pituitrin and Arteriosclerosis

Orthostatic hypertension-a condition characterized by a hyperactive pressor response to orthostatic stress-is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with hypertensive target-organ damage (resulting in silent cerebrovascular disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid atherosclerosis and/or chronic kidney disease) and cardiovascular events (such as coronary artery disease and lacunar stroke). The condition is also considered to be a form of prehypertension as it precedes hypertension in young, normotensive adults. Orthostatic blood pressure changes can be assessed using orthostatic stress tests, including clinic active standing tests, home blood pressure monitoring and the head-up tilting test. Devices for home and for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring that are equipped with position sensors and do not induce a white-coat effect have increased the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of out-of-clinic orthostatic hypertension. Potential major mechanisms of orthostatic hypertension are sympathetic hyperactivity (as a result of hypersensitivity of the cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptor reflex) and α-adrenergic hyperactivation. Orthostatic hypertension is also associated with morning blood pressure surge and extreme nocturnal blood pressure dipping, both of which increase the pulsatile haemodynamic stress of central arterial pressure and blood flow in patients with systemic haemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome.

Topics: Age Factors; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Blood Volume; Brain Infarction; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypertriglyceridemia; Hypotension, Orthostatic; Posture; Prehypertension; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors; Sympathetic Nervous System; Thrombosis; Tilt-Table Test; Vasopressins; Ventricular Remodeling

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Catecholamines; Chronic Disease; Endothelium, Vascular; Heart Diseases; Humans; Inflammation; Kidney Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk Factors; Vasopressins

Blood pressure is maintained for preventing from the progression of damage of central nervous system. Endocrine system plays important roles in the prevention from the damage through the functional deviation. Hypertension is one of the results of the endocrinological deviation. Although the hypertension induced by the endocrinological deviation is a risk for the progression of metabolic syndrome, it is important in the maintaining activity of central nervous system.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Arteriosclerosis; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Blood Volume; Cardiac Output; Central Nervous System; Endocrine System; Glucocorticoids; Growth Substances; Humans; Hypertension; Metabolic Syndrome; Parathyroid Hormone; PPAR gamma; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk; Vascular Resistance; Vasopressins

Resistance of large arteries appears to be greater in the cerebral circulation than in other vascular beds. Large arteries contribute importantly to total cerebral vascular resistance and are major determinants of local microvascular pressure. Recent studies have shown that resistance of large arteries and cerebral microvascular pressure are affected by several physiological stimuli, including changes in systemic blood pressure, increases in cerebral metabolism, activity of sympathetic nerves, and humoral stimuli such as circulating vasopressin and angiotensin. Stimuli such as sympathetic stimulation and vasopressin produce selective responses of large arteries and, thereby, regulate microvascular pressure without a significant change in cerebral blood flow. These findings lead to the new hypothesis that the brain may be sensitive to changes in cerebral microvascular pressure, resulting in activation of compensatory neurohumoral mechanisms. Important changes occur in large cerebral arteries under pathophysiological conditions. Chronic hypertension increases resistance of large cerebral arteries, which protects the microcirculation against hypertension. Atherosclerosis potentiates constrictor responses of large cerebral arteries to serotonin and thromboxane, which may contribute to vasospasm and transient ischemic attacks.

Topics: Angiotensin II; Arterioles; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Brain; Cerebral Arteries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Humans; Hypertension; Ischemic Attack, Transient; Microcirculation; Sympathetic Nervous System; Thromboxanes; Vascular Resistance; Vasopressins

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Aldosterone; Angiotensins; Arteriosclerosis; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Catecholamines; Chromosome Aberrations; Essential Hypertension; Hypertension; Metabolism; Nephrectomy; Obesity; Sodium; Thyroid Gland; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Angiotensins; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Body Temperature Regulation; Endothelins; Energy Metabolism; Epinephrine; Hemostasis; Humans; Nitric Oxide; Prostaglandins; Ultrasonography; Vascular Diseases; Vasopressins

The dynamic of natural antibodies against angiotensin II, bradykinin and vasopressin in blood serum was studied in 75 patients with hypertension and obesity. Universal normalizing effect of the diet consists in decrease of levels of natural antibodies was found.

Topics: Adult; Angiotensin II; Arteriosclerosis; Bradykinin; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Vasopressins

Topics: Adsorption; Arteriosclerosis; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Biocompatible Materials; Blood Component Removal; Cellulose; Complement System Proteins; Dextran Sulfate; Humans; Lipoproteins, LDL; Vasopressins

The intrinsic sensitivity, i.s., as the quotient of the maximum of the cumulative dose-response curve of an agonist in a pathologically or otherwise changed target object to the maximum of the cumulative dose-response curve of the agonists in the normal target object, has been used to characterize the reaction ability for vasoconstriction of the blood vessel system of the isolated perfused hind legs of arteriosclerotic rats (pretreatment with vitamin D2) on the injection of noradrenaline (NA), 8-lysine-vasopressin (LVP), and a vasopressin preparation with an admixture of oxytocin (VA), respectively. I.s. was found to be 0.80 to NA, 0.32 to LVP, but 1.27 to VA. That means that reaction ability for vasoconstriction of the blood vessel system of vitamin D2-pretreated arteriosclerotic rats is decreased for certain agonists but is increased for others. pD2 value of NA was found to be 4.69 in normal rats and 4.85 in vitamin D2-pretreated rats. The respective data were 5.80 and 6.32 for LVP and 3.58 and 3.88 for VA. Comparing EAm in normal rats, the relation of NA, LVP, VA, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and angiotensin II was about 1 : 1 : 06 : 0.25 : 0.15.

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hindlimb; Lypressin; Norepinephrine; Rats; Regional Blood Flow; Vasopressins

The vascular response of isolated perfused hind legs from normal and arteriosclerotic rats to noradrenaline, ATP, PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was determined. The increase of perfusion pressure to noradrenaline and ATP was reduced and that to PGF2 alpha and vasopressin was enhanced in arteriosclerotic rats in comparison to normal animals. The results indicate that the reactivity of the vascular smooth muscle of isolated hind legs of arterioslerotic rats is not only quantitatively but also qualitatively different in comparison with normal rats.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Ergocalciferols; Hemodynamics; Hindlimb; Norepinephrine; Prostaglandins F; Rats; Regional Blood Flow; Vasopressins

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Angiography; Arteriosclerosis; Celiac Artery; Crohn Disease; Duodenal Ulcer; Epinephrine; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Humans; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Male; Mallory-Weiss Syndrome; Mesenteric Arteries; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Propranolol; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Dietary Fats; Rabbits; Reserpine; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Coronary Vessels; Epinephrine; Ethanol; Exercise Test; Hypoxia; Isoproterenol; Male; Norepinephrine; Rabbits; Vasopressins

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Calcium; Cholesterol; Diet; Female; Lipids; Male; Rabbits; Reserpine; Vasopressins

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Ballistocardiography; Blood Pressure; Digoxin; Heart; Pentobarbital; Rabbits; Vasopressins; Venae Cavae

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aldosterone; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Blood Volume; Cardiac Output; Chronic Disease; Digitalis Glycosides; Diuretics; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Diseases; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Regional Blood Flow; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Vasopressins

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Diabetes Insipidus; Diuresis; Glucose; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia; Injections, Intravenous; Isotonic Solutions; Mannitol; Myocarditis; Osmosis; Potassium; Urine; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Cholesterol; Choline; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Disease; Epinephrine; Methionine; Pharmacology; Poultry; Rabbits; Research; Vasodilator Agents; Vasopressins

Topics: Angiotensins; Arteriosclerosis; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Skin Tests; Vasopressins

Topics: Adult; Arteriosclerosis; Ductus Arteriosus; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lung Diseases; Pathology; Pharmacology; Pulmonary Circulation; Rabbits; Research; Vasopressins