pituitrin and Hyperlipidemias

Cushing's syndrome is a consequence of primary or, more commonly, secondary oversecretion of cortisol. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Cushing's syndrome, and excess risk remains even in effectively treated patients. The cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess are protean and include, inter alia, elevation of blood pressure, truncal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. This review analyses the relationship of cortisol excess, both locally and at tissue level, to these cardiovascular risk factors, and to putative mechanisms for hypertension. Previous studies have examined correlations between cortisol, blood pressure, and other parameters in the general population and in Cushing's syndrome. This review also details changes induced by short-term cortisol administration in normotensive healthy men.

Topics: Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cushing Syndrome; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Male; Obesity; Plasma Volume; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk Factors; Sympathetic Nervous System; Vascular Resistance; Vasodilation; Vasopressins

Topics: Body Water; Diuretics; Extracellular Space; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hyponatremia; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Lithium; Lithium Carbonate; Osmolar Concentration; Sodium; Vasodilator Agents; Vasopressins

Vascular reactivity, heart rate responses to vasoconstrictor and/or vasodilatator agents and catecholamine and arginine vasopressin turnover were studied in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), normolipemic Brown Norway (BN) and spontaneously hyperlipemic Yoshida (YOS) anaesthetized rats at 2, 6 and 18 months of age. In this study, we investigated whether ageing and development could affect cardiovascular reactivity to vasoactive substances and catecholamine and arginine vasopressin turnover. No significant changes in the pressor responses to noradrenaline and to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation were observed nor were there significant alterations in reflex tachycardia and bradycardia. Arginine vasopressin plasma levels also did not change with ageing and development. On the other hand, the hypotensive responses to isoprenaline decreased in old rats, acetylcholine relaxation effect increased with ageing and development in some rat strains (BN and YOS) and catecholamine plasma levels increased with ageing and development. Our results indicate that during ageing and development, vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor and/or vasodilatator agents, as well as amine turnover, may increase, decrease or not change at all depending on the neurotransmission system studied, and on the experimental model and/or animal tested.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Aging; Animals; Arginine; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Pressure; Carotid Artery Diseases; Catecholamines; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Isoproterenol; Norepinephrine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasomotor System; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenal Insufficiency; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hyponatremia; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Syndrome; Vasopressins; Water Intoxication; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Diuretics; Extracellular Space; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypoglycemia; Hyponatremia; Osmolar Concentration; Plasma Volume; Sodium; Vasopressins; Water Intoxication; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; beta-MSH; Cricetinae; Guinea Pigs; Hyperlipidemias; Lipid Metabolism; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones; Metabolism; Pharmacology; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Rabbits; Rats; Research; Vasopressins