pituitrin and Hypogonadism

Topics: Aging; Animals; Cholinergic Fibers; Dopamine; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hypogonadism; Infertility; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Neurons; Neurosecretory Systems; Rats; Rats, Brattleboro; Vasopressins

Mammalian neural transplantation has recently been recognized to be a valuable technique for studying normal development and regeneration in the central nervous system. In addition, the ability of grafted neurons to reinnervate damaged regions of the host brain and to ameliorate some neuroendocrine deficits, cognitive disorders and motoric dysfunctions in young adult rodents has suggested that transplantation therapy may be effective in treating human neurodegenerative diseases and neurotransmitter deficiencies related to aging. It is of particular interest that initial studies of neuron transplants in aged rodents indicate that cholinergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons all integrate to some extent with the aged brain, and that the product of this graft-host interaction is improved behavioral performance of aged subjects. The present paper critically reviews the present domain of neural transplantation, its application to studies on the properties of the aged mammalian brain and discusses the possible therapeutic use of transplants in ameliorating transmitter-specific abnormalities associated with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Aging; Animals; Brain; Cell Line; Central Nervous System; Cognition Disorders; Fetus; Forecasting; Humans; Hypogonadism; Mammals; Movement Disorders; Neurons; Neurosecretory Systems; Neurosurgery; Neurosurgical Procedures; Peripheral Nerves; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Vasopressins; Vertebrates

Topics: Craniopharyngioma; Endocrine Glands; Feedback; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypothalamus; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Neurosecretion; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormone-Releasing Hormones; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Prolactin; Stimulation, Chemical; Thyroid Diseases; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

We studied plasma vasopressin concentrations during hypertonic saline infusions in 5 men with hypogonadism and 10 normal men to investigate the effect of gonadal steroid on hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal function. All the subjects received the infusion of 5% saline, and plasma vasopressin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Three of the 5 men were patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and the other two were patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. None of them had any symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Although there was no difference between basal plasma osmolality in the patients and the normal subjects (287.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 285.3 +/- 1.8 mmol/kg), the basal level of plasma vasopressin in the patients was lower than that in the normal subjects (0.62 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.36 +/- 0.15 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Hypertonic saline infusion revealed varying degrees of subnormal vasopressin responses in the patients except one patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. The mean vasopressin response to osmotic stimuli (delta plasma vasopressin/delta plasma osmolality) in the 5 patients was lower than in the normal subjects (0.04 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02, P < 0.05). Three patients with IHH and one patient with Klinefelter's syndrome were re-examined after pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) infusion or testosterone enanthate i.m. injection. After the treatment with testosterone or GnRH, the response of plasma vasopressin to hypertonic saline infusion was normalized in three patients who had subnormal vasopressin response before treatment (delta plasma vasopressin/delta plasma osmolality: 0.04 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.01, P < 0.05). These results suggest that testosterone improves the subnormal vasopressin response to osmotic stimuli in men with hypogonadism.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intramuscular; Klinefelter Syndrome; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Testosterone; Vasopressins

A boy presented with ectrodactyly (lobster claw deformity), bilateral cleft lip and palate, semilobar holoprosencephaly and microcephaly, associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and central diabetes insipidus. Other aspects of pituitary function were normal. We suggest that the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome can be associated with a variety of hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunctions, in addition to the already described isolated growth hormone deficiency.

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Deficiency Diseases; Diabetes Insipidus; Ectodermal Dysplasia; Growth Hormone; Hand Deformities, Congenital; Holoprosencephaly; Humans; Hypogonadism; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microcephaly; Radiography; Vasopressins

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), hypothalamic hypogonadism and alopecia universalis occurred in a 31-year-old female with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Despite various clinical investigations and careful observation for 20 months, the cause and pathogenesis of SIADH and hypothalamic hypogonadism were not elucidated. The complex of these disorders had not been described. The presence of IDDM and alopecia universalis, in which an autoimmune process has been assumed to be involved, is interesting in considering the pathogenesis of the SIADH and hypothalamic hypogonadism.

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Alopecia; Clomiphene; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypogonadism; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Insulin; Luteinizing Hormone; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Vasopressins

Seven subjects with Kallmann's syndrome were studied to determine whether they had disturbances of fluid homeostasis. Simultaneous measurements of urine and plasma osmolality (Uosm and Posm, respectively) were made during free access to fluids. The Uosm-Posm relationship was abnormal in five patients on at least one occasion. Patient 2 was frequently overhydrated (Posm less than or equal to 280 mosmol/kg) and patient 5 excreted a dilute urine when his Posm was 290 mosmol/kg. The three subjects (1, 5, and 7) tending to have an increased Psom (greater than or equal to 300 mosmol/kg) were able to concentrate their urine (Uosm greater than 800 mosmol/kg) and denied polyuria and polydipsia. Their elevated Posms could be explained by impairment of thirst, rather than increased excretion of water, because the patients concentrated their urines at normal Posms during fluid deprivation. The osmotic threshold for vasopressin release was decreased (Posm = 270.6 mosmol/kg) in one patient and increased (Posm greater than or equal to 295 mosmol/kg) in two others of the seven patients. The elevated osmotic threshold was not due to chronic hyperosmolality or a generalized defect in vasopressin secretion. In the patient with the highest osmotic threshold (Posm = 296 mosmol/kg) and Posms between 289--301 mosmol/kg during free access to fluid, the osmotic threshold decreased to only 293 mosmol/kg after 6 weeks of adequate hydration and desmopressin acetate. However, in response to hypotension induced by trimethaphan, he increased his plasma vasopressin from 1--26 microU/ml. In conclusion, some patients with Kallmann's syndrome may have osmoreceptor dysfunction and abnormal thirst regulation, indicating more extensive hypothalamic involvement than previously appreciated.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diuresis; Female; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Syndrome; Thirst; Trimethaphan; Vasopressins; Water Deprivation; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Bromocriptine; Clomiphene; Diabetes Insipidus; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hyperpituitarism; Hypogonadism; Hypopituitarism; Infertility, Female; Male; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactin; Thyrotropin; Vasopressins

Topics: Acromegaly; Addison Disease; Adrenalectomy; Blood Glucose; Cushing Syndrome; Diabetes Insipidus; Dwarfism; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Female; Glucagon; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypogonadism; Hypopituitarism; Insulin; Lysine; Male; Pyrogens; Radioimmunoassay; Vasopressins

Topics: Adolescent; Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Deficiency Diseases; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydroxysteroids; Hypogonadism; Intellectual Disability; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Obesity; Pituitary Diseases; Syndrome; Testosterone; Thyrotropin; Vasopressins

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Insufficiency; Arachnoid; Arachnoiditis; Brain Diseases; Carbamazepine; Diabetes Insipidus; Drinking; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypogonadism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Pituitary Diseases; Thirst; Thyroid Hormones; Vasopressins

Topics: Adolescent; Albumins; Body Water; Chronic Disease; Circadian Rhythm; Dehydration; Diabetes Insipidus; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hypernatremia; Hypogonadism; Hypothalamus; Intellectual Disability; Kidney Diseases; Male; Obesity; Polyuria; Renin; Sodium; Thirst; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Estrogens; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypopituitarism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Lysine; Male; Menstruation Disturbances; Obesity; Pituitary Function Tests; Prednisolone; Turner Syndrome; Vasopressins

Topics: Adult; Diabetes Insipidus; Humans; Hypogonadism; Hypopituitarism; Male; Parotid Neoplasms; Sarcoidosis; Vasopressins

Topics: Acromegaly; Adenoma, Chromophobe; Craniopharyngioma; Female; Headache; Humans; Hypogonadism; Insulin; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Metyrapone; Optic Atrophy; Osteoporosis; Pituitary Neoplasms; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Skull Neoplasms; Thyroid Function Tests; Vasopressins; Vision Disorders

Topics: Humans; Hypertension; Hypogonadism; Hypothyroidism; Myxedema; Thyroid Function Tests; Vasopressins

Topics: Adolescent; Bone Development; Child; Cortisone; Dwarfism; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Growth; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypogonadism; Ketones; Metyrapone; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Statistics as Topic; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Vasopressins

Topics: Craniopharyngioma; Diabetes Insipidus; Estrogens; Humans; Hypogonadism; Medroxyprogesterone; North Carolina; Pituitary Neoplasms; Testosterone; Vasopressins