pituitrin and Diarrhea

To investigate the role of tolvaptan in regulating aquaporin (AQP)-2 expression and fecal water content in cirrhotic rats with ascites.. Cirrhosis with ascites was induced in rats by repetitive dorsal injection of CCl4 for 14 wk. In total, 84 cirrhotic rats with ascites divided into three groups (vehicle, 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg tolvaptan), and then further divided into five subgroups (days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Blood samples were obtained to measure vasopressin and sodium concentrations. Rats were killed and colonic mucosa was scraped for analysis of protein expression and AQP-2 transcriptional level. The whole layer was fixed for hematoxylin&eosin (HE) staining and feces were collected for determination of fecal water content.. Compared with vehicle, vasopressin decreased significantly in the tolvaptan groups from day 2 to a similar level in each treatment group. AQP-2 showed significant upregulation in cirrhotic rats with ascites compared with an untreated control group (100% ± 22.9% vs 22.2% ± 10.23%, P < 0.01). After administration of tolvaptan, AQP-2 expression began to decrease significantly from day 2 in each treatment group, but no significant difference was finally found between the treatment groups. Fecal water content in the distal colon was increased by 5 mg/kg tolvaptan on day 1 (66.8% ± 9.3% vs 41.4% ± 6.3%, in the vehicle group, P < 0.05). Fecal water content returned to baseline at day 4 at the latest in both treatment groups, and did not correspond to the change in AQP-2 expression. HE staining of the colonic mucosa showed no mucosal damage related to tolvaptan.. Upregulation of AQP-2 in the distal colon is found in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Tolvaptan inhibits its expression and may decrease water reabsorption and induce diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 2; Ascites; Benzazepines; Carbon Tetrachloride; Colon; Diarrhea; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental; Male; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Time Factors; Tolvaptan; Vasopressins; Water

Topics: Aquaporins; Brain Edema; Burns; Diarrhea; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Hypotonic Solutions; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Isotonic Solutions; Kidney; Neurons; Transcription Factors; Vasopressins; Vomiting; Water-Electrolyte Balance

The effects of vasopressin on the gut in a porcine uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock model are described. In eight anaesthetised pigs, a liver laceration was performed; when haemorrhagic shock was decompensated, all animals received 0.4 IU/kg vasopressin, followed by 0.08 IU/kg min over 30 min, which maintained a mean arterial blood pressure >40 mmHg. Subsequent surgical intervention, infusion of whole blood and fluids resulted in a stable cardiocirculatory status. Three hours after stabilisation, all pigs developed non-bloody diarrhoea which converted into normal bowel movements within 24 h. All histological samples retained 7 days after the experiment revealed no histopathological changes. In conclusion, in this small observational study of uncontrolled porcine haemorrhagic shock, a resuscitation strategy that included high dose vasopressin was associated with transient diarrhoea and good long term survival.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Diarrhea; Disease Models, Animal; Intestines; Liver; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Swine; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasopressins

Transient episodes of the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis developped in two severe colchicine poisonings. These are the first cases reported. On patient also developped a reversible periphal neuropathy. The similarity of such accidents with vicristine neuro-toxicity is emphasized.

Topics: Adolescent; Alopecia; Bone Marrow Diseases; Diarrhea; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Female; Humans; Hyponatremia; Psychomotor Disorders; Vasopressins; Water Intoxication; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), originally isolated from hog small intestinal mucosa, has been shown to cause small intestinal secretion. More recently, this peptide has been identified in the plasma and tumors of patients with the so-called "pancreatic cholera" syndrome. In order to explore the possible role of VIP in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, we examined the effects of this peptide and other hormones on the cyclic AMP levels, adenylate cyclase activity, and ion transport in in vitro preparations of ileal mucosa. In rabbit ileal mucosa, VIP (20 mug/ml) caused a prompt fivefold increase in cyclic AMP level, whereas nine other hormones, which have been postulated to cause intestinal secretion, failed to exert such an effect. Pentagastrin and glucagon also failed to increase cyclic AMP levels in canine ileal mucosa. An increase in mucosal cyclic AMP levels was observed at a VIP concentration of 0.1 mug/ml and appeared to be nearly maximal at 2.0 mug/ml. VIP (100 mug/ml) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in a membrane preparation from rabbit ileal mucosa. Secretin (6.0 x 10(-5) M) failed to do so. When added to the serosal side of isolated rabbit ileal mucosa clamped in an Ussing chamber, VIP (2 mug/ml) increased short-circuit current (SCC) and caused net secretion of both Cl and Na. Net Cl secretion exceeded net Na secretion. These effects of VIP on mucosal cyclic AMP metabolism and ion transport are similar to those observed with cholera enterotoxin and certain prostaglandins. VIP was also tested with normal human ileal mucosa. At a concentration of 2 mug/ml it caused a fivefold increase in cyclic AMP level and an increase in SCC of the same magnitude as that caused by 5 mM theophylline. Addition of a second 2-mug/ml dose of VIP and addition of theophylline after VIP produced no further change in SCC. We conclude the VIP stimulates adenylate cyclase and active ion secretion in both rabbit and human ileal mucosa. This may be related to the pathogenesis of diarrhea in patients with the pancreatic cholera syndrome.

Topics: Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Bradykinin; Calcitonin; Carbachol; Cyclic AMP; Diarrhea; Dogs; Glucagon; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Secretions; Male; Pancreatic Diseases; Pentagastrin; Peptides; Rabbits; Serotonin; Theophylline; Vasomotor System; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Beer; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Coma; Diarrhea; Electroencephalography; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Hemiplegia; Humans; Hypokalemia; Hyponatremia; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Sodium; Tremor; Vasopressins; Vomiting; Water Intoxication

Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Vessels; Diarrhea; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Male; Ornithine; Pallor; Postoperative Complications; Skin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Time Factors; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasopressins

Topics: Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Nutrition Disorders; Vasopressins

Water and electrolyte movement in the jejunum of normal subjects and patients with sprue was measured during perfusion with isotonic electrolyte solutions. Normal subjects absorbed water, sodium, and potassium. By contrast, in patients with sprue (seven with adult celiac sprue and one with tropical sprue) who had diarrhea and steatorrhea, these substances were secreted into the intestinal lumen. This indicates that the jejunal mucosa of these patients was in a secretory state with respect to water and electrolytes.A method is presented for detecting abnormalities in the effective pore size in disease states. The method is based on the principle of restrictive diffusion and involves measuring the simultaneous diffusion rates of solutes of different molecular size. Since the method does not depend on measurement of water flow in response to osmotic pressure gradients, it can be used in disease states in which absorption and secretory processes involving water may be abnormal.The ratio of urea to tritiated water diffusion in the jejunum of normal subjects averaged 0.8, compared to 0.2 in patients with sprue. This indicates a marked decrease in the effective pore size of the jejunal mucosa in sprue. This conclusion was strengthened by the finding that erythritol and L-xylose, which are somewhat larger solutes than urea, are essentially non-absorbable in small bowel involved with sprue.

Topics: Adult; Biological Transport; Biopsy; Celiac Disease; Diarrhea; Erythritol; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Isotonic Solutions; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Sodium; Sprue, Tropical; Urea; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Xylose

Topics: Diabetes Insipidus; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant; Kidney Diseases; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance