pilocarpine and Head and Neck Neoplasms studies

Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
(+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.

Head and Neck Neoplasms: Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Submandibular SGT procedure is superior to pilocarpine in management of radiation-induced xerostomia."	9.14	Phase III randomized study: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer protocol for the management of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Barnaby, P; Black, M; Butler, J; Ghosh, S; Harris, J; Hier, M; Jha, N; Kerr, P; Seikaly, H; Sultanem, K; Sutherland, D; Williams, D, 2009)
"Thirty-three radiation-induced xerostomia patients were enrolled in a single-blind method to receive placebo 1-tablet three times daily in the first month and then oral pilocarpine (5 mg) 1-tablet three times daily for the next three months."	9.13	Effect of oral pilocarpine on post-irradiation xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a single-center, single-blind clinical trial. ( Chitapanarux, I; Kamnerdsupaphon, P; Lorvidhaya, V; Pattarasakulchai, T; Pukanhaphan, N; Sittitrai, P; Sukthomya, V; Sumitsawan, Y; Tharavichitkul, E; Traisatit, P, 2008)
"The aim of this study was to quantify improvement in clinical symptoms and salivary function after treatment of post-radiation xerostomia with pilocarpine lozenges."	9.12	Efficacy of pilocarpine lozenge for post-radiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. ( Aromdee, C; Khunkitti, W; Laopaiboon, M; Pesee, M; Taweechaisupapong, S, 2006)
"Compared to placebo, pilocarpine used with radiotherapy could lead to a significant diminishment of subsequent radiation-induced xerostomia."	9.10	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant pilocarpine with head and neck irradiation for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Haddad, P; Karimi, M, 2002)
"Pilocarpine hydrochloride administered during head and neck irradiation was evaluated for its ability to relieve xerostomia and its adverse effects."	9.09	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine administered during head and neck irradiation to reduce xerostomia. ( Phungrassami, T; Sangthawan, D; Watthanaarpornchai, S, 2001)
"Eighteen patients with xerostomia refractory to pilocarpine therapy after XRT for head and neck malignancy were offered acupuncture as palliation."	9.09	Acupuncture for pilocarpine-resistant xerostomia following radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. ( Inouye, WS; Johnstone, PA; May, BC; Niemtzow, RC; Peng, YP, 2001)
" The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the sialogogue pilocarpine given during radiation therapy may reduce the severity of xerostomia and salivary dysfunction."	9.09	Pilocarpine in the prevention of postirradiation xerostomia. ( Borcić, V; Krajina, Z; Krpan, D; Lajtman, Z; Popović-Kovacić, J; Vincelj, J, 2000)
"No difference was found according to dose/volume radiotherapy parameters suggesting that oral pilocarpine hydrochloride: (1) acts primarily by stimulating minor salivary glands: (2) can be of benefit to patients suffering of severe xerostomia regardless of radiotherapy dose/volume parameters: (3) all responders are identified at 12 weeks."	9.09	Post-radiation severe xerostomia relieved by pilocarpine: a prospective French cooperative study. ( Alfonsi, M; Ardiet, JM; Baillet, F; Bensadoun, RJ; Bolla, M; Bourdin, S; Calais, G; Coche-Dequéant, B; Coscas, Y; Desprez, P; Horiot, JC; Lapeyre, M; Lipinski, F; Maral, J; Maulard-Durdux, C; Montbarbon, X; Pene, F; Schraub, S; Urbajtel, M; Vinke, J; Wibault, M, 2000)
"It is concluded that in these studies pilocarpine produced clinically significant benefits with acceptable side effects and risks for the treatment of symptomatic postradiation xerostomia."	9.08	Oral pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia: integrated efficacy and safety results from two prospective randomized clinical trials. ( Gallagher, SC; Hafermann, MD; Iwamoto, R; Johnson, JT; LeVeque, FG; Muscoplat, C; Rieke, JW; Steiger, BW, 1995)
"To retrospectively compare subjective postirradiation xerostomia scores of patients who received concomitant oral pilocarpine during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and 3 months thereafter with those of similar cohorts who did not receive pilocarpine."	9.08	Concomitant pilocarpine during head and neck irradiation is associated with decreased posttreatment xerostomia. ( Juillard, GF; Mark, RJ; Tran, LM; Zimmerman, RP, 1997)
"Two hundred sixty-five patients with head and neck cancer who had previously participated in either a fixed-dose, dose-titration, or dose-ranging trial of oral pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets were enrolled in a 36-month multicenter maintenance study to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia."	9.08	A multicenter maintenance study of oral pilocarpine tablets for radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Jacobs, CD; van der Pas, M, 1996)
"Pilocarpine hydrochloride suspended in a candy-like pastille was evaluated as a topical treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients."	9.08	Determination of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma. ( Altman, JS; Buerki, RA; Elzinga, DJ; Gahbauer, RA; Hall, J; Hamlar, DD; Martin, MR; Schuller, DE; Staubus, AE, 1996)
" This study evaluated whether the sialogogue pilocarpine given during radiation therapy may reduce the severity of xerostomia and salivary dysfunction."	9.07	Use of pilocarpine during head and neck radiation therapy to reduce xerostomia and salivary dysfunction. ( Atkinson, JC; Fox, PC; Macynski, AA; Valdez, IH; Wolff, A, 1993)
"It is concluded that pilocarpine produces clinically significant benefits for the symptomatic treatment of postradiation xerostomia."	9.07	A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. ( Gallagher, SC; LeVeque, FG; Montgomery, M; Muscoplat, CC; Potter, D; Rieke, JW; Steiger, BW; Zimmer, MB, 1993)
"We evaluated pilocarpine hydrochloride for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia, a common complication of irradiation of the head and neck."	9.07	Oral pilocarpine for post-irradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. ( Ferretti, GA; Fox, PC; Gallagher, SC; Johnson, JT; Muscoplat, CC; Nethery, WJ; Ng, D; Valdez, IH, 1993)
"Pilocarpine and placebo tablets were administered for 90 day periods in a double-blind, sequential crossover trial to 12 patients with postradiation xerostomia."	9.06	Effectiveness of pilocarpine in postradiation xerostomia. ( Daniels, TE; Greenspan, D, 1987)
"On the basis of the best available evidence, the results of this meta-analysis provide evidence that pilocarpine offers statistically significant clinical benefits for the symptomatic treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer."	8.93	Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cheng, CQ; Li, J; Liu, L; Liu, YT; Wang, RN; Xu, H; Zhou, XK, 2016)
"To evaluate the efficacy of concomitant administration of pilocarpine on radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancers."	8.93	Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Hakim, SG; Liao, GQ; Ouyang, DQ; Ringash, J; Su, YX; Yang, WF, 2016)
"This review discusses the randomized trials available on the efficacy and tolerability of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of xerostomia."	8.84	Systemic pilocarpine for treatment of xerostomia. ( Berk, L, 2008)
"Oral pilocarpine is likely to benefit patients with SS by reducing the symptoms of xerostomia, even if the salivary gland secretion rate does not increase."	8.80	The use of oral pilocarpine in xerostomia and Sjögren's syndrome. ( Nusair, S; Rubinow, A, 1999)
"This article examines the use of pilocarpine hydrochloride for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer."	8.80	Pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer. ( Hawthorne, M; Sullivan, K, 2000)
"This study was undertaken to determine whether standard salivary gland scintigraphy may be used for the objective assessment of salivary gland sialogogues, in particular oral pilocarpine, in the treatment of post-radiotherapy xerostomia."	7.70	Does salivary gland scintigraphy predict response to pilocarpine in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia? ( Allan, E; Collins, CD; Cooper, RA; Cowan, RA; Gupta, NK; Hillel, PG; Jeans, SP; Owens, SE; Roberts, JK; Slevin, NJ, 1999)
"Twenty-four patients with radiation-related xerostomia were treated with oral pilocarpine solution 6 mg t."	7.68	Pilocarpine and carbacholine in treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Boström, P; Joensuu, H; Makkonen, T, 1993)
"Patients with cancer of the head and neck who were 3 to 24 months from completing radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (RT ± C) and who were experiencing xerostomia symptoms with basal whole saliva production ≥0."	6.77	Phase 2 results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 0537: a phase 2/3 study comparing acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus pilocarpine in treating early radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Berk, L; Cardinale, F; James, JL; Lukaszczyk, B; Nguyen-Tân, PF; Sagar, S; Singh, AK; Wong, RK; Wyatt, G; Yeh, AM, 2012)
"Xerostomia has a devastating impact on oral function and quality of life in patients who receive radiation treatment for head and neck cancer."	6.77	Functional outcomes related to the prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer. ( Harris, J; Jha, N; Lam Tang, JA; Rieger, JM; Seikaly, H, 2012)
"Oral pilocarpine (PCP) to treat xerostomia produces systemic side effects, such as runny nose and lacrimation."	5.72	Topical Xerostomia Treatment with Hyaluronate Sheets Containing Pilocarpine. ( Furubayashi, T; Nakano, H; Okae, A; Sakane, T; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, A; Ueno, T; Yoneto, C; Yoneto, K, 2022)
" pilocarpine caused a high incidence of unacceptable adverse effects."	5.35	Oral pilocarpine (5mg t.i.d.) used for xerostomia causes adverse effects in Japanese. ( Asakage, T; Ebihara, Y; Igaki, H; Nakagawa, K; Nakamura, N; Nakao, K; Ohtomo, K; Sasano, N; Shiraishi, K; Terahara, A; Yamashita, H, 2009)
"There is controversy concerning the effect of pilocarpine in the reversal of radio-induced xerostomia; however, the tests are usually performed at the end of radiotherapy."	5.19	Evaluation of radioprotective effect of pilocarpine ingestion on salivary glands. ( Araújo, M; DA Costa, LJ; Filho, MM; Gomes, DQ; Pimentel, MJ, 2014)
"Submandibular SGT procedure is superior to pilocarpine in management of radiation-induced xerostomia."	5.14	Phase III randomized study: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer protocol for the management of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Barnaby, P; Black, M; Butler, J; Ghosh, S; Harris, J; Hier, M; Jha, N; Kerr, P; Seikaly, H; Sultanem, K; Sutherland, D; Williams, D, 2009)
"To investigate the effect of concomitant administration of pilocarpine during radiotherapy for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) on postradiotherapy xerostomia."	5.13	Protection of salivary function by concomitant pilocarpine during radiotherapy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. ( Burlage, FR; Coppes, RP; Kampinga, HH; Langendijk, JA; Roesink, JM; Stokman, MA; Terhaard, C; van Luijk, P; Vissink, A, 2008)
"Thirty-three radiation-induced xerostomia patients were enrolled in a single-blind method to receive placebo 1-tablet three times daily in the first month and then oral pilocarpine (5 mg) 1-tablet three times daily for the next three months."	5.13	Effect of oral pilocarpine on post-irradiation xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a single-center, single-blind clinical trial. ( Chitapanarux, I; Kamnerdsupaphon, P; Lorvidhaya, V; Pattarasakulchai, T; Pukanhaphan, N; Sittitrai, P; Sukthomya, V; Sumitsawan, Y; Tharavichitkul, E; Traisatit, P, 2008)
"The aim of this study was to quantify improvement in clinical symptoms and salivary function after treatment of post-radiation xerostomia with pilocarpine lozenges."	5.12	Efficacy of pilocarpine lozenge for post-radiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. ( Aromdee, C; Khunkitti, W; Laopaiboon, M; Pesee, M; Taweechaisupapong, S, 2006)
"The efficacy of pilocarpine given during radiotherapy for head-neck cancer to reduce xerostomia was assessed."	5.11	Double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine to salvage salivary gland function during radiotherapy of patients with head and neck cancer. ( Black, M; Gornitsky, M; Hier, M; Katz, H; Shenouda, G; Sultanem, K; Velly, AM, 2004)
"Compared to placebo, pilocarpine used with radiotherapy could lead to a significant diminishment of subsequent radiation-induced xerostomia."	5.10	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant pilocarpine with head and neck irradiation for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Haddad, P; Karimi, M, 2002)
"We were unable to detect a beneficial effect of pilocarpine on RT-induced xerostomia when administered during RT for head-and-neck cancer."	5.10	A Phase III placebo-controlled trial of oral pilocarpine in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. ( Aslanidis, J; Bayley, A; Cummings, BJ; Kim, J; Kroll, B; Liu, FF; Lockwood, G; Maxymiw, W; O'Sullivan, B; Payne, D; Ringash, J; Sprague, S; Waldron, J; Warde, P, 2002)
"No difference was found according to dose/volume radiotherapy parameters suggesting that oral pilocarpine hydrochloride: (1) acts primarily by stimulating minor salivary glands: (2) can be of benefit to patients suffering of severe xerostomia regardless of radiotherapy dose/volume parameters: (3) all responders are identified at 12 weeks."	5.09	Post-radiation severe xerostomia relieved by pilocarpine: a prospective French cooperative study. ( Alfonsi, M; Ardiet, JM; Baillet, F; Bensadoun, RJ; Bolla, M; Bourdin, S; Calais, G; Coche-Dequéant, B; Coscas, Y; Desprez, P; Horiot, JC; Lapeyre, M; Lipinski, F; Maral, J; Maulard-Durdux, C; Montbarbon, X; Pene, F; Schraub, S; Urbajtel, M; Vinke, J; Wibault, M, 2000)
"Eighteen patients with xerostomia refractory to pilocarpine therapy after XRT for head and neck malignancy were offered acupuncture as palliation."	5.09	Acupuncture for pilocarpine-resistant xerostomia following radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. ( Inouye, WS; Johnstone, PA; May, BC; Niemtzow, RC; Peng, YP, 2001)
"Pilocarpine hydrochloride administered during head and neck irradiation was evaluated for its ability to relieve xerostomia and its adverse effects."	5.09	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine administered during head and neck irradiation to reduce xerostomia. ( Phungrassami, T; Sangthawan, D; Watthanaarpornchai, S, 2001)
" The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the sialogogue pilocarpine given during radiation therapy may reduce the severity of xerostomia and salivary dysfunction."	5.09	Pilocarpine in the prevention of postirradiation xerostomia. ( Borcić, V; Krajina, Z; Krpan, D; Lajtman, Z; Popović-Kovacić, J; Vincelj, J, 2000)
"It is concluded that in these studies pilocarpine produced clinically significant benefits with acceptable side effects and risks for the treatment of symptomatic postradiation xerostomia."	5.08	Oral pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia: integrated efficacy and safety results from two prospective randomized clinical trials. ( Gallagher, SC; Hafermann, MD; Iwamoto, R; Johnson, JT; LeVeque, FG; Muscoplat, C; Rieke, JW; Steiger, BW, 1995)
"To retrospectively compare subjective postirradiation xerostomia scores of patients who received concomitant oral pilocarpine during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and 3 months thereafter with those of similar cohorts who did not receive pilocarpine."	5.08	Concomitant pilocarpine during head and neck irradiation is associated with decreased posttreatment xerostomia. ( Juillard, GF; Mark, RJ; Tran, LM; Zimmerman, RP, 1997)
"Pilocarpine hydrochloride suspended in a candy-like pastille was evaluated as a topical treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients."	5.08	Determination of the efficacy of topical oral pilocarpine for postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck carcinoma. ( Altman, JS; Buerki, RA; Elzinga, DJ; Gahbauer, RA; Hall, J; Hamlar, DD; Martin, MR; Schuller, DE; Staubus, AE, 1996)
"Two hundred sixty-five patients with head and neck cancer who had previously participated in either a fixed-dose, dose-titration, or dose-ranging trial of oral pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets were enrolled in a 36-month multicenter maintenance study to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia."	5.08	A multicenter maintenance study of oral pilocarpine tablets for radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Jacobs, CD; van der Pas, M, 1996)
"We evaluated pilocarpine hydrochloride for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia, a common complication of irradiation of the head and neck."	5.07	Oral pilocarpine for post-irradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. ( Ferretti, GA; Fox, PC; Gallagher, SC; Johnson, JT; Muscoplat, CC; Nethery, WJ; Ng, D; Valdez, IH, 1993)
" This study evaluated whether the sialogogue pilocarpine given during radiation therapy may reduce the severity of xerostomia and salivary dysfunction."	5.07	Use of pilocarpine during head and neck radiation therapy to reduce xerostomia and salivary dysfunction. ( Atkinson, JC; Fox, PC; Macynski, AA; Valdez, IH; Wolff, A, 1993)
"It is concluded that pilocarpine produces clinically significant benefits for the symptomatic treatment of postradiation xerostomia."	5.07	A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. ( Gallagher, SC; LeVeque, FG; Montgomery, M; Muscoplat, CC; Potter, D; Rieke, JW; Steiger, BW; Zimmer, MB, 1993)
"Pilocarpine and placebo tablets were administered for 90 day periods in a double-blind, sequential crossover trial to 12 patients with postradiation xerostomia."	5.06	Effectiveness of pilocarpine in postradiation xerostomia. ( Daniels, TE; Greenspan, D, 1987)
"On the basis of the best available evidence, the results of this meta-analysis provide evidence that pilocarpine offers statistically significant clinical benefits for the symptomatic treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer."	4.93	Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cheng, CQ; Li, J; Liu, L; Liu, YT; Wang, RN; Xu, H; Zhou, XK, 2016)
"To evaluate the efficacy of concomitant administration of pilocarpine on radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancers."	4.93	Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Hakim, SG; Liao, GQ; Ouyang, DQ; Ringash, J; Su, YX; Yang, WF, 2016)
"This review discusses the randomized trials available on the efficacy and tolerability of oral pilocarpine for the treatment of xerostomia."	4.84	Systemic pilocarpine for treatment of xerostomia. ( Berk, L, 2008)
"This article examines the use of pilocarpine hydrochloride for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer."	4.80	Pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer. ( Hawthorne, M; Sullivan, K, 2000)
"Oral pilocarpine is likely to benefit patients with SS by reducing the symptoms of xerostomia, even if the salivary gland secretion rate does not increase."	4.80	The use of oral pilocarpine in xerostomia and Sjögren's syndrome. ( Nusair, S; Rubinow, A, 1999)
"This study was undertaken to determine whether standard salivary gland scintigraphy may be used for the objective assessment of salivary gland sialogogues, in particular oral pilocarpine, in the treatment of post-radiotherapy xerostomia."	3.70	Does salivary gland scintigraphy predict response to pilocarpine in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia? ( Allan, E; Collins, CD; Cooper, RA; Cowan, RA; Gupta, NK; Hillel, PG; Jeans, SP; Owens, SE; Roberts, JK; Slevin, NJ, 1999)
"Twenty-four patients with radiation-related xerostomia were treated with oral pilocarpine solution 6 mg t."	3.68	Pilocarpine and carbacholine in treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Boström, P; Joensuu, H; Makkonen, T, 1993)
"Patients with cancer of the head and neck who were 3 to 24 months from completing radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy (RT ± C) and who were experiencing xerostomia symptoms with basal whole saliva production ≥0."	2.77	Phase 2 results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 0537: a phase 2/3 study comparing acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus pilocarpine in treating early radiation-induced xerostomia. ( Berk, L; Cardinale, F; James, JL; Lukaszczyk, B; Nguyen-Tân, PF; Sagar, S; Singh, AK; Wong, RK; Wyatt, G; Yeh, AM, 2012)
"Xerostomia has a devastating impact on oral function and quality of life in patients who receive radiation treatment for head and neck cancer."	2.77	Functional outcomes related to the prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer. ( Harris, J; Jha, N; Lam Tang, JA; Rieger, JM; Seikaly, H, 2012)
"Pilocarpine has been approved for post-radiation xerostomia, and the effect of its use during radiation therapy on salivary flow, xerostomia, mucositis, and quality of life (QOL) was assessed in a phase III study conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG 97-09)."	2.72	Effect of pilocarpine during radiation therapy: results of RTOG 97-09, a phase III randomized study in head and neck cancer patients. ( Brachman, D; Foote, R; Hodson, DI; Lee, N; LeVeque, F; Meredith, R; Scarantino, C; Schulsinger, A; Swann, RS; White, R, 2006)
"Patients with head-and-neck cancer were randomized to pilocarpine (n = 65) vs."	2.71	Postradiotherapy quality of life for head-and-neck cancer patients is independent of xerostomia. ( Cummings, B; Lockwood, G; O'Sullivan, B; Ringash, J; Waldron, J; Warde, P, 2005)
"Patients with head and neck cancers can develop salivary hypofunction after radiotherapy."	2.70	Salivary scintigraphy for assessing the protective effect of pilocarpine in head and neck irradiated tumours. ( Ferre, J; Fuster, D; Lomeña, F; Martin, F; Mateos, JJ; Navalpotro, B; Ortega, M; Pavia, J; Pons, F; Rovirosa, A; Setoain, X, 2001)
"Sixty-nine patients, irradiated for head and neck cancer with salivary glands included in the irradiation fields, were randomly assigned into three groups (A, B, and C)."	2.69	The effect of pilocarpine and biperiden on salivary secretion during and after radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. ( Budihna, M; Gaspersic, D; Rode, M; Smid, L; Soba, E, 1999)
"Radiation induced xerostomia is a frequent consequence of radiotherapy (RT) for head-neck cancer (HNC) patients, when parotid glands are included in the radiation fields."	2.43	Preventing radiation induced xerostomia. ( Danielidis, V; Koukourakis, MI, 2005)
"Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists."	2.43	Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part I. Management of xerostomia. ( Chai, WL; Ngeow, WC; Rahman, RA; Ramli, R, 2006)
"Xerostomia is a permanent and devastating sequela of head and neck irradiation, and its consequences are numerous."	2.43	Management of xerostomia related to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. ( Johnstone, PA; Kahn, ST, 2005)
"Pilocarpine is a useful agent as a treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients."	2.43	Evaluation, prevention and management of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. ( de Castro, G; Federico, MH, 2006)
"Xerostomia is one of the most severe symptoms that patients experience and may become a lifelong problem."	2.42	Radiation-induced xerostomia: how dry is your patient? ( Bruce, SD, 2004)
"Xerostomia is one of the most common side effects of head and neck radiation therapy."	2.40	Manifestations and treatment of xerostomia and associated oral effects secondary to head and neck radiation therapy. ( Garg, AK; Malo, M, 1997)
"Oral pilocarpine (PCP) to treat xerostomia produces systemic side effects, such as runny nose and lacrimation."	1.72	Topical Xerostomia Treatment with Hyaluronate Sheets Containing Pilocarpine. ( Furubayashi, T; Nakano, H; Okae, A; Sakane, T; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, A; Ueno, T; Yoneto, C; Yoneto, K, 2022)
" pilocarpine caused a high incidence of unacceptable adverse effects."	1.35	Oral pilocarpine (5mg t.i.d.) used for xerostomia causes adverse effects in Japanese. ( Asakage, T; Ebihara, Y; Igaki, H; Nakagawa, K; Nakamura, N; Nakao, K; Ohtomo, K; Sasano, N; Shiraishi, K; Terahara, A; Yamashita, H, 2009)
"Pilocarpine hydrochloride was shown to have some beneficial effect on quality of life of these patients."	1.34	Prevention of oral and salivary gland impairment in irradiated adolescent patients with head and neck cancer: a suggested protocol. ( Aframian, DJ; Davidovich, E; Peretz, B, 2007)
"Xerostomia is a common complication of radiation therapy to the head and neck."	1.28	Oral complications of cancer therapies. Management of salivary dysfunction. ( Greenspan, D, 1990)

Research

Studies (67)

Authors

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Phase II: Pecentage of Patients With Beneficial Treatment Response

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	3 (4.48)	18.7374
1990's	21 (31.34)	18.2507
2000's	33 (49.25)	29.6817
2010's	9 (13.43)	24.3611
2020's	1 (1.49)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Tanaka, A	1
Nakano, H	1
Yoneto, K	1
Yoneto, C	1
Furubayashi, T	1
Suzuki, K	1
Okae, A	1
Ueno, T	1
Sakane, T	1
Barbe, AG	1
Malallah, OS	1
Garcia, CMA	1
Proctor, GB	1
Forbes, B	1
Royall, PG	1
Pimentel, MJ	1
Filho, MM	1
Araújo, M	1
Gomes, DQ	1
DA Costa, LJ	1
Cheng, CQ	1
Xu, H	1
Liu, L	1
Wang, RN	1
Liu, YT	1
Li, J	1
Zhou, XK	1
Yang, WF	1
Liao, GQ	1
Hakim, SG	1
Ouyang, DQ	1
Ringash, J	3
Su, YX	1
Nakamura, N	1
Sasano, N	1
Yamashita, H	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Pilocarpine in Patients With Xerostomia[NCT02982577]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Recruiting
A Phase II/III Study Comparing Acupuncture-like Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (ALTENS) Versus Pilocarpine in Treating Early Radiation-Induced Xerostomia[NCT00656513]	Phase 2/Phase 3	196 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Randomized Evaluation of a Phytopharmaceutical in Prevention of Severe Oral Mucositis in Patients Receiving Radiotherapy for Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, Hypopharynx, or Cavum Cancer[NCT01066741]	Phase 3	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to insufficient recruitment, the planed sample size appears not achievable)
A Phase III Study to Test the Efficacy of the Prophylactic Use of Oral Pilocarpine to Reduce Hyposalivation and Mucositis Associated With Curative Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients[NCT00003139]	Phase 3	249 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1998-03-31	Completed
Yeur-Hur Lai, PhD, RN, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University[NCT03883152]		131 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-06-27	Completed
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Treatment for Sjogren's Syndrome[NCT00001598]	Phase 2	28 participants	Interventional	1997-05-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

This secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of ALTENS treatment on overall radiation-induced xerostomia burden by looking at treatment response. Treatment response was determined by a reduction of at least 20% from baseline to 6 months in the University of Michigan Xerostomia Related Quality of Life Scale (XeQOLS). The XeQOLS is a validated patient-reported 15-item assessment scale with 4 domains: physical functioning,pain/discomfort, personal/psychologic functioning, and social functioning.The score is the average of all responses of all domains and can range from 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate increased xerostomia burden. This scale has high reproducibility and sensitivity. For the first and second stage analyses, 4 and 10 patients, respectively, must respond to treatment in order to proceed to the phase III component. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment and 6 months from registration

Phase III: Change From Baseline in Overall Xerostomia Burden at 9 Months

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
ALTENS: Phase II	85.7

Xerostomia burden is measured by the University of Michigan Xerostomia Related Quality of Life Scale (XeQOLS). The XeQOLS is a validated patient-reported 15-item assessment scale with 4 domains: physical functioning,pain/discomfort, personal/psychologic functioning, and social functioning.The score is the average of all responses of all domains and can range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating increased xerostomia burden. Change in xerostomia burden is calculated by subtracting the baseline score from the 9-month score such that a negative change indicates an improvement of the xerostomia burden. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Baseline (randomization) and 9 months

Quality of Life (QOL) as Measured by the University of Washington Head and Neck Questionnaire (UWHNSS) Phase III

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Pilocarpine: Phase III	-0.27
ALTENS: Phase III	-0.53

The UWHNSS includes ten categories-pain, disfigurement, activity, recreation/entertainment, employment, eating, saliva, taste, speech, mucus/phlegm. Patient scores on the UWHNSS range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating declining quality of life. Change in total score was calculated by subtracting baseline from follow-up , thus a positive change score indicates a worsening while a negative change score indicates an improvement. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Baseline and 9 months from randomization.

Change From Baseline in Overall Xerostomia Burden at 4, 6, and 15 Months (Phase III)

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Pilocarpine: Phase III	-3.64
ALTENS: Phase III	-7.27

Change From Baseline in Stimulated Whole Salivary Production (WSP) at 4, 6, 9 and 15 Months (Phase III)

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	4 months	6 months	15 months
ALTENS: Phase III	-0.47	-0.4	-0.6
Pilocarpine: Phase III	-0.27	-0.33	-0.47

Stimulated (citric acid primed) whole salivary production (WSP) was measured by expectoration weight, with one gram of saliva produced considered as one ml of saliva. WSP is expressed in ml/min calculated by dividing the measured weight or volume of WSP by five. Procedure: Patients refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking at least two hours prior to each measurement. Stimulation is elicited by asking patients to rinse 5 ml of 2% citric acid solution in the mouth for 15 seconds and then completely expectorating the citric acid. For each measurement, patients are asked to expectorate continuously into a pre-weighed dry plastic container over a 5-minute period without swallowing. The collected saliva with the plastic container will be weighed (total weight) immediately after each collection. The total weight minus the weight of the container is the weight or volume of whole saliva collected. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4, 6, 9 and 15 months from randomization

Change From Baseline in Symptom Burden at 4, 6, 9 and 15 Months (Phase III)

Intervention	ml/min (Median)
	4 months	6 months	9 months	15 months
ALTENS: Phase III	0.2	0.40	0.60	0.20
Pilocarpine: Phase III	0.03	0.2	0.99	0.3

Symptom burden is measured by the University of Michigan Xerostomia Related Quality of Life Scale (XeQOLS). The XeQOLS is a validated patient-reported 15-item assessment scale with 4 domains: physical functioning,pain/discomfort, personal/psychologic functioning, and social functioning. The domain score is the average of all responses on a given domain and can range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating increased symptom burden. Change in symptom burden is calculated by subtracting the baseline score from the 9-month score such that a negative change indicates an improvement of the symptom burden. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4, 6, 9 and 15 months from randomization

Change From Baseline in Unstimulated Whole Salivary Production (WSP) at 4, 6, 9 and 15 Months (Phase III)

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	4-month Physical Functioning	4-month Pain/Discomfort	4-month Personal/Psychological Functioning	4-month Social Functioning	6-month Physical Functioning	6-month Pain/Discomfort	6-month Personal/Psychological Functioning	6-month Social Functioning	9-month Physical Functioning	9-month Pain/Discomfort	9-month Personal/Psychological Functioning	9-month Social Functioning	15-month Physical Functioning	15-month Pain/Discomfort	15-month Personal/Psychological Functioning	15-month Social Functioning
ALTENS: Phase III	-0.5	-0.375	-0.5	-0.33	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	-0.33	-0.5	-0.5	-0.75	-0.33	-0.75	-0.5	-0.75	-0.33
Pilocarpine: Phase III	-0.5	-0.25	-0.25	0	-0.5	-0.25	-0.25	-0.33	-0.5	-0.25	-0.5	-0.66	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	0

Basal whole salivary production (WSP) was measured by expectoration weight, with one gram of saliva produced considered as one ml of saliva. WSP is expressed in ml/min calculated by dividing the measured weight or volume of WSP by five. Procedure: Patients refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking at least two hours prior to each measurement. For each measurement, patients are asked to expectorate continuously into a pre-weighed dry plastic container over a 5-minute period without swallowing. The collected saliva with the plastic container will be weighed (total weight) immediately after each collection. The total weight minus the weight of the container is the weight or volume of whole saliva collected. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Pre-treatment to 4, 6, 9 and 15 months from randomization

Phase II: Treatment Compliance (Number of Compliant Patients)

Intervention	ml/min (Median)
	4 months	6 months	9 months	15 months
ALTENS: Phase III	0	0.02	0.04	0.192
Pilocarpine: Phase III	0	0	0.056	0.13

Patients completing at least 19 out of 24 ALTENS therapy sessions were categorized as compliant. Fleming's two-stage was used, assuming a successful target compliance rate of 80%, statistical power of 0.87, and a type I error rate of 0.13. If fewer than 9 of the first 13 patients were compliant, then treatment delivery will be deemed not feasible. If there were between 9-12 compliant patients, the second stage analysis would be required to determine feasibility of treatment delivery. If all 13 patients are compliant, treatment delivery will immediately be deemed feasible. The second stage analysis required at least 31 compliant out of 39 overall patients for the treatment delivery to be deemed feasible. (NCT00656513)
Timeframe: Randomization to 12 weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	First Stage	Second Stage (Overall)
ALTENS: Phase II	12	44

Article	Year
Buccal drug delivery technologies for patient-centred treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia (dry mouth). International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018, Apr-25, Volume: 541, Issue:1-2 Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpi	2018
Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 2016, Volume: 147, Issue:4 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Treatment Outcome; Xerostomia	2016
Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2016, Mar-01, Volume: 94, Issue:3 Topics: Cholinergic Agonists; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Prospective Studies; Quality of	2016
Systemic pilocarpine for treatment of xerostomia. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2008, Volume: 4, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Radiation I	2008
Pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer. International journal of palliative nursing, 2000, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Radiation Injuries; Randomized Co	2000
Prevention and treatment of the consequences of head and neck radiotherapy. Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists, 2003, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cranial Irradiation; Dental Caries; Dysgeusia; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Human	2003
Efficacy and economic evaluation of pilocarpine in treating radiation-induced xerostomia. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2003, Volume: 4, Issue:9 Topics: Antifungal Agents; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Fluorides; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Ago	2003
Radiation-induced xerostomia: how dry is your patient? Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 2004, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Nurse's Role; Nursing Ass	2004
Preventing radiation induced xerostomia. Cancer treatment reviews, 2005, Volume: 31, Issue:7 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Incidence; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Quality of Life; Radia	2005
Management of xerostomia related to radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 2005, Volume: 19, Issue:14 Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Amifostine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarin	2005
Evaluation, prevention and management of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. Current opinion in oncology, 2006, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Amifostine; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cytoplasmic Granules; Free Radical S	2006
Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part I. Management of xerostomia. Singapore dental journal, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Chewing Gum; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouthwashes; Parasympatholytics; Pilocarpine; Radiatio	2006
Manifestations and treatment of xerostomia and associated oral effects secondary to head and neck radiation therapy. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 1997, Volume: 128, Issue:8 Topics: Cariostatic Agents; Chronic Disease; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Gels; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans	1997
Preemptive pharmacologic intervention in radiation-induced salivary dysfunction. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1999, Volume: 221, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Amifostine; Animals; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease;	1999
The use of oral pilocarpine in xerostomia and Sjögren's syndrome. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 1999, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Radiation I	1999

Article	Year
Evaluation of radioprotective effect of pilocarpine ingestion on salivary glands. Anticancer research, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Radiation-Protective Agents; Rad	2014
Effect of oral pilocarpine on post-irradiation xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a single-center, single-blind clinical trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2008, Volume: 91, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Cholinergic Agents; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Health Statu	2008
Phase III randomized study: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer protocol for the management of radiation-induced xerostomia. Head & neck, 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Head and Neck N	2009
Phase II Randomized Trial of Acupuncture-Like Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation to Prevent Radiation-Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology, 2010,Spring, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Sti	2010
Functional outcomes related to the prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia: oral pilocarpine versus submandibular salivary gland transfer. Head & neck, 2012, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Multivariate Analysis; Muscarinic Agonists; P	2012
Phase 2 results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 0537: a phase 2/3 study comparing acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus pilocarpine in treating early radiation-induced xerostomia. Cancer, 2012, Sep-01, Volume: 118, Issue:17 Topics: Acupuncture; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle A	2012
Xerostomia: a day and night difference. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 2012, Volume: 104, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Circadian Rhythm; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Double-Blin	2012
A Phase III placebo-controlled trial of oral pilocarpine in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2002, Sep-01, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Cholinergic Agents; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Ne	2002
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant pilocarpine with head and neck irradiation for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 2002, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; He	2002
Phase III quality-of-life study results: impact on patients' quality of life to reducing xerostomia after radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer--RTOG 97-09. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2003, Jul-01, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Karnofsky Performance Status; Male; Middle Aged; Muscarinic	2003
The efficacy of pilocarpine and bethanechol upon saliva production in cancer patients with hyposalivation following radiation therapy. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2004, Volume: 97, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attitude to Health; Bethanechol; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Head an	2004
Double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine to salvage salivary gland function during radiotherapy of patients with head and neck cancer. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2004, Volume: 98, Issue:1 Topics: Analysis of Variance; Cranial Irradiation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Hum	2004
Postradiotherapy quality of life for head-and-neck cancer patients is independent of xerostomia. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2005, Apr-01, Volume: 61, Issue:5 Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Confidence Intervals; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Health Status; Huma	2005
Effect of pilocarpine during radiation therapy: results of RTOG 97-09, a phase III randomized study in head and neck cancer patients. The journal of supportive oncology, 2006, Volume: 4, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Qualit	2006
Efficacy of pilocarpine lozenge for post-radiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. Australian dental journal, 2006, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Cranial Irradiation; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms	2006
Protection of salivary function by concomitant pilocarpine during radiotherapy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2008, Jan-01, Volume: 70, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Neopla	2008
Oral pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia: integrated efficacy and safety results from two prospective randomized clinical trials. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 1995, Feb-01, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Female; He	1995
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A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1993, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Age	1993
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A multicenter maintenance study of oral pilocarpine tablets for radiation-induced xerostomia. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 1996, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Administration, Oral; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;	1996
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Radiation-induced hyposalivation and its treatment with oral pilocarpine. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 1998, Volume: 86, Issue:5 Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cranial Irradiation; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle	1998
The effect of pilocarpine and biperiden on salivary secretion during and after radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 1999, Sep-01, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Biperiden; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Age	1999
Pilocarpine in the prevention of postirradiation xerostomia. Acta medica Croatica : casopis Hravatske akademije medicinskih znanosti, 2000, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Radiotherapy	2000
Post-radiation severe xerostomia relieved by pilocarpine: a prospective French cooperative study. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 2000, Volume: 55, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male;	2000
Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study of pilocarpine administered during head and neck irradiation to reduce xerostomia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2001, Volume: 84, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Double-Blind Method; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscarinic Ag	2001
Acupuncture for pilocarpine-resistant xerostomia following radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2001, Jun-01, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Drug Resistance; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Miotics; Pilocarpine; Radiati	2001
Salivary scintigraphy for assessing the protective effect of pilocarpine in head and neck irradiated tumours. Nuclear medicine communications, 2001, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Mi	2001
The influence of pilocarpine and biperiden on pH value and calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate concentrations in saliva during and after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2001, Volume: 92, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bicarbonates; Biperiden; Calcium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Head	2001
Treatment of radiation side effects with oral pilocarpine. Journal of surgical oncology, 1989, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Double-Blind Method; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Pilot Proje	1989
Effectiveness of pilocarpine in postradiation xerostomia. Cancer, 1987, Mar-15, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Carcinoma; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Parotid Gland; Pilocarpine; Radiotherapy; Salivation; Xe	1987

Article	Year
Topical Xerostomia Treatment with Hyaluronate Sheets Containing Pilocarpine. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2022, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Salivary Glands; Salivation; Xerostomia	2022
Long-term Use of the Sialogogue Medications Pilocarpine and Cevimeline Can Reduce Xerostomia Symptoms and Increase Salivary Flow in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors After Radiotherapy. The journal of evidence-based dental practice, 2017, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Quinuclidines; Survivors; Thiophenes; Xerostomia	2017
Oral pilocarpine (5mg t.i.d.) used for xerostomia causes adverse effects in Japanese. Auris, nasus, larynx, 2009, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Carcinoma; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Admin	2009
Drug used during radiotherapy helps reduce dry mouth problem. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 2001, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Xerostomia	2001
[Future therapy strategies for salivary gland impairment]. Refu'at ha-peh veha-shinayim (1993), 2004, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Amifostine; Cranial Irradiation; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine;	2004
Prevention of oral and salivary gland impairment in irradiated adolescent patients with head and neck cancer: a suggested protocol. Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985), 2007, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Clinical Protocols; Cranial Irradiation; Dental Caries; Head and Neck Neoplasms;	2007
Oral pilocarpine for xerostomia. The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 1994, Aug-19, Volume: 36, Issue:929 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Radiation Injuries; Radiothe	1994
Treatment for post-irradiation xerostomia. The New England journal of medicine, 1994, Jan-13, Volume: 330, Issue:2 Topics: Carbachol; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Radiotherapy; Xerostomia	1994
Pilocarpine and carbacholine in treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 1993, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Carbachol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Mi	1993
Severity of xerostomia reduced when Salagen tablets taken during radiation therapy. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), 1996, Volume: 10, Issue:12 Topics: Drug Administration Schedule; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Radiation Injuries; Sali	1996
Re: Researchers make slow headway in managing dry mouth. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1997, Dec-17, Volume: 89, Issue:24 Topics: Administration, Oral; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Lymphoma; Parasympathomimetics; Pilocarpine;	1997
Does salivary gland scintigraphy predict response to pilocarpine in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia? European journal of nuclear medicine, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middl	1999
Calculation of the uncertainty in complication probability for various dose-response models, applied to the parotid gland. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 2001, May-01, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Confidence Intervals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Likeli	2001
Pilocarpine treatment of xerostomia in head and neck patients. Micron (Oxford, England : 1993), 2002, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Radiotherapy; Saliv	2002
Early to late sparing of radiation damage to the parotid gland by adrenergic and muscarinic receptor agonists. British journal of cancer, 2001, Sep-28, Volume: 85, Issue:7 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Isoproterenol	2001
Treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia. An innovative remedy. Cancer nursing, 1992, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Oils; Pilocarpine; Radiother	1992
Oral complications of cancer therapies. Management of salivary dysfunction. NCI monographs : a publication of the National Cancer Institute, 1990, Issue:9 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Pilocarpine; Radiotherapy; Xerostomia	1990
Parotid sialometry--a functional study of the parotid gland in pre- and post-irradiation head and neck cancers. Indian journal of medical sciences, 1973, Volume: 27, Issue:6 Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Parotid Gland; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pilocarpine;	1973

pilocarpine and Head and Neck Neoplasms