal cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. In the special care group, oral hygiene was performed 3 days a week after dinner. Bacteria in saliva and plague samples were measured at various sampling points after chemoradiotherapy. The incidence of mucositis was significantly reduced in the special care group in comparison with the control group. Total streptococci were significantly decreased in the opportunistic pathogens-positive and lower-level mutans streptococci control group during chemoradiotherapy, but they were not reduced in the opportunistic pathogens-negative and higher-level mutans streptococci control groups or in the special care group. Our results showed that a special oral care regimen enabled the total population of streptococci microflora to remain stable, was negatively correlated with opportunistic pathogens and positively correlated with mutans streptococci infection, and prevented the development of mucositis.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Combined Modality Therapy; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Hygiene; Povidone-Iodine; Stomatitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus

In a first trial involving six commercial dairy herds and 291 cows for a period of eight months, pre-milking udder sanitation by dipping teats in a 0.25% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) iodophor product followed by wiping with paper towels was compared in each herd with traditional teat washing and wiping with individual udder cloths. The incidence of new intramammary infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Corynebacterium bovis were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, respectively by 48%, 60% and 47%. There were no significant differences in the two groups of cows for other intramammary infections, total bacterial counts, clostridia spore counts, iodine residues in milk or teat condition scores. In a second trial involving nine commercial dairy herds and 367 cows for a period of seven months, a teat dip containing nisin used before and after milking was compared in each herd with a classical 0.5% iodophor product used in the same way. There was no significant difference in the incidence of new intramammary infections, in spite of a higher rate of new Staphylococcus aureus infections in the group of cows teat-dipped with the nisin product (P = 0.06). It was concluded that pre-dipping with teat dips specifically designed to be safely used before milking can be more efficient than traditional pre-milking udder preparation. These teat dips, when used before and after milking, seem to be as efficient as products which should normally be restricted to post-milking use.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corynebacterium Infections; Female; Incidence; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Milk; Nisin; Povidone-Iodine; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections

It is well known that the occurrence of bacteremia after dental procedures can place certain patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis. The authors compared the efficacy of two antiseptic agents in the prevention of post-treatment bacteremia in 120 dental patients. Before treatment, dentists irrigated the gingival sulcus of each patient with 10 percent povidone-iodine, 0.2 percent chlorhexidine or sterile water. The authors report lower levels of bacteremia among patients treated with the povidone-iodine solution.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteremia; Chlorhexidine; Dental Care; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Gingiva; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Povidone-Iodine; Single-Blind Method; Streptococcal Infections; Therapeutic Irrigation

To identify and analyze cases of postoperative infection following strabismus surgery at a large referral center and to report the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.. An electronic database search identified strabismus procedures at Duke Eye Center from July 1996 to October 2017. Diagnosis codes for periocular infections were used to further identify patients with possible infections following strabismus surgery.. Of 9,111 strabismus surgeries, 13 (0.14%) met criteria for probable infection, all occurring since October 2012 (0/6580 before vs 13/2531 [0.51%] after; P < 0.0001). Mean age of infection cases was 11.4 years; 11 patients (85%) were under 18 years of age. Associated previous diagnoses were genetic abnormalities with associated developmental delay (n = 5 [38%]), previous skin or ear infection (n = 4 [31%]), and acute or chronic rhinitis (n = 3 [23%]). Infection site cultures revealed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3 [23%]), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (n = 3 [23%]), and Streptococcus pyogenes/group-A Streptococcus (n = 2 [15%]). Only 1 case had bilateral infection. Infection remained extraocular in all cases, but one eye lost light perception secondary to optic atrophy. No common surgeon/procedure/preparation-related risks were identified.. A unifying explanation for the increase in post-strabismus surgery infections at Duke Eye Center was not identified. Potential risk factors include age <18 years, developmental delay, immune compromise, preceding nonocular infection, and bacterial colonization.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Injections, Intraocular; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Middle Aged; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmic Solutions; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Povidone-Iodine; Preoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Strabismus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Streptococcosis is an important bacterial disease in Nile tilapia causing severe economic losses to tilapia aquaculture worldwide. The effects of water quality (low- [LS] and high-level [HS] soiling, to mimic clean or dirty surface conditions and temperatures) and disinfectant application (diluted concentrations and exposure time) were characterized on the inactivation of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia. Five isolates were tested against three commercial disinfectant products with the main ingredients being povidone iodine (Anidine 100™; AD), benzalkonium chloride (Better BKC 80%™; BKC 80), and a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds and glutaraldehyde (Chloraldehyde™; CR). CR demonstrated highest efficacy to S. agalactiae inactivation, followed by BKC 80 and AD, respectively. Higher-level soiling, low temperature, diluted concentrations and short exposure time all decreased the disinfectant efficacy. CR and BKC 80 provided more than 5-log inactivation at 1-min exposure at 20°C under HS conditions, and also with ten-fold-diluted concentrations at 60-min exposure time at 30°C. However, AD required 10-min exposure to effectively remove bacteria under LS conditions at 30°C. The results could facilitate aquaculture management planning that leads to operating cost reductions and improvements in biosecurity.

Topics: Animals; Cichlids; Disinfectants; Fish Diseases; Glutaral; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Water Quality

The current caries management model in the United States is based on restoring teeth rather than preventing disease. Scarce resources make this approach unsustainable, especially in clinical settings that serve vulnerable child populations. This paper presents specific prevention-centered caries management strategies that should form the basis of clinical interventions targeted at children during four critical periods in childhood: pre-age 1, ages 1-3, ages 4-5, and ages 6-7.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Chewing Gum; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Care; Dental Caries; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Female; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Infant; Maternal Health Services; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Povidone-Iodine; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Primary Prevention; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Risk Assessment; Silver Compounds; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus mutans; Tooth, Deciduous; Toothbrushing; Vulnerable Populations; Xylitol

Four cases of infected vascular prosthetic graft in the groin successfully treated with povidone-iodine solution using a conservative approach are described here. In all patients the same technique was used. After complete debridement, the prosthetic graft in the groin was completely exposed. The wound was cleansed with hydrogen peroxide and then dressed with gauze soaked in 1:10 sterile water-diluted povidone-iodine solution. The dressings were changed twice a day. The patients were supplemented by systemic therapy of an appropriate antibiotic. All patients were observed in the intensive care unit. In all patients this treatment method led to control of infection and healing of the wound. Thus, it was not necessary to remove the prosthetic graft and patients were spared a major surgical intervention. At follow-up, the prosthetic grafts remain patent without any signs of recurrence of infection.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Femoral Artery; Groin; Humans; Iliac Artery; Lower Extremity; Male; Middle Aged; Popliteal Artery; Povidone-Iodine; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a virulent form of dental caries that can destroy the primary dentition of toddlers and preschool children. It occurs worldwide, afflicting predominantly disadvantaged children. High-risk North American populations include Hispanic and Native American children, as well as children enrolled in Head Start, a federally funded program for preschool children living in poverty. The prevalence of EEC among these children ranges from 11% to 72%. ECC is an infectious disease, and Streptococcus mutans is the most likely causative agent; diet also plays a critical role in the acquisition and clinical expression of this infection. Early acquisition of S. mutans is a key event in the natural history of the disease. Acquisition may occur via vertical or horizontal transmission. Primary oral colonization by S. mutans coupled with caries-promoting feeding behaviours results in accumulation of these organisms to levels exceeding 30% of the total cultivable plaque flora which in turn leads to rapid demineralization of tooth structure. Treatment of ECC is costly because the cooperative capacity of babies and preschool children usually necessitates the use of general anesthesia. Treatment usually consists of restoration or surgical removal of carious teeth along with recommendations regarding feeding habits. However, this approach has resulted in unacceptable clinical outcomes, and relapse rates of approximately 40% have been reported within the first year after dental surgery. Primary prevention of ECC has largely been restricted to counselling parents about caries-promoting feeding behaviours. This approach has also had minimal success. Newer strategies addressing the infectious component through use of topical antimicrobial therapy appear promising.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bottle Feeding; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Diet, Cariogenic; Early Intervention, Educational; Guidelines as Topic; Health Education, Dental; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Indians, North American; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Inuit; Mothers; Povidone-Iodine; Prevalence; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus mutans; United States

Topics: Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Cataract Extraction; Disinfection; Endophthalmitis; Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection

We studied the effects of scrubbing with poloxamer 188 (SCR), irrigating with povidone iodine (PI), and scrubbing followed by irrigation (SCR-PI) on staphylococcal and streptococcal counts in inoculated guinea pig lacerations. PI irrigation and SCR-PI significantly lowered streptococcal counts (P < 0.05). Staphylococcal counts were not different from those in controls.

Topics: Animals; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Disinfection; Guinea Pigs; Poloxalene; Povidone-Iodine; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Wound Infection

Iodine is known as a local disinfectant substance for more than 100 years. Its use however was restricted due to strong local irritation. In the last 25 years Polyvinylpyrrolidon-Iodine solutions (Povidone-Iodine, PVP-Iodine, Betadine) has become more and more popular for treating traumatologic, surgical and orthopaedic infections. However several papers have reported changes in the blood chemistry (T3, T4, TSH, PBJ and Iodine excretion in the urine) after utilizing PVP-Iodine, especially in visceral surgery. We report on a patient in whom a massive iodine resorption with clinical signs of hyperthyroidism occurred, with soft tissue necrosis at the site of irrigation.

Topics: Adult; Amputation, Traumatic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Knee Injuries; Male; Postoperative Complications; Povidone-Iodine; Reoperation; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suction; Surgical Wound Infection; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Chlorhexidine; Gentamicins; Humans; Kinetics; Mafenide; Polymyxins; Povidone-Iodine; Pseudomonas Infections; Silver Nitrate; Silver Sulfadiazine; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Wound Infection

In a series of 68 operations for insertion or revision of cerebrospinal fluid shunts the incidence of infection was reduced from 20% in controls to 4.2% when systemic and intrathecal or intra-shunt gentamicin prophylaxis was employed. The only infection occurring in the latter group was due to an organism resistant to gentamicin. No reduction in infection rate was noted when povidone iodine was instilled into the wounds.

Topics: Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gentamicins; Humans; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Premedication; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Cattle; Chlorhexidine; Disinfectants; Drug Evaluation; Female; Iodophors; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Triazines

Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin V; Povidone-Iodine; Recurrence; Streptococcal Infections; Vasculitis

Topics: Aged; Bacterial Infections; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child, Preschool; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Mediastinal Diseases; Middle Aged; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Serratia; Staphylococcal Infections; Sternum; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Infection Control; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Ointments; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections