potassium-bicarbonate and Body-Weight

We tested the hypothesis that in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP), the Cl- component of dietary NaCl dominantly determines its pressor effect (salt-sensitivity). We telemetrically measured systolic aortic blood pressure (SBP) in SHRSP loaded with: nothing (CTL); NaCl alone (NaCl) (44 mmol/100 grams chow); KCl (KCl) alone (44 mmol); NaCl (44 mmol) combined with KHCO3 (77 mmol) (NaCl/KBC) or with KCl (77 mmol) (NaCl/KCl). Across all groups, from age 10 to 15 or 16 weeks, SBP increased linearly (mm Hg/week) (dp/dt, change in SBP as a function of time): CTL, 5.6; NaCl, 9.5; KCl, 8.8; NaCl/KBC, 9.1; and NaCl/KCl, 14.6. Thus, the value of dp/dt in KCl matched that in NaCl. The value of dp/dt in NaCl/KCl exceeded that in NaCl in direct proportion to the greater Cl- load. Across all groups, only Cl- load bore a direct, highly linear relationship with dp/dt. Strokes occurred only, but always with SBP >250 mm Hg, a value observed almost exclusively in NaCl/KCl. Thus, Cl- dominantly determined the pressor effect induced with dietary NaCl, both with NaCl loaded alone and combined with either KCl or KHCO3, and thereby likely determined the occurrence of stroke with NaCl loading. Over the initial 3-day period of NaCl loading and exacerbating hypertension, external balance of Na+ increased similarly among all groups. However, within 24 hours of initiating NaCl loading, urinary creatinine excretion decreased in direct proportion to dp/dt and urinary Cl- excretion. We conclude that in the SHRSP, the Cl- component of a dietary NaCl dominantly determines salt sensitivity and thereby phenotypic expression. We suggest that Cl- might do so by inducing renal vasoconstriction.

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Chlorides; Creatinine; Drug Combinations; Electrolytes; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hypertension; Incidence; Kidney; Male; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Sodium Chloride; Stroke

We administered a potassium bicarbonate supplement to rats on strenuous treadmill training in order to determine the effect on bone mass and the metabolic acidosis seen with this type of training. A sample of 45 93-day-old female Wistar rats with a mean initial weight of 267 +/- 17 g were studied. The control group (15 rats) was not exercised or given potassium bicarbonate (Ex- PB-). The experimental group (30 rats) was randomly divided into two subgroups of 15 rats each, one that exercised and did not receive potassium bicarbonate (Ex+ PB-) and one that exercised and received potassium bicarbonate (Ex+ PB+), at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day administered by esophageal catheter on exercise days. Training consisted of treadmill running on 5 out of 7 days for a period of 11 weeks. Running time, treadmill speed, and the percent grade were gradually increased until week 7, then maintained until rats were sacrificed at the ened of 11 weeks. The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole right femur and 5th lumbar vertebra were measured. Femoral and vertebral length were also measured. Femur length, weight, BMC, and BMD, and femur BMC/final weight ratio, and vertebral weight, BMD, and BMC, and vertebral BMC/final weight ratio were lower in the Ex+ PB- group than in either the controls or the Ex+ PB+ group (P < 0.01-P < 0.0001); the length of the 5th lumbar vertebra did not differ between groups.

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Bone Density; Female; Femur; Lumbar Vertebrae; Physical Exertion; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rats, Wistar

1. Supplements of between 2 and 8 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)/l in drinking water provided between 21 and 49 d of age to broilers at 31 degrees C increased growth after 35 d of age and food intake after 42 d of age compared to unsupplemented controls. The most consistent responses were observed with 2 g NaHCO3/l. 2. Differences in weekly water intakes with different concentrations of NaHCO3 in the drinking water did not equate with variations in weekly food intake and growth. 3. Unexpected high mortality from dehydration and nephrosis was observed with a 10 g NaHCO3/l supplement. This mortality was associated with major changes in blood acid-base balance and plasma electrolyte concentrations. 4. Dietary supplements of NaHCO3 gave significantly better food conversion and numerically better growth in broilers at 31 degrees C than supplements of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) providing similar dietary concentrations of bicarbonate. 5. Supplements of NaHCO3 were more toxic to broiler chickens when supplied in the drinking water than in the diet. This appeared to be related to the intake of sodium and alterations to cellular membrane ionic potential.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Chickens; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Hot Temperature; Male; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Bicarbonate

Literature data indicate that the form of K in the ration can affect its inhibitory influence on Mg absorption in ruminants. We tested whether identical amounts of K either intrinsically present in artificially dried grass or present in added KHCO3 have different effects on Mg absorption in dry cows. In a 3 x 3 Latin square design, six cows were fed rations consisting of low-K grass and concentrate with or without KHCO3 or a ration consisting of high-K grass with concentrate without added KHCO3. Each ration was given for a period of 4 wk. The ration low in intrinsic K contained 26 g of K/kg of dry matter, the ration low in intrinsic K plus KHCO3 contained 43 g of K/kg of dry matter, and the ration high in intrinsic K also contained 43 g of K/kg of dry matter. The three rations were balanced for crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, Mg (2.2 g/kg of dry matter), Ca, P, and Na. Apparent Mg absorption was 10.8 +/- 1.54% of intake (mean +/- SE, n = 6) when the cows were fed the low-K ration, but dropped to 1.9 +/- 3.4 and 2.1 +/- 1.9% of intake, respectively, when the rations high in KHCO3 and high in intrinsic K were fed. The two high-K rations induced similar increases in ruminal K concentrations both before and after feed consumption. The feeding of KHCO3 did not influence ruminal pH. The intake of extra K may raise ruminal K concentrations, which increases the transmural potential difference so that Mg transport across the rumen epithelium becomes depressed. Thus, intrinsic and added K had identical effects on ruminal K concentrations and on Mg absorption. Feeding trials with ruminants in which K intakes are manipulated with the use of KHCO3 may reflect those cases when concentrations of K intrinsically present in feedstuffs may vary.

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Cattle; Eating; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium; Poaceae; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rumen

We addressed the question whether the type of anion in potassium salts affects magnesium absorption and the transmural potential difference by using wethers (n = 8) fed a control diet and diets supplemented with equimolar amounts of KHCO(3), KCl or K-citrate according to a Latin-square design. The control diet contained 10.9 g K/kg dry matter and the high K diets contained 41.3 g K/kg dry matter. Compared with the control diet, KHCO(3) and K-citrate significantly reduced apparent Mg absorption by 9.5 and 6.5%, respectively. Supplemental KCl tended to reduce (P = 0.070) group mean magnesium absorption by 5.5%. Consumption of supplemental KHCO(3) and K-citrate produced a significant increase in the transmural potential difference (serosal side = positive) by 17.1 and 20.7 mV, respectively, whereas the addition of KCl to the diet did not. The individual values for the four diets tended to show a negative correlation (r = -0.336, n = 32, P = 0.060) between the transmural potential difference and apparent magnesium absorption. We conclude that different potassium salts have different effects on magnesium absorption in ruminants as caused by different effects on the transmural potential difference.

Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Diet; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Absorption; Magnesium; Male; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Citrate; Potassium Compounds; Sheep

A hypothesis that the ionic composition of drinking water might affect development of the ascites syndrome in broilers was investigated in two trials. The first trial comprised four groups of 650 male chicks. A control treatment was normal tap water and the other three treatments comprised the addition to the tap water of 1,000 mg/L sodium as NaCl, 5,000 mg/L NH4Cl, or 5,000 mg/L KHCO3, supplied from age 2 to 47 d. At Day 28, equally sized subsets of these groups were moved to individual cages, where they received a severe exposure to ambient cold. The development of the ascites syndrome was monitored by measurements of hematocrit and arterial blood oxygen saturation (PaO2) by oximetry, body weight, and examination of dead birds for cause of death. Mortality from ascites in cold-exposed birds from Days 28 to 47 was 28, 48, 40, and 16% in the tap water, NaCl, NH4Cl, and KHCO3 groups, respectively; only the NaCl mortality was significantly different from the tap water mortality. The KHCO3 treatment increased PaO2 (compared with tap water treatment) at Day 28 by 5.5% and at Day 35 by 10.5%, but not at Day 42. The KHCO3 caused a reduction in body weight, which was 13% less than the tap water group at Day 42, probably due to a chronic toxicity. The second trial specifically examined the same parameters with lower water levels of KHCO3 (3,000 and 1,000 mg/L), in comparison to a 10% feed restriction protocol, in order to clarify whether the increased PaO2 was due to a specific effect of the KHCO3 or was a metabolic manifestation of a reduced growth rate. The 3,000 mg/L KHCO3 treatment had no effect on PaO2, but the 1,000 mg/L treatment augmented PaO2 by 5.3% at Day 35 (but not at Days 28 or 42), without reducing the final body weight. The feed restriction group showed an elevated PaO2 of 5.4% at Day 35 (but not at Days 28 or 42), with no reduction in the final body weight. The inclusion of 1,000 mg/L of KHCO3 into the drinking water of broilers or a temporary 10% feed restriction may be means to augment PaO2.

Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Ascites; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Chickens; Cold Temperature; Drinking; Food Deprivation; Hematocrit; Male; Oxygen; Potassium Compounds; Poultry Diseases; Sodium Chloride; Syndrome

Holstein cows (n = 24) averaging 39 d of lactation were used in a randomized complete block design during an 8-wk trial. From wk 1 to 4, diets contained 62% alfalfa silage and 38% concentrates (dry matter basis), and, from wk 5 to 8, diets contained 47% forage and 53% concentrates. The concentrates were increased for the second phase so that the effect of bicarbonates could be expressed more fully. Diets 1, 2, and 3 contained 2% of a blend of Na and K bicarbonates and 0, 2, or 4% of Ca salts of canola oil fatty acids (percentage of dry matter), respectively. Diet 4 contained the same percentage of Ca salts as did diet 3 but without bicarbonates. Dry matter intake decreased linearly (wk 4), and milk yield was altered quadratically (wk 4), as the percentage of Ca salts in the diet increased. Milk fat percentage (wk 8) and yield (wk 4 and 8), as well as milk protein percentage (wk 4 and 8) and yield (wk 4), decreased linearly as the percentage of Ca salts in the diet increased. Short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids decreased linearly, and C18:0, trans-delta-11-C18:1, cis-delta-9-C18:1, cis-delta-11-C18:1, and C18:2 increased linearly, as Ca salts in the diet increased. Addition of Na and K bicarbonates to the diets that contained Ca salts increased milk and milk protein yields and increased the proportions of C18:2 in milk fat at wk 8. Dietary bicarbonates had no effect on the responses of other milk fatty acids to supplementation of 4% Ca salts of canola oil fatty acids.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Cattle; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Lactation; Milk; Potassium Compounds; Random Allocation; Rapeseed Oil; Sodium Bicarbonate

The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary glucose or starch would reduce the inhibitory effect of high K intake on Mg absorption in ruminants. In a 6 x 6 Latin square design, six goats were fed diets with or without added KHCO3 containing either cellulose, glucose, or native corn starch. The K concentrations of the diets were 7.8 or 34.0 g or K/kg of dry matter, and carbohydrates were incorporated so that their concentrations were identical on a glucose equivalent basis (331 g of glucose/kg of dry matter). The intake of extra K significantly reduced apparent Mg absorption from 29.8 to 22.1% on average. Glucose, instead of cellulose, in the diet did not affect Mg absorption. Replacement of dietary cellulose by corn starch enhanced the mean efficiency of Mg absorption from 21.8 to 30.9%. Starch versus glucose increased Mg absorption by 5.8 percentage units. No statistically significant interaction was observed between the type of carbohydrate and the amount of K in the diet with regard to Mg absorption. This study showed that the inhibitory effect of dietary KHCO3 on Mg absorption in goats was fully counteracted by the replacement of cellulose with starch in the diet. Possible changes in the pH of ruminal fluid might have mediated the dietary effects on Mg absorption.

Topics: Absorption; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Cellulose; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Female; Glucose; Goats; Magnesium; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Starch

Feeding lactose or other slowly digestible carbohydrates to adult mammals may induce a variety of effects including hyperplasia and neoplasia. The most fundamental effect probably is the increased production in the large intestine of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) resulting from increased fermentation of carbohydrate residues. To find out whether the increased production of these acidic compounds is involved in the induction of certain alterations caused by low-digestibility carbohydrates, the modifying effects of an acidifying (NH4Cl) or an alkalizing (KHCO3) diet supplement on lactose-induced changes in rats were studied. Three groups of 50 rats per sex were fed a 20% lactose diet unsupplemented or supplemented with 1% NH4Cl or 2% KHCO3, for at most 2.5 yr. One control group was fed the basal diet which contained wheat starch instead of lactose. Feeding lactose resulted in wet faecal pellets, reduced pH of the faeces, higher intake of food and water, lower body weights, increased caecal weights and fewer deaths. These effects were not significantly modified by NH4Cl or KHCO3. Feeding lactose increased urinary calcium levels, the effect being enhanced by NH4Cl and reduced by KHCO3. Lactose also tended to increase blood values of alkaline phosphatase and to decrease those for bicarbonate and base excess. These tendencies were generally more marked with NH4Cl, and less marked or absent with KHCO3. In addition, rats fed lactose showed decreased severity of nephrosis, increased mineralization and hyperplasia of the renal pelvic epithelium, and relatively high incidences of Leydig cell hyperplasia and neoplasia. NH4Cl supplementation was associated with a relatively small number of single and multiple tumours, with decreased incidences of hyperplasia and mineralization of the renal pelvis epithelium and with a markedly reduced incidence of proliferative changes in the adrenal medulla. With the KHCO3 supplement the incidences of Leydig cell proliferation and of bladder tumours were relatively high. These findings, in particular the differences between the diet groups in urinary calcium levels and possibly also the variations in blood levels of alkaline phosphatase, bicarbonate and base excess, suggest that the acidic end products of carbohydrate fermentation (SCFA) act as an acid load on the body.

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Alkaline Phosphatase; Ammonium Chloride; Animal Feed; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Calcium; Cecum; Diarrhea; Diet; Drug Interactions; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney; Lactose; Male; Neoplasms; Organ Size; Potassium Compounds; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Starch; Testis

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary K intake, independent of whether the accompanying anion is Cl- or HCO3-, on urinary Ca excretion in healthy adults. The effects of KCl, KHCO3, NaCl and NaHCO3 supplements, 90 mmol/day for four days, were compared in ten subjects fed normal constant diets. Using synthetic diets, the effects of dietary KCl-deprivation for five days followed by recovery were assessed in four subjects and of KHCO3-deprivation for five days followed by recovery were assessed in four subjects. On the fourth day of salt administration, daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCa V/GFR were lower during the administration of KCl than during NaCl supplements (delta = -1.11 +/- 0.28 SEM mmol/day; P less than 0.005 and -0.0077 +/- 0.0022 mmol/liter GFR; P less than 0.01), and lower during KHCO3 than during control (-1.26 +/- 0.29 mmol/day; P less than 0.005 and -0.0069 +/- 0.0019 mmol/liter GFR; P = 0.005). Both dietary KCl and KHCO3 deprivation (mean reduction in dietary K intake -67 +/- 8 mmol/day) were accompanied by an increase in daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCaV/GFR that averaged on the fifth day +1.31 +/- 0.25 mmol/day (P less than 0.005) and +0.0069 +/- 0.0012 mmol/liter GFR (P less than 0.005) above control. Both daily urinary Ca excretion and fasting UCaV/GFR returned toward or to control at the end of recovery. These observations indicate that: 1) KHCO3 decreases fasting and 24-hour urinary Ca excretion; 2) KCl nor NaHCO3, unlike NaCl, do not increase fasting or 24-hour Ca excretion and 3) K deprivation increases both fasting and 24-hour urinary Ca excretion whether the accompanying anion is Cl- or HCO3-. The mechanisms for this effect of K may be mediated by: 1) alterations in ECF volume, since transient increases in urinary Na and Cl excretion and weight loss accompanied KCl or KHCO3 administration, while persistent reductions in urinary Na and Cl excretion and a trend for weight gain accompanied K deprivation; 2) K mediated alterations in renal tubular phosphate transport and renal synthesis of 1.25-(OH)2-vitamin D, since KCl or KHCO3 administration tended to be accompanied by a rise in fasting serum PO4 and TmPO4 and a fall in fasting UPO4 V/GFR, a fall in serum 1,25-(OH)2-D and a decrease in fasting UCa V/GFR, while dietary KCl or KHCO3 deprivation were accompanied by a reverse sequence.

Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Calcium; Diet; Electrolytes; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride

We compared measurements of daily urine oxalate excretion in urines collected at the prevailing urine pH with measurements of urine oxalate excretion in urines collected into 20 mL of 6 mol/L HCl. We studied eight healthy adults fed constant diets. Urines were collected during control conditions and, in each subject, during the administration of NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, or KHCO3, 90 mmol/day. Daily urine oxalate excretion calculated for collections made in acid averaged 271 (SD 79) mumol/day and did not vary with any of the salt supplements. When urines were collected at ambient urine pH (average 5.94, SD 0.23) during control conditions, and during the administration of NaCl or KCl, urine oxalate excretion averaged 263 (SD 88) mumol/day, a value not different from that for collections in acid. However, when urine was collected with no pH adjustment during NaHCO3 or KHCO3 administration (average pH 6.90, SD 0.14), apparent urine oxalate excretion averaged 398 (SD 132) mumol/day, significantly (P less than 0.025) exceeding the mean observed when urines were collected in acid. Moreover, the percentage increase in apparent oxalate excretion increased with urinary pH. These observations reinforce recommendations that urine specimens for measurement of oxalate be collected in acid to avoid the increase in apparent oxalate content that occurs during collection of alkaline urines. This increase presumably results from the well-known in vitro nonenzymatic conversion of ascorbate to oxalate.

Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Diet; False Positive Reactions; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Oxalates; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Sodium; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Chloride

Topics: Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Potassium Deficiency; Potassium Radioisotopes

The partial replacement of casein by a mixture of gelatin, fish protein and soy protein in cholesterol-free semipurified diets of rabbits reduced the hypercholesterolemic response. The partial replacement of casein by the protein mixture also increased the feed intake and alleviated or reversed the weight loss observed from the casein diet. The data indicate that casein alone is not an ideal protein source for rabbits probably because of the imbalance of the amino acid composition. When KCl in the semipurified diets was replaced by KHCO3, a higher feed intake and a better growth were obtained, irrespective of the protein source in the diet. In addition, the feeding of semipurified diets containing KCl resulted in acidosis, which could be prevented by its replacement with KHCO3. A semipurified diet containing casein and KCl produced a more severe acidosis and higher serum cholesterol levels than the diet containing the protein mixture. Nevertheless, the correction of the acidosis by the replacement of KCl in the diet by KHCO3 did not lead to an abrogation of the casein-induced hypercholesterolemia.

Topics: Acidosis; Amino Acids; Animals; Bicarbonates; Body Weight; Caseins; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Fishes; Gelatin; Glycine max; Hypercholesterolemia; Male; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Compounds; Rabbits