pitolisant and Idiopathic-Hypersomnia

Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness despite normal or prolonged sleep. IH is distinguished from narcolepsy by the female predominance, severe morning inertia, continuous drowsiness (rather than sleep attacks), unrefreshing naps, absence of cataplexy, sleep onset in REM periods, and hypocretin deficiency. In IH, the multiple sleep latency test demonstrates low sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, compared with prolonged sleep monitoring. In some IH cases, an endogenous hypnotic peptide stimulating GABA receptors during wakefulness is suspected, which are improved by anti-GABA drugs. The benefits of modafinil, sodium oxybate, mazindol, and pitolisant were found in mostly retrospective studies.

Topics: Central Nervous System Stimulants; Clarithromycin; Flumazenil; GABA Modulators; Humans; Idiopathic Hypersomnia; Mazindol; Modafinil; Orexins; Piperidines; Polysomnography; Precision Medicine; Sleep; Sodium Oxybate; Wakefulness; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents

To evaluate the benefits and risks of pitolisant (a wake-enhancing drug that increases the histamine release in the brain by blocking presynaptic H3 histamine reuptake) in patients with idiopathic (IH) and symptomatic (SH) hypersomnia plus sleepiness refractory to available stimulants (modafinil, methylphenidate, mazindol, sodium oxybate, and d-amphetamine).. Through retrospective analyses of patient files, the benefit (the score from the Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS], authorization renewal) and tolerance (side-effects) of pitolisant were assessed.. A total of 78 patients with IH (n=65%, 78% women) and SH (n=13%, 54% women) received pitolisant 5-50 mg once per day over the course of five days to 37 months. The median (interquartile range) ESS scores of patients with IH decreased from 17 (15.5-18.5) to 14 (12-17). There were 36% responders (ESS fall of > or =3). The improvement in ESS score (-1.9±2.6) was different from 0 in IH without long sleep time (P<0.002) and in IH with a long sleep time (P<0.0001), but not in SH. Forty-four (63%) patients with IH and 12 (77%) patients with SH stopped pitolisant, mostly due to a lack of efficacy. Side-effects included gastrointestinal pain (15.4%), increased appetite and weight gain (14.1%), headache (12.8%), insomnia (11.5%), and anxiety (9%), as well as exceptional reports of depression and persistent genital arousal.. Pitolisant had a long-term favorable benefit/risk ratio in 23-38% of drug-resistant patients with IH and SH, suggesting that histamine neurons can be stimulated in severe idiopathic and symptomatic hypersomnia.

Topics: Adult; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Female; Histamine Agonists; Humans; Idiopathic Hypersomnia; Male; Middle Aged; Piperidines; Polysomnography; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome