pituitrin and Central-Nervous-System-Diseases

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are hypothalamic neuropeptides classically associated with their regulatory role in reproduction, water homeostasis, and social behaviors. Interestingly, this role has expanded in recent years and has positioned these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for various neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism, addiction, schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Due to the chemical-physical characteristics of these neuropeptides including short half-life, poor blood-brain barrier penetration, promiscuity for AVP and OT receptors (AVP-R, OT-R), novel ligands have been developed in recent decades. This review summarizes the role of OT and AVP in neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as the findings of different OT-R and AVP-R agonists and antagonists, used both at the preclinical and clinical level. Furthermore, we discuss their possible therapeutic potential for central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Drug Agonism; Drug Antagonism; Humans; Mental Disorders; Oxytocics; Oxytocin; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasopressins

This review article focuses on the neuroprotective effect of drug-induced hypothermia in cerebrovascular diseases and discusses its related side effects.. A systematic literature search was performed using Pubmed and Embase electronic databases for a retrospective analysis.. Experimental studies have shown that drug-induced hypothermia alleviates brain damage and plays a neuroprotective role, thereby reducing mortality and ameliorating neurological deficits. Therefore, drug-induced hypothermia has an important research value and is worth further consideration in the clinical setting. However, drug-induced hypothermia is also associated with side effects, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, suppressed immune function, infection, electrolyte imbalance, glucose metabolism disorders, and skeletal muscle tremor. Existing drugs with cooling effects belong to the following categories: (1) dopamine receptor agonists; (2) cannabis; (3) opioid receptors; (4) vanilloid receptors; (5) vasopressins (potent neurotensin receptor agonists); (6) thyroid drugs; (7) adenosine drugs; and (8) purine drugs.

Topics: Animals; Cannabis; Central Nervous System Diseases; Dopamine Agonists; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Neuroprotective Agents; Receptors, Opioid; Retrospective Studies; TRPV Cation Channels; Vasopressins

Vasopressin (also known as arginine vasopressin [AVP]) is a small cyclic peptide that acts at the V1a, V1b and V2 GPCRs to regulate a wide range of physiological functions, including vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contractility, response to stress, and excretion of water and sodium via the kidney. The potential therapeutic applications of AVP receptor ligands have prompted significant interest in this target within the pharmaceutical research community, and several small-molecule drugs targeting the AVP receptor have reached the market, mainly for cardiovascular indications. The development of AVP receptor modulators for the treatment of CNS indications has proven more challenging, and is the focus of this review. The regulatory role of AVP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suggests potential uses for AVP receptor modulators in various CNS indications, including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several clinical trials of V1a and V1b receptor antagonists in CNS indications have been conducted, but none of these drugs have reached the market. In recent years, the discovery of the key role of AVP in modulating complex social behaviors has provided a unique opportunity to understand the physiological mechanisms of social interactions. Ultimately, the ongoing research in this field may enable the development of treatments to alleviate the social deficits associated with conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. Given the large unmet medical need in these areas, a renewed interest in the field of CNS-penetrant AVP receptors modulators is expected.

Topics: Animals; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Central Nervous System Agents; Central Nervous System Diseases; Drug Design; Humans; Ligands; Molecular Structure; Small Molecule Libraries; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vasopressins

The vasoconstrictor and vasopressor actions of vasopressin have been revealed in recent research through the use of highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays, employment of peptide antagonists, and comparison with an animal model which has hereditary absence of this hormone, the Brattleboro rat. Factors now known to modify the pressor effect of vasopressin are the baroreflexes, local vascular prostaglandin production, and a specific interaction with angiotensin II. In experimental models the volume retaining, but not the vasoconstrictor effect of vasopressin is necessary for mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension. Vasopressin contributes directly to the increase in arterial pressure of glycerol induced acute renal failure. In nephrectomized rats, plasma vasopressin is elevated and contributes directly to maintenance of pressure. Vasopressin antagonism may reduce arterial pressure in Goldblatt 1 and 2 kidney hypertension and in one genetic model, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), but the peptide is not necessary for hypertension in these models. Plasma vasopressin is reduced in primary aldosteronism, but may be elevated in malignant hypertension. In essential hypertension, there is considerable disagreement among various studies in which plasma vasopressin, urine vasopressin excretion, platelet associated vasopressin, or vasopressin-neurophysin were measured as to whether there is evidence for increased secretion of vasopressin. Only preliminary studies of vasopressin antagonism in clinical hypertension have been reported. At present, there is no conclusive evidence that elevated vasopressin secretion occurs or is necessary for any form of clinical hypertension.

Topics: Acute Disease; Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Desoxycorticosterone; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Malignant; Hypertension, Renal; Hypertension, Renovascular; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Rats; Rats, Brattleboro; Rats, Inbred SHR; Vasopressins

Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Appetite; Biological Evolution; Blood Pressure; Body Temperature Regulation; Brain; Carboxypeptidases; Cell Count; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chromaffin Granules; Dissection; Electrophysiology; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Learning; Memory; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Pain; Peptides; Psychotic Disorders; Radioimmunoassay; Receptors, Cell Surface; Stereotaxic Techniques; Tissue Distribution; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Neoplasms; Nephrons; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance

Topics: Achilles Tendon; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Autonomic Nervous System; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cranial Nerves; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymphoma; Motor Activity; Nervous System; Nervous System Diseases; Neurologic Manifestations; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Paresthesia; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Procarbazine; Reflex, Stretch; Seizures; Vasopressins; Vinblastine; Vincristine

Topics: Carcinoma, Small Cell; Central Nervous System Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyponatremia; Kidney; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Osmolar Concentration; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes; Syndrome; Vasopressins; Water Intoxication; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypothalamus; Vasopressins; Water Intoxication

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood; Body Fluids; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Female; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Pituitary Gland; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Edema; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypopituitarism; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Sodium; Vasopressins

Topics: Acromegaly; Addison Disease; Adult; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Insipidus; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Kidney; Lung Diseases; Male; Neoplasms; Pituitary Diseases; Thyroid Diseases; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Lung Diseases; Neoplasms; Vasopressins

Topics: Alcohols; Body Water; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Diabetes Insipidus; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic; Diuresis; Edema; Ethanol; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Homeostasis; Humans; Hyponatremia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Diseases; Nicotine; Physiology; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Potassium Deficiency; Prednisone; Pyloric Stenosis; Vasopressins; Water

Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; Acromegaly; Adenoma, Chromophobe; Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Craniocerebral Trauma; Diabetes Insipidus; Female; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Intracranial Pressure; Male; Metyrapone; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Function Tests; Pituitary Neoplasms; Pseudotumor Cerebri; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Prognosis; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Heart Arrest, Induced; Male; Oxytocin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sex Factors; Vasopressins; Vasotocin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hyponatremia; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Infant; Kallikreins; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Uric Acid; Vasopressins

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement was reviewed in 99 patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Fifteen episodes of CNS involvement developed in ten of 99 patients (10.1%); nine had leptomeningeal involvement, whereas two developed intracerebral invasion, one developed cord involvement, and one developed both. CNS involvement was more frequent in the lymphoma type than in the other types of ATLL. Nuchal rigidity was not common (33%) and a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) occurred in association with CNS involvement (40%). Three episodes of marked hypoglycorrhachia also were noticed. The systemic progression of ATLL was the most common setting of CNS involvement (80%) and the major cause of death (80%). As for the acute and lymphoma types of ATLL, no significant difference was observed in survival between patients with and those without CNS involvement. These results indicate that CNS involvement is not an essential prognostic factor of ATLL and that it should be treated with systemic chemotherapy coupled with intrathecal chemotherapy. The control of systemic ATLL is important for the prophylaxis of CNS involvement.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Female; Humans; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prognosis; Vasopressins

Vasopressin (ADH) was measured in CSF and plasma in 75 evaluable patients with known or suspected CNS metastases from small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma (SCBC), and in 66 control patients having neither malignant disease nor organic CNS disease. The presence of CNS metastases was confirmed or excluded on the basis of computed tomographic scans, neurologic examination, and autopsy. Twenty-four of the 75 patients had no CNS metastases. Ten of the 51 patients with CNS metastases had leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (MC). CSF-ADH was significantly increased in patients with MC (P less than .05), but not in patients having exclusively parenchymatous CNS metastases. Taking 2 pg/mL (95th percentile of control patients) as the upper limit of normal, 15 SCBC patients had elevated CSF-ADH, including 12 patients with CNS metastases and six patients with MC. The CSF-ADH to plasma ADH ratio was significantly increased in patients with CNS metastases (P less than .05). Patients without CNS metastases had a ratio less than or equal to 0.8 whereas the ratio was greater than 0.8, in 21 of the 51 patients with CNS metastases. The positive and negative predictive values with 95% confidence limits were 84% to 100% and 31% to 59%, respectively. Patients with inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH) constituted a significantly greater proportion of patients with elevated CSF-ADH than of patients with normal CSF-ADH levels (P less than .05). In addition, patients with SIADH constituted a significantly greater proportion of patients with MC than of patients with parenchymatous metastases (P less than .05). The diagnostic application of these findings is limited because of the large number of false-negative results, but it may prove to be of value in conjunction with the measurement of other tumor markers.

Topics: Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Inappropriate ADH Syndrome; Intracranial Pressure; Lung Neoplasms; Meningeal Neoplasms; Neoplasm Metastasis; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Antacids; Burns; Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Stomach Ulcer; Stress, Physiological; Vasopressins; Wounds and Injuries

A patient with Shy-Drager syndrome exhibited a partial defect in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release, and cluster breathing, an indication of pontomedullary respiratory center damage, with a normal CO2 response curve. This extends the spectrum of abnormalities associated with the degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The presence of a pontomedullary respiratory pattern without an impaired CO2 response curve suggests that neurons that determine respiratory rhythm function independently from those that function as chemoreceptors.

Topics: Apnea; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Central Nervous System Diseases; Gliosis; Humans; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Middle Aged; Olivary Nucleus; Pons; Respiration; Reticular Formation; Sleep; Syndrome; Vasopressins; Wakefulness

Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Central Nervous System Diseases; Dehydration; Diabetes Insipidus; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Vasopressins

Topics: Aged; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chlorpropamide; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hyponatremia; Natriuresis; Osmolar Concentration; Syndrome; Time Factors; Urination Disorders; Vasopressins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Diuretics; Dogs; Electroencephalography; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hyponatremia; Hypothyroidism; Iatrogenic Disease; Kidney; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Neurologic Manifestations; Polyradiculopathy; Rats; Vasopressins

Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Carbamazepine; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chlorpropamide; Clofibrate; Diabetes Insipidus; Dibenzazepines; Drug Synergism; Humans; Propionates; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Posture; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Bronchial Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Central Nervous System Diseases; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyponatremia; Male; Middle Aged; Vasopressins

Topics: Aged; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Central Nervous System Diseases; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyponatremia; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Hyponatremia; Kidney Tubules; Lung Diseases; Neoplasms; Osmolar Concentration; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aldosterone; Angiotensin II; Biological Assay; Brain Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms; Central Nervous System Diseases; Child; Edema; Endocrine System Diseases; Glioblastoma; Humans; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Pituitary Diseases; Renin; Sodium Chloride; Vasopressins

Topics: Adult; Central Nervous System Diseases; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyponatremia; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neurologic Manifestations; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Hyponatremia; Lung Diseases; Male; Neoplasms; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Blindness; Breast Neoplasms; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Insipidus; Fistula; Follow-Up Studies; Gold Isotopes; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Meningitis; Pituitary Irradiation; Sella Turcica; Vasopressins

Topics: Amino Acids; Carbohydrates; Central Nervous System Diseases; Cysteine; Cystine; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Neuroglia; Proteins; Tyrosine; Vasopressins

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Insipidus; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Kidney Function Tests; Metabolism; Potassium Deficiency; Sodium; Urine; Vasopressins; Water