povidone-iodine and Disease-Models--Animal

The Mulcahy salvage fundamentally altered the management of penile prosthesis infections (PPI). Central to this procedure is a sequence of antiseptic irrigations that aims to remove and eradicate pathogenic microflora from the infected field, thus preparing for immediate reimplantation. The antiseptic solutions and their respective concentrations, however, have never been evaluated for efficacy.. This review critically examines 3 commonly used antiseptic irrigation solutions (povidone-iodine [PVI], hydrogen peroxide [H. A PubMed literature review was performed on articles published between 2003 and 2018. Both preclinical as well as clinical studies from various surgical disciplines were included in this review.. The original salvage protocol selected for irrigation solutions at concentrations that are likely detrimental to native tissue.. All 3 agents demonstrate in vitro cytotoxic effects at subclinical concentrations, but H. Improvements in the salvage protocol are warranted based on current evidence. Careful selection of lavage solution and usage of the lowest necessary concentration will help achieve desired antimicrobial activity while avoiding native tissue cytotoxicity. Strength and limitation: The study is limited by its retrospective nature, and the heterogeneity of literature reviewed precluded a formal meta-analysis. Furthermore, future studies will need to address the roles of normal saline and antibiotic irrigations as intraoperative adjuncts for infection prevention.. Diluted PVI (0.35-3.5% for 3 minutes) may be beneficial in the prevention of PPI. Evidence supports its use both in the setting of primary implantation as well as salvage of infected hardware. An improved, evidence-based protocol may increase positive outcomes of urologic prosthetic surgery. Pan S, Rodriguez D, Thirumavalavan N, et al. The Use of Antiseptic Solutions in the Prevention and Management of Penile Prosthesis Infections: A Review of the Cytotoxic and Microbiological Effects of Common Irrigation Solutions. J Sex Med 2019;16:781-790.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penile Prosthesis; Povidone-Iodine; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Retrospective Studies; Therapeutic Irrigation

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of intravitreal povidone-iodine (PI) administration for the treatment of Candida albicans endophthalmitis. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group). After the induction of endophthalmitis using Candida albicans, groups A, B, and C received single intravitreal injections of 0.035 mg voriconazole, 0.3 mg PI, and their combination, respectively. Rabbits that were administered sham injections were in group D as controls. Fundus photography, vitreous culture, electroretinography (ERG), and histologic examinations of the retina were conducted on day 7. The anterior chamber flare (grade 0 to 4), severity of iritis (grade 0 to 4), and vitreous opacity (grade 0 to 3) were scored. Candida albicans was cultured in the vitreous sample. On day 7, the vitreous opacities were found in all groups. Compared to that in group D, groups A, B, and C showed a lower score for flare (p < 0.001) and iritis (p < 0.001) and less fungal growth in the vitreous culture (n = 2, 1, 1, and 10 in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively; p < 0.001). Furthermore, ERG and histologic findings demonstrated less affected a- and b-waves and damaged retinal tissues in groups A, B, and C. However, these findings were not different among groups A, B, and C. PI significantly improved Candida albicans endophthalmitis, and the effect was comparable that of the voriconazole, although some vitreous opacities remained. No synergistic effect of the combination of PI and voriconazole was observed. Intravitreal PI may be useful to treat Candida albicans endophthalmitis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Fungal; Female; Intravitreal Injections; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits

Various issues related to clinical use of medicines remain unclear, and pharmacists are expected to establish evidence for appropriate use of medicines. The present review summarizes our findings from three areas of research regarding the use of medicines in the operating room: 1) We evaluated the extent of extravasation injury due to thiopental (2.5 mg/100 μL) and propofol (1.0 mg/100 μL) at the macroscopic and histopathologic levels in a rat model. Thiopental, which causes tissue necrosis, can be classified as a "vesicant", and propofol can be classified as an "irritant". Moreover, warming strongly exacerbated the degeneration or necrosis induced by extravasation of thiopental. 2) The cytotoxicity of povidone-iodine solution (PVP-I) for ophthalmic use and that of polyvinyl alcohol-iodine solution (PAI) was compared using a human corneal epithelial cell line. Despite exhibiting equivalent antiseptic effects, the cytotoxicity of PVP-I diluted 16-fold was greater than that of PAI diluted 6-fold. After inactivation of iodine, the cytotoxicity of PVP-I persisted; therefore, to avoid corneal damage, antisepsis should be achieved with PAI. 3) The stability of 1 μg/mL adrenaline when used as an intraocular irrigating solution to maintain pupil dilation was evaluated. After mixing for 6 h, the adrenaline concentration was 65.2% (pH 8.0) of the initial concentration. Moreover, the low concentration of sodium bisulfite in the irrigating solution could have caused adrenaline reduction. Our results strongly suggest that intraocular irrigation solution containing adrenaline should be prepared just prior to use in surgery.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Stability; Epinephrine; Evidence-Based Practice; Male; Operating Rooms; Povidone-Iodine; Propofol; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solutions; Sulfites; Therapeutic Irrigation; Thiopental

This study aims to evaluate and compare radiological, biomechanical, histopathological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical effects of povidone iodine (PVP-I), hydrogen peroxide (HPO) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) on fracture healing in their minimum cytotoxic and most efficient concentrations.. This experimental animal study, conducted between April 2018 and January 2019, included 48 male Sprague Dawley® rats (aging 9 weeks; weighing 356 g) which were randomly divided into four groups: control (saline), HPO, PVP-I and CHG. Rat model of femoral fracture was established and intramedullary fixation was applied. Solutions were applied to fracture region in determined concentration and time, and all subjects were sacrificed on Day 28. Extracted femurs were investigated radiologically by micro-computed tomography. Then, all groups were divided into two random groups to be evaluated biomechanically, histopathologically, histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically.. In histopathological evaluation, inflammation score of CHG group was significantly lower than other groups, and inflammation score of PVP-I group was significantly lower than control and HPO groups (p<0.05). Biomechanically, flexural strength (σbend) (megapascal) values of CHG and control groups showed similar results, but there was no significant difference between all groups (p>0.05). In immunohistochemical localization of bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-4, osteoblast and chondroblast histoscores (H-scores) of HPO group were significantly lower than other groups, and chondroblast H-score in CHG group was lower than control and PVP-I groups (p<0.05). In immunohistochemical localization of BMP-7, osteoblast H-score was significantly higher in CHG group than other groups (p<0.05).. We determined that CHG 0.05% solution had no negative effect on the fourth week of fracture healing histopathologically, immunohistochemically and biomechanically, and is an alternative irrigative to normal saline.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biomechanical Phenomena; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Femoral Fractures; Fracture Healing; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Povidone-Iodine; Radiography; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; X-Ray Microtomography

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of intravitreal povidone-iodine (PI) in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) endophthalmitis. Fifty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 5 groups (n = 10 in each group). After the induction of endophthalmitis using VRE (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 40 μg/mL) in the right eye, Group A, B, C, and D received intravitreal injections of 0.1% PI, 0.3% PI, 0.05% vancomycin, and 0.5% vancomycin, respectively. Eyes in Group E were used as controls. Fundus photography, vitreous culture, electroretinography (ERG), and histologic examinations of the retina were conducted on day 14. A marked improvement in endophthalmitis was observed in Group A, B, C and D, compared to Group E. Fundus photographs showed mild vitreous opacities in Group A and B, and moderate vitreous opacity in Group C. All eyes in Group D had a clear vitreous. In vitreous culture, bacterial growth was found in 6 eyes (100, 200, 200, 400, 500, and 500 colony-forming units) in Group C, but not in Groups A, B, or D. ERG and histological examination also indicated intraocular damage in Group C. Our results show that intravitreal injection of PI, even at low concentrations, was effective for treatment of VRE endophthalmitis, although some vitreous opacity remained. Intravitreal vancomycin injection was also useful to treat resistant strains, if used at a higher concentration within the safety threshold.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Electroretinography; Endophthalmitis; Enterococcus faecalis; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Intravitreal Injections; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Retina; Vancomycin Resistance; Vitreous Body

Scallop shell powder is called bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO), which is known to possess deodorizing properties and broad antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, spores, and fungi.. This study aims to investigate the applications of BiSCaO suspension cleansing in clinical situations, for instance for the prevention and treatment of infections in chronic wounds in healing-impaired patients, without delaying wound healing.. The bactericidal activities of 1000 ppm BiSCaO suspension; 500 ppm hypochlorous acid; 1000 ppm povidone iodine; and saline were compared to evaluate in vivo disinfection and healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected wounds in hairless rats.. Cleansing of the infected wounds with BiSCaO suspension daily for 3 days significantly enhanced wound healing and reduced the in vivo bacterial counts, in comparison to hypochlorous acid, povidone iodine, and saline. Furthermore, histological examinations showed significantly advanced granulation tissue and capillary formation in the wounds cleansed with BiSCaO suspension than in those cleansed with the other solutions.. This study suggested that the possibility of using BiSCaO suspension as a disinfectant for infected wounds and limiting disinfection to 3 days may be sufficient to avoid the negative effects on wound repair.

Topics: Animal Shells; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Calcium Compounds; Disease Models, Animal; Disinfection; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxides; Povidone-Iodine; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rats; Rats, Hairless; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Therapeutic Irrigation; Wound Healing

Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of serious human infections in both healthcare and community settings, is increasingly difficult to control due to expanding resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains have disseminated on a global scale and are associated with adverse patient outcomes, increased hospital stays, and significant economic costs to the healthcare system. A proximal step in S. aureus infection is colonization of the nasal mucosa, and effective strategies to decolonize high risk patients to reduce the risk of invasive infection and nosocomial spread represent an important clinical priority. With rising resistance to mupirocin, the most common antibiotic utilized for nasal MRSA decontamination, we are examining the use of pure molecular iodine (I

Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Emollients; Female; Glycerol; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Iodine; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Nasal Cavity; Povidone-Iodine

Staphylococcal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) such as extracellular DNA (eDNA) and poly-N-acetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide (PNAG) mediate numerous virulence traits including host colonization and antimicrobial resistance. Previous studies showed that EPS-degrading enzymes increase staphylococcal biocide susceptibility in vitro and in vivo, and decrease virulence in animal models. In the present study we tested the effect of EPS-degrading enzymes on staphylococcal skin colonization and povidone iodine susceptibility using a novel in vivo pig model that enabled us to colonize and treat 96 isolated areas of skin on a single animal in vivo. To quantitate skin colonization, punch biopsies of colonized areas were homogenized, diluted, and plated on agar for colony forming unit enumeration. Skin was colonized with either Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus aureus. Two EPS-degrading enzymes, DNase I and the PNAG-degrading enzyme dispersin B, were employed. Enzymes were tested for their ability to inhibit skin colonization and detach preattached bacteria. The effect of enzymes on the susceptibility of preattached S. aureus to killing by povidone iodine was also measured. We found that dispersin B significantly inhibited skin colonization by S. epidermidis and detached preattached S. epidermidis cells from skin. A cocktail of dispersin B and DNase I detached preattached S. aureus cells from skin and increased their susceptibility to killing by povidone iodine. These findings suggest that staphylococcal EPS components such as eDNA and PNAG contribute to skin colonization and biocide resistance in vivo. EPS-degrading enzymes may be a useful adjunct to conventional skin antisepsis procedures in order to further reduce skin bioburden.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Deoxyribonuclease I; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Female; Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Recombinant Proteins; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Sus scrofa

Povidone-iodine (PVI) is principally used as an antimicrobial agent. It has been found that 0.5% PVI can attenuate congestion, edema and pain induced by pressure sores. Thus this study aimed to assess the effects of 0.5% PVI on acute skin wounds. Four full-thickness excisional wounds were generated on the dorsal skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats with a 10-mm sterile punch. Two wounds were left untreated and the other two were dressed with gauze with 0.5% PVI for 1 hour per day for the first 5 days after injury. 10-mm full-thickness excisional wounds were also generated on the dorsal skin of rats treated with 10 mg/kg SB431542 and all wounds were treated with 0.5% PVI for 5 days. PVI treatment enhanced wound healing via promotion of expression of α SMA and TGF β, neovascularization and re-epithelialization. Interleukin 6 was reduced following PVI treatment. Inhibition of TGF β abolished the effect of PVI treatment on wound closure. These data show that topical application of 0.5% PVI could promote acute skin wound healing though increased expression of TGF β leading to enhanced formation of granulation tissue, even in the absence of obvious infection.

Topics: Actins; Administration, Topical; Animals; Benzamides; Dioxoles; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Re-Epithelialization; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Wound Healing

The treatment of open femur fractures with reimplantation of large extruded segments remains one of the most difficult clinical management scenarios. The situation is even complicated when the extruded segments contains a large osteoarticular segment and no consensus exist about the efficient sterilization. We successfully managed five cases of open femur fracture by reimplantation of a large osteoarticular segment. While the outcomes were favourable, we performed an in vitro investigation in a rat model to determine whether the bone segment preparation strategy was optimal.. After meticulous debridement and sterilization with povidone-iodine scrub/orthopaedic antibiotic solution, osteoarticular segments of the femur were reimplanted successfully in five patients with Gustilo-Anderson IIIa-IIIb fractures. Furthermore, in vitro study performed to assess the relative efficacy of various methods of sterilization employed osteoarticular segments of rat femurs. After contamination, osteoarticular segments were treated via one of the following protocols: (1) saline rinse; (2) povidone-iodine scrub and saline rinse; (3) povidone-iodine scrub and autoclaving; (4) povidone-iodine scrub and immersion in antibiotic solution; (5) povidone-iodine scrub and immersion in povidone-iodine solution; or (6) povidone-iodine scrub and gamma-irradiation. The osteoarticular segments were then cultured and finally evaluated for infection and morphological changes.. At the mean 40 month follow-up, there were no infection in the patients and the fractures achieved completed union. For the basic research, only approaches involving povidone-iodine scrub with autoclaving or antibiotic solution immersion were 100% effective in eliminating bacterial growth. Furthermore, povidone-iodine scrub with antibiotic solution immersion preserved the articular surface morphology.. Our study suggests that reimplantation of extruded osteoarticular segments of long bone may represent a feasible alternative to amputation. This is the first description of such a technique and its long-term outcomes in the clinical setting, which were corroborated with the outcomes of in vitro investigation in a rat model, concluding that contaminated extruded osteoarticular segments can be adequately sterilized for reimplantation by cleaning with povidone-iodine scrub followed by brief soaking in antibiotic solution. However, it remains unclear whether the antibacterial efficacy of different sterilizations noted in vitro is reflected in vivo, warranting further research.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Debridement; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Femoral Fractures; Fractures, Open; Humans; Limb Salvage; Male; Middle Aged; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Replantation; Sterilization; Surgical Wound Infection

To investigate the safety of intracameral injection of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of povidone iodine (PI) on the corneal endothelium in a rabbit model as a proposed method of prophylaxis against postoperative endophthalmitis.. We included 32 New Zealand white rabbits in the study. Twenty-four rabbits received intracameral injections of 0.1 mL of 0.25% PI, and they were sequentially killed at intervals; first, seventh, and 14th day. The control group included 4 rabbits that received intracameral injections of 0.1 mL normal saline, and 4 rabbits that underwent the same intraocular procedure without injections (sham operated). Slit-lamp examination and ultrasonic corneal pachymetry were performed before and after injections for both eyes. The corneas were histopathologically examined by light and electron microscopy.. MBC of PI (0.25%) was toxic to rabbits' corneal endothelium as evident by histopathological changes, corneal edema, and increased corneal thickness on day 1. Signs of healing were obvious on day 7 and were almost complete on day 14, as detected by histopathology, subsidence of corneal edema, and normalization of corneal thickness.. MBC (0.25%) of PI was found toxic to the rabbits' corneal endothelium, with progressive regeneration and complete healing within 2 weeks. To our knowledge, we are the first to use MBC of PI in intracameral injection trials. Further studies on primates, which have more comparable regenerative capacity to humans' corneal endothelium, are encouraged to evaluate their endothelial healing response.

Topics: Animals; Anterior Chamber; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endophthalmitis; Endothelium, Corneal; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Injections, Intraocular; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of direct application of rifampin, povidone-iodine, and hydrogen peroxide on the formation of epidural fibrosis in rats. Forty-eight adult male Wistar albino rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups (laminectomy, topical rifampin, topical povidone-iodine, and topical hydrogen peroxide). Laminectomy was performed at the T12 level in all rats. Four weeks later, the extent of epidural fibrosis was assessed both macroscopically and histopathologically. ANOVA test was used for the evaluation of dural thickness. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the pathology and macroscopic evaluation. Chi-square test was used for evaluation of the arachnoid involvement. p value <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Our data revealed that topical application of both povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide were effective in reducing epidural fibrosis formation. The results of our study provide the experimental evidence of the preventive effects of topical application of povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide over epidural fibrosis.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epidural Space; Fibrosis; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rifampin

To evaluate the effect of povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide on fracture healing in a rat model.. The middle section of the right femur of 36 male Sprague Dawley rats was osteotomised with a saw. In the control group (n=9), the wound was irrigated with 100 ml 0.9% saline. In the 10% povidone iodine (n=9), 1% povidone iodine (n=9), and 3% hydrogen peroxide (n=9) groups, the wound was completely soaked with the respective solution for 2 minutes, and then irrigated with 100 ml saline. The osteotomy was fixed with an intramedullary Kirschner wire. Rats were euthanised at week 1, 2, and 5. In each femur, the percentage area of osseous, cartilaginous, and fibrous tissue in the callus was evaluated in 3 slides (one median and 2 paramedian).. The control group differed significantly to the other 3 groups (p=0.023 to p<0.001) in weeks 1, 2, and 5, except for the 1% povidone iodine group in terms of percentage of osseous (p=0.349) and fibrous (p=0.999) tissue. The healing process was similar in the 1% povidone iodine group and the control group, whereas healing was impaired in the 10% povidone iodine group and 3% hydrogen peroxide group, as indicated by the lower percentage of osseous tissue, higher percentage of fibrous tissue, and increased percentage of cartilaginous tissue between weeks 2 and 5 (delayed bone healing).. The 1% povidone iodine solution is recommended as the irrigation adjuvant in fracture surgery.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Femur; Fracture Healing; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Osteotomy; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Wound Healing

To investigate the effect of a novel topical wound-healing agent, low-concentration povidone-iodine ointment (LPIO) with a hydrophobic white petrolatum-rich base on skin-wound models in rats and rabbits.. The therapeutic efficacy of topically applied LPIO was compared to that of standard-concentration povidone-iodine ointment (SPIO) and non-treatment control, using a full-thickness skin-wound model in 24 hairless rats and a full-thickness skin-defect model in rabbit earlobes. The animals were kept under standardised conditions at the Central Research Laboratory of Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated based on macroscopic wound-size reduction, as well as histopathological and immuno-histochemical examinations.. LPIO enhanced wound healing in rat full-thickness skin ulcers, reducing wound size and inflammation, when compared with that in SPIO and non-treatment control. LPIO also markedly improved wound healing in rabbit earlobe ulcers by significantly improving re-epithelialisation, compared with that in SPIO.. The results of this study suggest that LPIO is a useful topical therapy for ulcerative lesions.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Ointments; Petrolatum; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Rats; Skin Ulcer; Wound Healing

Treatment of acute postoperative arthroplasty infection with polyethylene exchange and retention of components has a limited success rate, potentially because of residual bacterial burden. We hypothesized that dilute Betadine (povidone-iodine) lavage would decrease bacterial burden in a rabbit knee infection model. We inserted a stainless steel screw with a polyethylene washer into the lateral femoral condyle in 16 bilateral rabbit knees, and the sites were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. After 1 week, all knees were treated with a polyethylene washer exchange and either a saline lavage or a 3.5% Betadine lavage. We assessed bacterial growth after 7 days. Betadine-treated knees showed a statistically significant decrease in the bacterial count on the stainless steel screw and polyethylene washer but no difference in soft-tissue growth. Betadine lavage as a treatment adjunct may improve component retention for acute arthroplasty infection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Device Removal; Disease Models, Animal; Povidone-Iodine; Prostheses and Implants; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Therapeutic Irrigation

To study the effect of porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM) on the burn wound healing. Seventy healthy Wistar rats were inflicted with 2 cm second degree burn and divided into 2 groups; one group was treated with porcine ADM and the other with Povidone Iodine Cream. Biopsies were taken on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 for histopathological and biochemical analysis to test PCNA, K19, Integrin-β1, PDGF, EGF and FGF. The results revealed relatively better and faster regeneration after treatment of porcine ADM, along with greatly increased synthesis in collagen in the experimental group. PCNA, K19, Integrin-β1 had an increase and then tapered down, and were stronger in the experimental group than in the contrast group during 21 days after burns. PDGF, EGF and FGF levels increased on day 3, peaked on day 5 and then started to decrease, while significantly enhanced expression of relevant growth factors were observed in the experimental group. Porcine ADM stimulate collagen synthesis, stem cells proliferation and differentiation, and the expression of relevant growth factors and ultimately improve the burn wound healing.

Topics: Acellular Dermis; Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Biomarkers; Burns; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Heterografts; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Skin; Skin Cream; Skin Transplantation; Stem Cells; Swine; Time Factors; Wound Healing

Selecting an appropriate treatment for a given case of skin wound is crucial for inducing optimal healing. We used an animal model developed from normal rabbit ears in order to assess the efficacy of treatments for skin wounds with or without a wet dressing, anti microbial reagent or topical wound-stimulatory reagents. The degree of healing in each group was evaluated and compared using four histological parameters: (i) degree of reepithelialisation, (ii) amount of granulation tissue formation, and (iii) the number of capillary lumens and (iv) fibroblasts in the granulation tissue. Treatment using wet dressings resulted in an increase in capillary number compared with the open dry wound. Although the retention of povidone-iodine (PI) in wound tissue after application significantly inhibited reepithelialisation (P < 0.05), rinsing PI off with saline was comparable in effect to using only a wet dressing. The three topical reagents, namely, basic fibroblast growth factor, prostaglandin E1 and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, significantly improved reepithelialisation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, wounds should be kept hydrated by applying topical reagents. If there are any signs of bacterial infection, PI can be applied and rinsed later with saline in order to minimise its cytotoxic effects.

Topics: Alprostadil; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bucladesine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ear; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Fibroblasts; Granulation Tissue; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Skin; Vasodilator Agents; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

Free cancer cells can be spilled out from exposed tumors or ruptured tumors. We examined the cytocidal effect of various irrigation fluids on free cancer cells in an animal wound model mimicking head and neck surgery.. Cancer cell-contaminated wounds were made with C3H/HeJ mice and syngeneic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) cells. Distilled water, 5% povidone-iodine, 1.5% H(2)O(2), normal saline, and cisplatin were used to irrigate for 5 minutes. In vitro tumor growth assays were done with different concentrations and exposure times of povidone-iodine and distilled water.. In the animal study, povidone-iodine significantly inhibited tumor growth. Povidone-iodine caused substantial inhibition of in vitro tumor growth, even at the concentration of 0.05%. After 30 seconds of exposure to 1% povidone-iodine, cancer cells were completely inhibited.. Povidone-iodine could be selected preferentially for the irrigation fluid during head and neck surgery, especially when the wound is suspected of cancer cell contamination.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Hydrogen Peroxide; Intraoperative Complications; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Neoplasm Seeding; Povidone-Iodine; Random Allocation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tumor Cells, Cultured

To determine the efficacy of a new formulation of topical dexamethasone 0.1%/povidone-iodine 0.4% (FST-100) in reducing clinical symptoms and infectious viral titers in a rabbit model of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.. Rabbit corneas were inoculated bilaterally with 2×10(6) plaque-forming-units (PFU) of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) after corneal scarification. Animals were randomized 1:1:1:1 (five rabbits per group) to FST-100, 0.5% cidofovir, tobramycin/dexamethasone (Tobradex; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) ophthalmic suspension, and balanced salt solution (BSS; Alcon Laboratories). Treatment began 12 hours after viral inoculation and continued for 7 consecutive days. The eyes were clinically scored daily for scleral inflammation (injection), ocular neovascularization, eyelid inflammation (redness), friability of vasculature, inflammatory discharge (pus), and epiphora (excessive tearing). Eye swabs were collected daily before treatment for the duration of the study. Virus was eluted from the swabs and PFU determined by titration on human A549 cells, according to standard procedures.. The FST-100 treatment resulted in significantly lower clinical scores (P<0.05) than did the other treatments. The 0.5% cidofovir exhibited the most ocular toxicity compared with FST-100, tobramycin/dexamethasone, and balanced salt solution treatments. FST-100 and 0.5% cidofovir significantly (P<0.05) reduced viral titers compared with tobramycin/dexamethasone or balanced salt solution.. FST-100 was the most efficacious in minimizing the clinical symptoms of adenovirus infection in rabbit eyes. FST-100 and 0.5% cidofovir were both equally effective in reducing viral titers and decreasing the duration of viral shedding. By providing symptomatic relief in addition to reducing infectious virus titers, FST-100 should be a valuable addition to treatment of epidemic adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cidofovir; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis, Viral; Cytosine; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ophthalmic Solutions; Organophosphonates; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Tobramycin; Treatment Outcome; Viral Plaque Assay

Povidone-Iodine preparation is used as a disinfectant in otological surgeries. The ototoxicity of Povidone-Iodine preparation was evaluated using infant, young and adult guinea pigs. The effects of different concentrations and of different exposure durations on compound action potentials were also studied.. Povidone-Iodine was used to fill one middle ear cavity of the guinea pig, and the compound action potential (CAP) was measured from the round window membrane at 24h, 7 days, and 28 days. The contralateral side was filled with saline as control. Test sounds used were clicks and tone bursts of 2, 4, and 8 kHz.. At 24h, Povidone-Iodine solution showed a significant toxic effect in the infant group. In the young animal group, no toxic effect was seen. In the adult group, a mild degree of deafness for 2 kHz was found. At 7 days, the young group showed significant hearing loss for all frequencies, but the adult group did not show any hearing loss. With a half strength solution, both young and adult group did not show hearing loss. At 28 days, with a full strength solution, hearing loss became prominent for all sound stimulation. With 1/8th dilution, the young group showed a moderate hearing loss, but the adult group did not.. The thicker round window membrane in human is expected to provide more protection to the human cochlea than in the guinea pig model that we have studied. Mild hearing loss at 24h and 7 days using 10% solution, but no hearing loss with 5% solution at 7 days may indicate that rinsing of the middle ear cavity with saline during surgery should minimize the ototoxic effect of this product. The age of the animals does influence the outcome of the ototoxicity experiment. From this experiment, Povidone-Iodine preparations in the infant should be used with caution. Povidone scrub should not be used for otologic surgery.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Deafness; Disease Models, Animal; Ear, Middle; Guinea Pigs; Hearing Loss; Hearing Tests; Incidence; Povidone-Iodine; Random Allocation; Reference Values; Risk Assessment

To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the povidone-iodine (PVI) added to the liquid of wash of the peritoneal cavity in the reduction of bacterial absorption and in the remainder non-phagocyted bacteria in the circulating blood of rat.. Thirty four Wistar females rats were used, distributed in the following groups: A (n=10), non-treated; B (n=9), wash of the peritoneal cavity with solution of PVI to 1% in saline solution; C (n=15), wash of the cavity with saline solution. After anesthesia, it was made intraperitoneal infusion of solution of Escherichia coli labeled with 99mTc containing 10(8) CFU/ml. After 40 minutes, it was made the treatment, in the group A, manipulation of the viscera; in the group B, irrigation of the peritoneal cavity with warm solution of 1% PVPI to 37,5 degrees C, and in the group C irrigation with warm saline (37,5 degrees C). After 15 minutes of the treatment, blood samples and fragments of liver, spleen and lung was obtained for count of the radioactivity, and animals killed by abdominal aorta section. There were determined the bacterial absorption index and the remainder index in the bloodstream.. Of the total of bacteria infused in the peritoneum, there was absorption of 0,92% (0,14% to 2,13%) in the animals of the group A (controls), 0,49% (0,18% to 0,71%) after use of topical PVPI (group B) and 0,80% (0,04% to 3,8%) after wash with saline solution (group C). There was significant reduction of the absorption when compared the treated animals with PVPI and the controls (p=0,003). Of the total of bacteria absorbed for the circulatory current, the percentile amount of bacteria non-phagocyted in the outlying blood was of 2,9% (1,1% to 17,7%) in the control group, 15,2% (8,3% to 21,4%) in those treated with PVPI (group B) and 6,9% (0,8% to 29,7%) after wash with saline solution (group C), with difference among controls and treated with PVPI (p=0,01).. The wash of the cavity peritoneal of mice with solution containing PVPI showed to be capable to reduce the absorption of bacteria by peritoneum of rat; however it seems to interfere with the function of the phagocytic cells for the observation of the increase of viable bacteria in the outlying blood of those animals.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Lavage; Peritonitis; Phagocytosis; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Solutions

Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and povidone iodine (PI) are rarely used concurrently despite a lack of evidence regarding functional incompatibility of these agents.. CHG and PI, alone and combined, were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible S aureus [MSSA] and methicillin-resistant S aureus [MRSA]), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli using checkerboard microbroth dilution techniques. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was the concentration (percent wt/vol) that reduced bacterial burden ≥ 5-log(10) colony-forming units/mL at 2 hours when compared with bacterial densities in growth controls. Fractional bactericidal concentration indexes (FBCIs) were calculated to determine CHG and PI compatibility. Additionally, tissue plugs from freshly excised porcine vaginal mucosa were infected with S aureus (MSSA), treated for 2 hours with CHG 3%, PI 5%, or CHG 3% and PI 5% combined and then viable bacteria on the tissue plugs enumerated.. In broth, CHG demonstrated dose-dependent bactericidal activity, whereas PI activity was all-or-none. All isolates studied were similarly susceptible to CHG (MBCs: 0.0078% ± 0.0019%, 0.0069% ± 0.0026%, 0.0024% ± 0.0005%, 0.0024% ± 0.0005%, 0.0059% ± 0.0%, and 0.0029% ± 0.0%, respectively). The MBCs of PI were identical (0.625%) for all isolates. Overall, FBCI calculations showed indifference. Treatment of MSSA-infected porcine tissue for 2 hours demonstrated that the CHG-PI combination was superior to either antiseptic alone.. FBCIs, determined in broth culture, indicate that combining CHG and PI had no negative impact on antisepsis. Moreover, data from an ex vivo porcine mucosal infection model suggest a potential benefit when combining the 2 antiseptic agents.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Cross Infection; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Mucous Membrane; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Swine; Treatment Outcome

Firstly, the aim of this study was to determine the maximally tolerated dose of intravitreally injected povidone-iodine (PVP-I). A second aim was to test the efficacy of PVP-I on rabbit eyes infected intravitreally with Staphylococcus epidermidis.. Phase I of the study used 16 New Zealand albino rabbits, divided into 4 groups (n=4 each). Animals were anesthetized and intravitreally injected with 0.1 mL of 50, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms (microg) of PVP-I in 1 eye, and with saline in the other. The animals were examined at days 1, 7, and 14, using indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy; electroretinography (ERG) was performed before treatment and prior to euthanization. Histological preparations were examined to determine retinal damage. Phase II of the study divided 20 New Zealand albino rabbits into 4 groups (n=5 each). Animals were anesthetized and injected with 0.1 mL of S. epidermidis containing 3030 colony forming units (CFU) in 1 eye and saline in the other. Seven (7) h later, animals were treated with 0.1 mL of 20, 50, and 100 microg of PVP-I, or no treatment. Bacterial concentrations from extracted vitreous were determined 2 days following infection. Results were analyzed for statistical significance, using the Student t test and analysis of variance, and histologic preparations assessed the presence of endophthalmitis.. Phase I of the study observed no retinal damage at any of the concentrations studied, as noted by indirect ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ERG, and histologic exam. Phase II of the study showed no statistical difference in bacterial counts between treatment and control groups. All infected eyes went on to develop endophthalmitis, as observed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and histologic preparations.. These results suggest that 400_g of PVP-I can be tolerated intravitreally in rabbit eyes with no noticeable damage over a 14-day period. Results further showed that 100 microg of intravitreally injected PVP-I has no statistically significant effect on rabbit eyes injected intravitreally with 3030 CFU of S. epidermidis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Electroretinography; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Injections; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Retina; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Treatment Outcome; Vitreous Body

Local recurrence remains a major problem in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. The aim of the underlying study was to establish a standardised local recurrence model in rats which enables to study different intrapleural therapies.. Fifty microlitre containing 1 x 10(6) cells of a syngeneic rat malignant mesothelioma cell line (II-45), established from mesothelioma in Fischer 344 rats exposed to asbestos, were inoculated subpleurally via a left-sided thoracotomy. Tumour size was assessed 6 days later and the tumour nodule completely resected. Evaluation of recurrence at the resection site was performed after 10 days (n=6) and 6 days (n=6). The recurrent nodule was histopathologically confirmed. In a second experiment, this new recurrence model was evaluated for the effect of intrapleural therapy with different agents: 4 ml of cisplatin-solution (100mg(2)/kg BW), cisplatin combined with the fibrin-based sealant Vivostat, 4 ml taurolidine 2%, repeated injection of 1 microg of the chemokine CCL-19 at the tumour site and 4 ml povidone-iodine in a dilution 1:10. In a control group, the chest cavity was filled with 4 ml 0.9% NaCl. The primary endpoint was the extent of tumour recurrence.. Six days after inoculation, all animals presented a standardised tumour nodule at the injection site of a mean diameter of 5.1 (+/-0.8)mm. Evaluation of the recurrence after 10 days showed a relapse directly at the resection site, but additional tumour nodules on the ipsi- and contralateral chest wall were found and histologically confirmed. The animals that were sacrificed 6 days after resection of the tumour nodule showed a recurrence only at the resection site with no macroscopic or microscopic evidence of other tumour. Resection of the tumour nodule combined with intrapleural application of the different agents lead to clear reduction of recurrence. The strongest effect was observed after intrapleural application of cisplatin-Vivostat with significant decrease of the longest, widest and thickest diameter of the recurrence.. With this new recurrence model for investigation of malignant pleural mesothelioma in rats, we were able to investigate new intrapleural therapies after pneumonectomy. The intrapleural application of cisplatin-Vivostat significantly reduced the extent of local recurrence.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemokine CCL19; Chemokines, CC; Cisplatin; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; Male; Mesothelioma; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pleural Neoplasms; Pneumonectomy; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Taurine; Thiadiazines

The topical application of a mixture of sugar and povidone-iodine (PI) has been reported to accelerate the healing of cutaneous wounds and ulcers by promoting reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation, as well as by having an anti-microbial effect. In order to clarify the efficacy of a 70% sugar and 3% PI paste (U-PASTA(SP) on infectious skin ulcers, we made a bacterial infection model using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on the skin of diabetic db/db mice, and investigated the effect of the paste on the healing process of wounds. Full-thickness wounds were made on the backs of female diabetic mice, (C57BL/ksJ db/db) and inoculated with S. aureus. SP was applied to the closed wounds for 8 days. The degree of repair was evaluated using three histological parameters: The degree of reepithelialization was given a percentage value of 0-100%; the amount of granulation tissue was quantified by measuring the area of granulation (mm(2)); and the number of capillary lumens in the granulation tissue was counted in the complete wound cross-section at 100x magnification. In addition, the colony-forming units (CFU) of MRSA on the wounds were counted. Continuous MRSA infection in the wounds of db/db mice was demonstrated with macroscopic and histopathological images. Wounding and infection caused by MRSA on the back of the diabetic mice significantly induced delayed reepithelialization, granulation tissue formation with inflammatory cell infiltrate and increased CFU on wounds (P < 0.01, respectively) compared to those of the MRSA-infected normal mice. Application of SP significantly accelerated reepithelialization (P < 0.01) and decreased CFU (P < 0.05) of the ulcers in the MRSA-infected wounds, compared to the non-treated group. Histopathological evaluation and CFU on this animal model revealed no significant difference between Methicilin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA infection. These results indicate that wounding on db/db mice provides a useful animal model of bacterial skin infections, and that SP is an effective topical agent for the treatment of diabetic skin ulcers.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Capillaries; Colony Count, Microbial; Diabetes Complications; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Epithelial Cells; Female; Granulation Tissue; Methicillin Resistance; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Mutant Strains; Ointments; Povidone-Iodine; Skin Ulcer; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sucrose; Time Factors; Wound Healing

Previous studies have shown the antidotal efficacy of topical iodine at 15 and 30 min post-exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Here we demonstrate efficacy at longer intervals (20, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively, for data) using an improved topical povidone-iodine preparation termed N66, which contains steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In the mouse, N66 reduced severity of ear edema by 43, 47, 44, and 36%; ear epidermal ulceration by 74, 58, 45, and 58%; and epidermal necrosis by 54, 34, 26, and 31% at the respective time points. A similar effect was observed with encrustation. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, showed dramatic increases of 39.6-, 25.3-, 20.9-, and 22-fold. Severity of the dermal parameters, acute inflammation and dermal necrosis, was reduced by 63, 34, 34, and 38% and 80, 54, 54, and 59%, respectively. In guinea pig skin, topical treatment with N66 45 min post-exposure reduced the SM-induced ulceration area by 75%. The histological parameters subepidermal microblister formation, epidermal ulceration, epidermal necrosis, and encrustation were reduced by 63, 61, 41, and 41%, respectively. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, was elevated by 73%. N66 induced a statistically significant reduction in two dermal markers for tissue damage: acute inflammation (33%) and dermal necrosis (48%). Reduced skin damage was also observed in areas adjacent the treated sites. The pharmacologically active components of N66 showed additive effect. These findings suggest that the povidone-iodine preparation combined with anti-inflammatory agents functions as a potent antidote against skin lesions induced by SM at relatively long intervals between exposure and treatment.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chemical Warfare Agents; Clobetasol; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Ear Diseases; Edema; Guinea Pigs; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mustard Gas; Piroxicam; Povidone-Iodine; Protective Agents; Skin; Skin Diseases; Skin Irritancy Tests; Time Factors

To develop an animal model of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that simulates intraluminal tubal damage and adhesion formation seen in human PID, and to evaluate peritoneal effects of laparoscopic lavage with 1% povidone-iodine, 0.5% povidone-iodine, and 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solutions.. Prospective, randomized, controlled study (Canadian Task Force classification I).. Animal research operating room facility.. Forty-five 1-year-old Pasteurella-free New Zealand white rabbits.. Laparoscopy with instillation of one of five lavage solutions after bacterial inoculation with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, and Peptococcus niger.. Histologic evaluation revealed significantly more peritoneal inflammation after lavage with all three solutions than after no lavage or lavage with normal saline. Gross adhesion formation was visible in only one rabbit after lavage with normal saline. One animal having lavage with 1% povidone-iodine died immediately after injection for sedation before laparoscopic lavage, and was not included in the final results.. Bacterial inoculation using an intrauterine insemination catheter did not produce clinical adhesions in 43 of 44 rabbits. Histologic evaluation revealed significantly more peritoneal inflammation in the lavage with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate compared with no lavage or lavage with normal saline.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Chlorhexidine; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Laparoscopy; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritoneal Diseases; Peritoneal Lavage; Povidone-Iodine; Probability; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sodium Chloride; Tissue Adhesions

Recently we have shown that post-exposure treatment with povidone iodine (PI) protects against nitrogen and sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Since proteolytic activity is involved in skin damage caused by chemical irritants, we have studied the effect of iodine on mechlorethamine (HN2)-induced skin collagenolytic activities in the haired guinea pig model. The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity increased by 30, 46, 12 and 23% after 3, 24, 48 and 72 h of HN2 exposure, respectively, whereas the MMP-2 was elevated by 8, 65, 8 and 30%, respectively. Topical treatment with PI at 15 and 120 min after HN2 exposure decreased the MMP-9 activity by 67% and 60%, respectively, when skin was analyzed 3 h after exposure. The same trend was observed in the MMP-2 and MMP-1 activities after PI treatment. A stronger effect of PI treatment 15 min following exposure was observed in skin analyzed 24 h after exposure, i.e. a decrease of 83% and 88% in MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities, respectively. Similar findings were observed with an interval of 120 min between HN2 exposure and PI treatment. A much weaker effect was observed on MMP-1 activity. A similar trend of PI-induced reduction in the three types of collagenase activity was found in skin analyzed 48 and 72 h after exposure. Reduced collagenolytic activity may serve as one of the mechanisms by which iodine protects the skin against chemical insult.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Dermatologic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Guinea Pigs; Irritants; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Mechlorethamine; Povidone-Iodine; Skin; Skin Diseases

An intact microcirculation is essential for normal healing to occur. Wound repair may be impaired by various endogenous and exogenous factors, such as reduced microvascular perfusion, infection and debris. In the nonhealing wound, radical surgical debridement is critical. To supplement healing, various ointments are used in clinical practice. Little is known about their effects on tissue perfusion. We have therefore selected two substances widely used, the antiseptic Betadine and the enzyme combination Elase and investigated their impact on the microcirculation and on leucocyte activity, using the cremaster muscle as a model. We found that functional capillary density and arteriolar diameters were significantly reduced by Betadine, whereas leucocyte activity was not affected. In the Elase group, capillary flow and arteriolar diameters were significantly increased, and again leucocyte activity was not changed. The mechanism by which Betadine reduces microvascular flow is believed to be the same as in reperfusion injury. The positive effect of Elase on the microcirculation might be attributed to plasmin, which has been shown to dilate blood vessels.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Arterioles; Capillaries; Deoxyribonucleases; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Fibrinolysin; Leukocytes; Male; Microcirculation; Muscle, Skeletal; Ointments; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Wound Healing

Reports of metastatic spread of colon and rectal cancer to port sites after laparoscopic resection of potentially curable lesions has raised doubt regarding the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic technology in cancer surgery. Experimental study in animals has led us to believe that the mode of spread of these metastases is via the direct route. We hypothesized, therefore, that we could decrease the rate of trocar-site recurrences by treating the individual port sites with a topical tumoricidal agent.. Male BD-IX rats weighing 240 to 360 g were injected with syngeneic colon cancer to simulate free intraperitoneal cancer spread to trocar sites. All rats were subjected to a sham laparoscopic operation after 2 x 10(5) viable cancer cells had been injected into their peritoneal cavities. Five-millimeter trocars were inserted into each rat after abdominal insufflation to 10 mm Hg. Pneumoperitoneum was maintained for 10 minutes before the trocars were removed simultaneously. Trocar sites were then subjected to one of three treatments, with each animal receiving a maximum of two different treatments. Sites were treated with 70% ethanol (N = 42), povidine/ iodine (N = 40), or no topical treatment (N = 46). Three weeks later, the animals were euthanized and autopsied. Subcutaneous tumors at trocar sites or tumors with >50% volume within the wound were considered implants.. Control sites revealed a metastasis rate of 41% (19/46). The tumor implant rate was 36% (15/42) at alcohol-treated sites and 20% (8/40) at sites treated with povidone-iodine (P < 0.05).. Topical administration of povidone-iodine to trocar wounds after laparoscopic surgery can significantly reduce the incidence of port-site metastasis in a syngeneic animal model of colon cancer.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Alcohols; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Colonic Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Seeding; Povidone-Iodine; Rats

To compare the antibacterial effect of povidone-iodine (PI) with that of ofloxacin in an experimental model of bacterial keratitis.. Staphyloccocal keratitis was induced in 21 eyes of Dutch Belted rabbits by intrastromal inoculation of approximately 280 organisms of Staphylococcus aureus. Six hours later, the animals were divided in four groups treated topically with saline 0.9%, Betadine 10%, Betadine 0.5% or Ofloxacin 0.3% (2 gtt every 30 min for 8 h). The central 8-mm cornea was excised, washed and homogenized. Colony counts were performed on serial 10-fold dilutions plated on blood and brain infusion agar and incubated overnight.. Colony-forming units per cornea were 7.4x10(7) for the saline group compared to 8.2x10(7) for PI 10% (P>0.5), 4.3x10(7) for PI 0.5% (P<0.01) and no organisms for ofloxacin 0.3%.. Betadine 0.5% demonstrates a statistically significant bactericidal effect compared with untreated staphyloccocal keratitis in our experimental model. Ofloxacin has superior antibacterial effect under the conditions studied. Further improvements in the povidone-iodine formulation are warranted prior to consideration for human keratitis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Colony Count, Microbial; Cornea; Disease Models, Animal; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Iodophors; Keratitis; Male; Ofloxacin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a powerful vesicant employed as an agent of chemical warfare. This study demonstrates the therapeutic effect of a novel topical iodine preparation as a postexposure treatment against SM-induced lesions in the fur-covered guinea-pig skin model. Iodine treatment 15 min after SM exposure resulted in statistically significant reductions of 48, 50, and 55% in dermal acute inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, respectively, whereas, the epidermal healing markers, hyperkerathosis and acanthosis, were significantly elevated by 72 and 67%, respectively, 2 days after treatment. At the interval of 30 min between SM exposure and iodine treatment, there was a significant degree of healing or recovery, albeit to a lesser extent than that observed in the shorter interval. Although the epidermal healing markers were not elevated, the parameters indicative of active tissue damage, such as subepidermal microblisters, epidermal ulceration, dermal acute inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, were significantly reduced by 35, 67, 43, 39, and 45%, respectively. At the 45-min interval between exposure and treatment, there was also a certain degree of healing or recovery expressed as significant reductions in dermal subacute inflammation, subepidermal microblister formation, and epidermal ulceration, whereas, acanthosis was statistically elevated, indicating an increased healing potential. At the 60-min interval, iodine was less efficacious; nevertheless, a significant reduction in the incidence of subepidermal microblisters and an expansion of the acanthotic area were observed. Gross ulceration was significantly decreased at intervals of 15 and 30 min between exposure and treatment. The local anesthetic, lidocaine, did not alter the therapeutic effect of iodine. SM was not affected chemically by iodine as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. These findings suggest that the iodine preparation functions as an antidote against skin lesions induced by SM.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dermatologic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Interactions; Guinea Pigs; Irritants; Lidocaine; Male; Mustard Gas; Povidone-Iodine; Skin; Skin Diseases; Time Factors

Exfoliated or soiled free malignant cells have serious consequences in patients undergoing gastrointestinal cancer surgery. The present study evaluates the toxicity and efficacy of cytotoxic agents in the prevention of cell seeding and tumor growth in the peritoneal cavity in an experimental model.. Mtln3 adenocarcinoma cell viability was tested in vitro using the trypan blue exclusion test after incubation with povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine. In vivo, Fischer rats were inoculated with 10(5) or 10(6) cells followed by peritoneal lavage with physiological saline, chlorhexidine 0.02 percent, povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent or povidone-iodine high molecular weight 1 and 2 percent in different quantities and incubation times.. Chlorhexidine 0.02 percent and povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent or high molecular weight 2 percent, killed over 98 percent of 10(5) or 10(6) tumor cells in vitro. Povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent and high molecular weight 2 percent were toxic and lethal when 5 ml were applied in the peritoneal cavity three times for five minutes. Chlorhexidine 0.02 percent applied after inoculation of 10(5) or 10(6) cells, reduced the tumor development only to 70 and 80 percent. Application of 5 ml povidone-iodine 1 percent low molecular weight or high molecular weight, three times for one and five minutes, after inoculation of 10(6) cells did not change the tumor take. However, inhibition of Mtln3 cells to form metastases was observed. When povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent was used three times for one minute after 10(5) tumor cells were "soiled", no toxicity was observed and the tumor take was reduced to 30 percent (P < 0.05).. Povidone-iodine toxicity proved to be a major issue in vivo. However, povidone-iodine low molecular weight 1 percent was safe when used for short periods and very effective when a limited number of tumor cells was inoculated. The use of cytotoxic agents to prevent recurrent disease caused by tumor cell seeding in patients seems to make sense only when the "inoculum size" of exfoliated or soiled cancer cells is limited.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Seeding; Neoplasms, Experimental; Peritoneal Lavage; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Rectal Neoplasms; Sensitivity and Specificity; Treatment Outcome

Enamel blocks bearing artificial caries are used in intra-oral appliances for cariogenicity tests. These blocks are often sterilised to prevent the possibility of cross-infection via this route. This study therefore aimed to determine the effect of sterilisation methods on the structural integrity of artificial enamel caries used for intra-oral cariogenicity tests. Four experimental groups were devised. Ten bovine incisors were used in each group. Artificial caries was produced in each tooth which was subsequently cut into two halves. One half of each tooth was reserved as control while the other was sterilised. The four groups were subjected to respective sterilisation methods: gamma irradiation (approximately equal to 25 KGy), steam autoclaving (121 degrees C for 15 min), sodium hypochlorite (12% w/v for 24 h) and povidone-iodine (7.5% w/v for 24 h). The control and sterilised specimens in each group were examined for microbial growth after incubation in nutrient broth for up to 7 days at 37 degrees C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Mineral loss and lesion depth were quantified from microradiographs of sections from control and sterilised specimens using transverse microradiography. Data were analysed statistically by paired Student's t-test. Microbial growth was observed only in control specimens. Gamma irradiation and NaOCL caused cream discolouration and bleaching of the enamel surface, respectively. Autoclaving, sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine resulted in further demineralisation of the lesions. The four sterilisation methods were all effective sterilants for artificial caries. However, gamma irradiation appears the most acceptable method considering the more adverse effects of the other methods with regards to cariogenicity tests.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cattle; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Activity Tests; Dental Enamel; Disease Models, Animal; Gamma Rays; Incisor; Microscopy, Polarization; Povidone-Iodine; Radiation Dosage; Sterilization

The treatment of hydatid disease is largely surgical, with medical treatment being reserved as coadjuvant treatment. The scolicidal agents have been, and are being used mainly during surgical manipulation of the cysts, with the object of avoiding relapses and peritoneal dissemination.. Evaluation of the scolicidal agents used in surgery in a hydatid disease model in the mouse.. We have used 85 Swiss OF1 mice, weighing more than 30 g, of 90 +/- 10 days of age, in which a picture of hydatid sowing was reproduced by means of intra-peritoneal inoculation with 0.2 ml of a suspension which contained approximately 1,200 viable protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus which came from the livers of parasite-infested sheep. 24 h after the inoculation, the mice were subjected to a median laparotomy for the introduction of 1 ml of the scolicidal solution to be evaluated: physiologic saline (n = 10); 10% povidone iodine (n = 15); praziquantel (n = 15); 10% hydrogen peroxide (n = 15); 10% hypertonic saline (n = 15); simulated operation (n = 15). After 7 months of follow-up, the mice were sacrificed and the following was evaluated: number of isolated cysts, cyst masses, and total cysts.. The number of isolated cysts which developed was significantly lower in the hydrogen peroxide group (tF 2.14 < RC 3.29). The number of cyst masses was significantly reduced in the hydrogen peroxide group (tF 2.14 < RC 2.18), in the povidone iodine group (tF 2.17 < RC 3), and in the hypertonic saline group (tF 2.11 < RC 2.77). The total number of cysts which developed decreased significantly in the hydrogen peroxide (tF 2.14 < RC 2.84) and the povidone iodine (tF 2.17 < RC 3.79) groups.. Hydrogen peroxide and povidone iodine show a greater protoscolicidal effect than simple cleansing with physiological saline, hypertonic saline, or praziquantel.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiplatyhelmintic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Hydrogen Peroxide; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Mice; Povidone-Iodine; Praziquantel; Recurrence; Sodium Chloride

Topical 5% povidone-iodine for the treatment of corneal ulcers was observed in Sierra Leone, West Africa by one of us (D.J.D.). To test the efficacy of topical 5% povidone-iodine for infectious keratitis, experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis was induced in 12 rabbits by first abrading the central 3 mm of corneal epithelium. Thirty milliliters of broth of P. aeruginosa strain ATCC 27835 (1.8 x 10(7) viable bacteria) was dropped twice on the wounded cornea. After 22 h, all corneas were clinically infected. Eight rabbits were treated with 5% povidone-iodine solution and four with 0.9% NaCl solution. All were given hourly drops. Twenty-four hours after treatment began, the central 8-mm button of the infected cornea was excised, homogenized, and serial dilutions plated onto MacConkey agar. The total number of viable Pseudomonas organisms was calculated. The treatment group had 5.2 +/- 0.4 CFUs (colony-forming units) per cornea. The control group had 4.8 +/- 0.4 CFUs per cornea (p = 0.11). The clinical scores (Hobden grading system) were 6.9 +/- 1.5 for the treated group and 7.3 +/- 2.5 for the control group (p = 0.74). There was no statistical difference between the treated and control groups. Povidone-iodine (5%) is not effective in the acute treatment of P. aeruginosa keratitis in this rabbit model.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Colony Count, Microbial; Cornea; Corneal Ulcer; Disease Models, Animal; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Ophthalmic Solutions; Povidone-Iodine; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rabbits

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

We studied the effects of scrubbing with poloxamer 188 (SCR), irrigating with povidone iodine (PI), and scrubbing followed by irrigation (SCR-PI) on staphylococcal and streptococcal counts in inoculated guinea pig lacerations. PI irrigation and SCR-PI significantly lowered streptococcal counts (P < 0.05). Staphylococcal counts were not different from those in controls.

Topics: Animals; Colony Count, Microbial; Disease Models, Animal; Disinfection; Guinea Pigs; Poloxalene; Povidone-Iodine; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelium, Vascular; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Thrombosis

An established wound model in the pig has been modified using a Stomahesive ring to enable study of the effects of fluids used in wound care. Full thickness wounds (up to 9 mm deep) were treated with the substances under test. Each application was held in place with a Stomahesive flange, the inner part of which had been excised as far as the hard plastic ring. All dressings were then covered with OpSite which allowed gaseous exchange whilst retaining treatment fluids and secretions. Wounds were treated immediately and at 2 and 4 days. The experiment was terminated after 7 days and the whole wound, with dressing, was excised for histological examination. The wounds covered with OpSite alone and those treated with sugar paste under Opsite were found to be infilled with granulation tissue over which epidermal migration was taking place. Those wounds which had been packed with gauze, to which had been added one of the following: chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, Irgasan 0.2%, povidone iodine 0.8% or EUSOL half-strength, showed delayed healing in that less infilling had taken place over the same time period. This delay could be attributed to the nature of the chemicals used and/or the influence of gauze packing. This delay in the healing of wounds treated with chemical agents was least with EUSOL half-strength and greatest with chlorhexidine. No toxic effects were observed with sugar paste which may be preferable to antiseptics for the management of dirty or infected wounds.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bandages; Borates; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Ointments; Polyurethanes; Povidone-Iodine; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sucrose; Swine; Triclosan; Wound Healing

A model of bacterial peritonitis, using mice infected with Escherichia coli, has been used to assess the protective effects of intraperitoneal treatment with antiseptics. Of the five antiseptics tested, only chlorhexidine gluconate had any protective effect, concentrations of 0.05 and 0.02 per cent reducing the mortality to 14 and 50 per cent respectively. The other antiseptics, taurolin, noxytiolin, povidone iodine and hypochlorite were all ineffective. Delayed treatment with chlorhexidine was not as effective as instillation immediately postinfection.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Hypochlorous Acid; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Noxythiolin; Peritonitis; Povidone-Iodine; Taurine; Thiadiazines; Time Factors

Peritoneal infection progresses through defined stages: contamination, inflammation and abscess formation. An experimental model of established peritonitis without adjuvant in the rat was used to test the effect of various local and systemic agents on survival. There was significant improvement in all treatment groups except those treated with antiseptic lavage using PVP-I and noxythiolin. Intramuscular ampicillin improved survival from 40 to 60 per cent while intramuscular amikacin combined with local irrigation with metronidazole reduced mortality to nil (P less than 0.001). Both cephradine and metronidazole used as peritoneal lavage solutions improved survival (P less than 0.005) when compared with the controls but the difference was not significant when compared with irrigation with Hartmann's solution. Metronidazole given rectally also improved survival from 40 to 60 per cent but this difference was not significant. We conclude that survival in established peritonitis depends upon adequate antibiotic therapy.

Topics: Amikacin; Ampicillin; Animals; Cephradine; Disease Models, Animal; Injections, Intramuscular; Isotonic Solutions; Male; Metronidazole; Noxythiolin; Peritonitis; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rectum; Ringer's Lactate; Therapeutic Irrigation

A preliminary evaluation of the antiseptic activity of 70% alcohol and 10% povidone-iodine solution was carried out in an animal model. After the inoculation of partial-thickness wounds with Staphylococcus aureus, 0.1 mL of the antiseptic agent (70% alcohol or povidone-iodine solution) was rubbed into the wound for 30 s. The agent was left on the wound for one minute, three minutes, and 24 hours, and then the wounds were cultured for bacteria. After one minute, the treatments did not reduce the number of pathogens. After three minutes, both 70% alcohol and povidone-iodine solution produced a slight reduction, and after 24 hours, povidone-iodine solution slightly reduced the number of pathogenic bacteria that could be cultured. However, after 24 hours, neither agent reduced the number of pathogens below 10(5) colony-forming units per milliliter. These preliminary data suggest that single applications of 70% alcohol or povidone-iodine may have very limited efficacy as antiseptic agents for the treatment of superficial wounds.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine; Wound Infection

A controlled mixed peritoneal infection was produced by inoculation of bacteria into the peritoneum and peritonitis was allowed to become established. A laparotomy was performed and peritoneal toilet with a variety of agents was carried out. Local povidone-iodine in the inflamed peritoneum proved to be not only of no benefit but, in fact, to be toxic. In the standard concentrations recommended it proved lethal. Noxythiolin 2.5 per cent also had no beneficial effect. There was a significant difference between the effect of povidone-iodine when instilled into an inflamed peritoneum and instillation into the intact peritoneal cavity. We would advise caution in the use of these antiseptics in any situation in which local defence mechanisms have been compromised as a result of established infection.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Noxythiolin; Peritonitis; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiourea

The appearance and severity of peritoneal adhesions after simple laparotomy and after adhesiolysis were studied in a rabbit model. Adhesions were induced by direct abrasion with latex glove and dry gauze; control rabbits had abrasion only. Study groups had abrasion and treatment with 10% or 25% povidone. Results showed a significant reduction in the number of adhesions and in the severity of adhesions after treatment with povidone. This study supports the further investigation of the efficacy of povidone in preventing postoperative peritoneal adhesions.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Laparotomy; Peritoneal Cavity; Peritoneal Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Rabbits; Tissue Adhesions

The bacteriocidal effect of three substances is discussed: 10% povidone iodine ointment (Betadine, betaisodona), 11,2% mafenide acetate (Naplatan) and silver sulphadiazine (Flamazine, Silvadene, Silvertone). A modified Walker burn model using male Long-Evans rats was studied. The infections were produced with a solution of 3 times 10(8) Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocin type H. organisms. The authors described the pharmacological properties of the three substances and report the following results. All three substances are able to penetrate third degree burns. It takes 4 hours for povidone iodone, 12 for mafenide acetate and 24 for silver sulphadiazine to penetrate the burn. Mafenide acetate and silver sulphadiazine were the most useful agents after 12 and 24 hours respectively. When the substances were applied for a second time 24 hours after the first application only mafenide acetate was highly effective. The effectiveness of povidone iodine and silver sulphadiazine decreased by half when compared with the first application. For practical purposes the following recommendations are made: For deep burns povidone iodine should be applied every 4--6 hours, mafenide acetate every 12--18 hours and silver sulphadiazine once every 24 hours in order to ensure an antibacterial effect.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Burns; Disease Models, Animal; Mafenide; Male; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Pseudomonas Infections; Rats; Silver Sulfadiazine; Sulfadiazine; Sulfonamides; Time Factors; Wound Infection

Two experimental studies were carried out upon dogs to clarify the efficacy of peritoneal povidone-iodine lavage in peritonitis. With an experimental model of peritonitis which closely resembles the clinical situation, we found that peritoneal lavage with povidone-iodine was not more effective than other lavage regimens in decreasing bacterial colony counts and was associated with an early 100 per cent mortality. Renal function was not affected by the treatment with this antiseptic solution. However, we found a statistically significant superimposed metabolic acidosis in the peritonitis group treated with povidone-iodine when compared with the other groups, by means of a significant decrease in base excess, p less than 0.01, at the two hour postlavage measures. This metabolic acidosis was also observed in normal dogs undergoing peritoneal lavage with povidone-iodine, showing a significant decrease in serum bicarbonate level one hour, p less than 0.05, and three hours, p less than 0.01, three hours postlavage, when compared with a sham laparotomy group in the nonperitonitis study. This has not previously been experimentally investigated. In view of these results, we do not recommend the clinical use of povidone-iodine solution for peritoneal lavage in peritonitis.

Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Bicarbonates; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Humans; Ileum; Ligation; Peritonitis; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Prognosis; Solutions; Therapeutic Irrigation

To study the efficacy of several commonly used peritoneal lavage solutions in the treatment of experimental fecal peritonitis, lethal peritonitis was created in 100 rats by placing a gelatin capsule containing 0.1 ml of human stool and barium sulfate within the abdominal cavity. At reoperation up to eight hours after implantation, the rats had initial lavage with 30 ml/kg of sterile normal saline, followed by 15 ml/kg of one of four treatment regimens, all colored alike. These were 10% povidone-iodine (PVP-I), 1% PVP-I, 0.1% kanamycin, and sterile normal saline. A fifth group did not receive a second lavage. All survivors were sacrificed on the ninth day, at which time the study was unblinded. Twelve hours postoperatively there was a significantly greater mortality in the group irrigated with 10% PVP-I (83%) compared to all other groups (0-6%). At nine days, only the kanamycin group had survivors (29%); this was significantly better than any other group.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Feces; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Peritonitis; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Sodium Chloride; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Cephalothin; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Iodine; Kanamycin; Peritonitis; Povidone; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Thyroid Function Tests; Tissue Adhesions