pituitrin and Carotid-Artery-Diseases

Vasopressin (VP) is a key factor in the development of brain injury in ischemic stroke. However, the regulation of VP secretion in basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains unclear. To clarify the regulation of VP secretion in BAO and the underlying mechanisms, we performed this study in a rat model of BAO with (BC) or without common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO). The results showed that BAO and BC time-dependently increased neurological scores and that BC also increased water contents in the medulla at 2 h and in the pontine at 8 h. Moreover, plasma VP level increased significantly at BAO-8 h, CCAO and BC-2 h but not at BC-8 h; however, VP expressions increased in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) at BC-8 h. The neurological scores were highly correlated with pontine water contents and plasma VP levels. The number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2-positive VP neurons increased significantly in the SON at BC-8 h. Similarly, the number of c-Fos-positive VP neurons increased significantly in the SON at BAO-8 h and BC-8 h. In addition, the length of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments increased significantly in BC compared to BAO only. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) puncta around VP neurons increased significantly at BC-8 h relative to BC-2 h, which had negative correlation with plasma VP levels. These findings indicate that BAO facilitates VP secretion and increases VP neuronal activity in the SON. The peripheral VP release is possibly under a negative feedback regulation of central VP neuronal activity through increasing GFAP and AQP4 expression in astrocytic processes.

Topics: Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Astrocytes; Basilar Artery; Brain; Carotid Artery Diseases; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vasopressins

Vasopressin (0.8-1.0 IU), diluted with saline (10 IU vasopressin per 100 ml saline), was selectively injected into the external carotid artery (ECA) to control massive hemorrhage caused by inaccessible serious craniofacial injuries in two patients. This method produced remarkable angiographic vasoconstriction at the involved ECA branches and resulted in immediate hemostasis. Intra-arterial vasopressin injection is a useful option for the treatment of intractable traumatic hemorrhage from inaccessible ECA branches.

Topics: Adult; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Artery, External; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic; Facial Injuries; Female; Hemostatics; Humans; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Occipital Bone; Skull Fractures; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Vasopressins

Vascular reactivity, heart rate responses to vasoconstrictor and/or vasodilatator agents and catecholamine and arginine vasopressin turnover were studied in normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), normolipemic Brown Norway (BN) and spontaneously hyperlipemic Yoshida (YOS) anaesthetized rats at 2, 6 and 18 months of age. In this study, we investigated whether ageing and development could affect cardiovascular reactivity to vasoactive substances and catecholamine and arginine vasopressin turnover. No significant changes in the pressor responses to noradrenaline and to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation were observed nor were there significant alterations in reflex tachycardia and bradycardia. Arginine vasopressin plasma levels also did not change with ageing and development. On the other hand, the hypotensive responses to isoprenaline decreased in old rats, acetylcholine relaxation effect increased with ageing and development in some rat strains (BN and YOS) and catecholamine plasma levels increased with ageing and development. Our results indicate that during ageing and development, vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor and/or vasodilatator agents, as well as amine turnover, may increase, decrease or not change at all depending on the neurotransmission system studied, and on the experimental model and/or animal tested.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Aging; Animals; Arginine; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Pressure; Carotid Artery Diseases; Catecholamines; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Isoproterenol; Norepinephrine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasomotor System; Vasopressins

Carotid occlusion evoked a pressor response in rats after transection of the spinal cord. Intraventricular pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine inhibited the pressor response. The pressor response to occlusion was also diminished by the intraventricular but not by the intravenous injection of guanethidine. Intravenous atropine or mecamylamine, or intraventricular captopril did not affect the pressor response. Thus, it appears that central catecholaminergic mechanisms are involved in the mediation of the pressor response to carotid occlusion.

Topics: Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Pressure; Brain; Carotid Artery Diseases; Catecholamines; Guanethidine; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vasopressins

The purpose of this study was to test the role of carotid arterial mechanoreceptors in the control of vasopressin secretion in conscious 6- to 7-wk-old lambs. Bilateral carotid occlusion decreased lingual arterial pressure and stimulated reflex increases in heart rate and femoral arterial blood pressure but did not significantly alter plasma concentrations of vasopressin. Acute vagosympathetic blockade, produced by injection of 2% lidocaine onto the vagosympathetic trunks, did not significantly alter heart rate or blood pressure but did stimulate a slow increase in plasma vasopressin concentration, suggesting that afferent vagal fibers tonically inhibit vasopressin secretion. Bilateral carotid occlusion after vagosympathetic blockade stimulated a brisk increase in plasma vasopressin that was larger than the response to vagosympathetic blockade alone. These results suggest that vasopressin secretion in lambs is partially controlled by arterial mechanoreceptors in the carotid sinus and by extracarotid receptors with vagosympathetic afferent fibers.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Constriction, Pathologic; Heart Rate; Lidocaine; Sheep; Vasopressins

1 In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium or chloralose, the amino acids, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, were applied to the ventral surface of the brain through paired Perspex rings placed across the medulla. 2 Applied to a region situated at the transition between medulla and cord, both amino acids greatly attenuated and even abolished the vasopressin release in response to carotid occlusion. Glycine was about 100 times more potent than GABA and effective in a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. The pressor response to carotid occlusion was not affected. 3 Applied to a region situated 5 to 6 mm more rostrally, the amino acids did not affect vasopressin release but in strong concentrations, greatly attenuated the pressor response to carotid occlusion. 4 The two responses to carotid occlusion, vasopressin release and the pressor response, can thus be influenced independently. 5 It is concluded that the pathways carrying afferent impulses from the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus reach the ventral surface of the brain stem at two regions. At both, synaptic transmission can be blocked by the application of an inhibitory amino acid and thus prevent either the release of vasopressin at the caudal site, or the increase of vasomotor tone at the rostral site.

Topics: Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Pressure; Brain Stem; Carotid Artery Diseases; Cats; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glycine; Male; Synaptic Transmission; Vasopressins

Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Catheterization; Depression, Chemical; Dogs; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Hemodynamics; Infusions, Parenteral; Ligation; Lysine; Nitroglycerin; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Stimulation, Chemical; Transducers; Vagotomy; Vasopressins

Topics: Brain Edema; Carotid Artery Diseases; Cerebral Arterial Diseases; Circle of Willis; Dexamethasone; Diabetes Insipidus; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Postoperative Complications; Potassium; Sodium; Thirst; Trimethaphan; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Alcohols; Arginine Vasopressin; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Cats; Diencephalon; Ethanol; Natriuresis; Peptides; Pharmacology; Physiology; Research; Vasopressins

Topics: Carotid Artery Diseases; Humans; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Carotid Artery Diseases; Dogs; Reflex; Vagotomy; Vasopressins