pica and Feeding-and-Eating-Disorders

This article reviews available assessment instruments for three of the feeding and eating disorder diagnostic categories: avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica, and rumination disorder (RD). It includes an overview of the current status of screening tools, questionnaire measures, and diagnostic instruments.. Screening instruments are available for all three disorders; however, for pica and RD, these typically include single screening items only and do not cover any specific features of these presentations. Only one questionnaire suitable for clinical populations is included, covering ARFID only. Standardized diagnostic interviews are limited to two covering both pica and RD, only one of which provides further clinical information. Of the five diagnostic instruments for ARFID described here, two include diagnostic items as well as allowing more detailed assessment of clinical features.. There are a limited number of assessment measures available for all three disorders, with instruments for ARFID being the greatest in number and widest in terms of scope. A commonly encountered difficulty is that many assessment instruments do not adequately cover diagnostic exclusion criteria, which raises the likelihood of false positive findings. All currently available measures require further study to determine their reliability and validity.

Topics: Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica; Reproducibility of Results; Rumination Syndrome; Surveys and Questionnaires

Eating disorders during pregnancy, once thought to be rare, occur in a significant number of women. The incidences of the major eating disorders-anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa-are increasing because of cultural pressures on the drive for thinness. Because the age range for these major eating disorders overlaps with the age range for reproductive function, it is not unusual for a clinician to encounter a pregnant patient with a major eating disorder. Eating disorders attributable to the pregnant state include pregnancy sickness, pica, and ptyalism. The diagnostic criteria, etiology, nutritional behavioral influences, evolutionary psychological considerations where elucidated, and treatment of these disorders will be presented.. Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians. After completing this CME activity, physicians should be better able to review how the major eating disorders impact pregnancy, to diagnose eating disorders during pregnancy using the diagnostic criteria, and to treat eating disorders during pregnancy.

Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; Causality; Comorbidity; Depression, Postpartum; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Incidence; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Young Adult

We review information about the potential mechanisms underlying nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP), food cravings, and/or aversions in pregnancy. In addition to providing overviews about genetic predispositions and hormonal associations with appetite sensations and NVP, we review two functional explanations: the "maternal and embryo protection" and the "placental growth and development" hypotheses. We conclude with a discussion about the kinds of data that would enable us to better evaluate the relative advantages and disadvantages of NVP across disparate resource and ecological conditions.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Appetite; Cultural Deprivation; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Models, Biological; Nausea; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vomiting

To review the literature related to the current DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood; pica; rumination disorder; and other childhood presentations that are characterized by avoidance of food or restricted food intake, with the purpose of informing options for DSM-V.. Articles were identified by computerized and manual searches and reviewed to evaluate the evidence supporting possible options for revision of criteria.. The study of childhood feeding and eating disturbances has been hampered by inconsistencies in classification and use of terminology. Greater clarity around subtypes of feeding and eating problems in children would benefit clinicians and patients alike.. A number of suggestions supported by existing evidence are made that provide clearer descriptions of subtypes to improve clinical utility and to promote research.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Pica

Feeding problems are frequently observed among the population of infants and small children. This problems include food refusal, overeating, selective eating and bizarre food habits. That problems might be transient, but they may last for many years among some of children. They could lead to poor weight gain, specific nutritional deficiencies and even failure to thrive. In ICD-10 classification two diagnostic categories regarding eating disorders during this life period have been proposed (Eating disorders and Pica of infancy and early childhood). That criteria are too general though, they don't tell much about etiology and they don't allow to make decision about using specific therapy for the disorder as well. The author presents American authors' propositions regarding more specific categories of feeding problems differentiation in this particular age group and presents casuistic descriptions.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pica

Eating disorders in early childhood increase the risk of anorexia or bulimia nervosa in adolescents. In the case of babies feeding disorders and pica are differentiated. Eating disorders in pre-school and primary school age are common. A main cause is neophobia, which can be treated by the observance of certain rules at meal-times (taken together with the family). Anorexia and bulimia affect mainly adolescents. Anorexia is associated with a number of mental and somatic comorbidities that need to be considered for the diagnosis and treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Mass Index; Bulimia; Child; Child, Preschool; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Pica; Sex Factors

Bulimarexia, an eating disorder that is characterized by binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or abuse of cathartic or diuretic drugs, has been defined as both a sequela of anorexia nervosa and a distinct eating disorder. In this review the presentation, prevalence, and complications of the various eating disorders--anorexia nervosa, pica, rumination disorder of infancy, and bulimia/bulimarexia--are discussed. Detailed attention is given to the potential medical hazards of bulimarexia. These hazards may be categorized according to the organ system affected or the individual behavioral components of bulimarexia. Because bulimarexia is commonly practiced in secrecy, its presentation may be in the form of one of its medical complications. Therefore, physicians must know the behavioral components of bulimarexia and its potential medical hazards. Optimal care of these patients requires collaborative efforts from a physician and behavioral therapist.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Cathartics; Diuretics; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Hyperphagia; Infant; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Pica; Substance-Related Disorders; Vomiting

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; California; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Ice; Male; Pica

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Black People; Child; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Ion Exchange; Iron; Male; Mercury; Middle Aged; Minerals; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pica; Potassium; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil

Evidence-based treatment approaches for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remain limited and may be inaccessible to families due to geographic, financial, and/or time constraints. This study aims to establish the acceptability and feasibility of a brief ARFID Parent Training Program (ARFID-PTP), modified from other evidence-based approaches, using a randomized controlled trial design. Participants (n = 30) will be children aged 5-12 who meet diagnostic criteria for ARFID and their parents/guardians. Participants will be randomized to receive treatment immediately or following a 4-week wait (waitlist control). Treatment consists of two, 2-hr virtual treatment sessions with the family and a therapist plus an optional booster session. Primary aims include evaluating the (a) feasibility of ARFID-PTP as indicated by recruitment and retention rates, as well as treatment adherence at home and (b) acceptability as determined by ratings on the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire and satisfaction questions. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of ARFID-PTP via changes in scores on the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview. If results indicate appropriate feasibility and acceptability, the proposed protocol will form the basis for larger scale trials of treatment efficacy in efforts to increase accessibility of evidence-based treatment for ARFID.

Topics: Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Parents; Pica; Pilot Projects; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Clinical Trials as Topic; Deficiency Diseases; Electron Transport Complex IV; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Ice; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Mouth Mucosa; Pica

Pica and rumination disorder are known as feeding disorder diagnoses in childhood, but little is known about their occurrence in adulthood. This study aimed to assess prevalence rates of one-time and recurrent pica and rumination behaviours (PB and RB) in adults, including sociodemographic subgroups, and to examine associations with other eating disorder and general psychopathology.. Any PB and RB were reported in 5.33 and 5.49%, respectively, while recurrent PB or RB occurred in 1.08 and 0.71%, respectively. Co-occurrence was high, with 35.29% of recurrent PB in RB, and 23.08% vice versa. Prevalence rates of recurrent PB or RB did not differ by gender, weight status, educational or migration history from those without recurrent behaviours. Adults with. Our findings highlight the clinical significance of PB and RB in adults regarding both prevalence and associations with other psychopathological symptoms. In particular, associations with body image need to be investigated further, as in contrast to other eating disorders, body image disturbance is not yet represented in the diagnostic criteria for pica and rumination disorder. In sum, the findings highlight the need for clinical attention for these disorders and related behaviours in adults.

Topics: Adult; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica; Prevalence; Psychopathology; Rumination Syndrome

There is a paucity of validated diagnostic interviews for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) to aid identification and classification of cases for both clinical and research purposes. To evaluate the factor structure, construct validity, and criterion validity of the Pica ARFID and Rumination Disorder Interview (PARDI; ARFID module), we administered the PARDI to 129 children and adolescents ages 9-23 years (M = 16.1) with ARFID (n = 84), subclinical ARFID (n = 11), and healthy controls (n = 34).. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of the PARDI in children, adolescents, and young adults with an ARFID diagnosis, the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Spearman correlations to test the construct validity of the measure, and non-parametric receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate the criterion validity of the PARDI.. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a 3-factor structure: (1) concern about aversive consequences of eating, (2) low appetite/low interest in food, and (3) sensory sensitivity. Participants with ARFID demonstrated significantly higher levels of sensory sensitivity, low appetite/low-food interest, and concern about aversive consequences of eating symptoms relative to control participants. The construct validity for each PARDI subscale was supported and clinical cutoffs for the low appetite/low interest in food (1.1) and sensory sensitivity subscales (0.6) were established.. These data present evidence for the factor structure and validity of the PARDI diagnostic interview for diagnosing ARFID in children, adolescents, and young adults, supporting the use of this tool to facilitate ARFID clinical assessment and research.. Due to the paucity of validated diagnostic interviews for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), we evaluated the factor structure and validity of the Pica ARFID and Rumination Disorder Interview (ARFID module). Findings suggest that the interview assesses 3 components of ARFID: concern about aversive consequences of eating, low-appetite, and sensory sensitivity, and that clinical threshold scores on the latter two subscales can be used to advance ARFID assessment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; Child; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica; Retrospective Studies; Rumination Syndrome; Young Adult

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Depression; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Fluoxetine; Humans; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Pica; Recurrence; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Spain

Objective To evaluate aspects of eating behavior, presence of non-food substance consumption and negative urgency in women from an on-line support group for eating disorders. Methods Participants (n=147) completed questionnaires for binge eating assessment, Intuitive Eating, negative urgency, cognitive restraint and a question of non-food substance consumption. Participants were separated according to criteria for bulimic symptoms and compulsive symptoms. Results The consumption of non-food substances was 4.8% (n=7). The Bulimic Group (n=61) showed higher values for binge eating (p=0.01), cognitive restraint (p=0.01) and negative urgency (p=0.01) compared with the Compulsive Group (n=86). Only the Compulsive Group showed an inverse correlation between scores for binge eating and Intuitive Eating (p=0.01). In both groups, binge eating was inversely correlated with the subscale of body-food choice congruence of Intuitive Eating scale. As expected, the Bulimic Group reached higher values for measures of disordered behaviors such as cognitive restraint and binge eating, and lower scores for Intuitive Eating. Conclusion The aspects of Intuitive Eating are inversely associated with compulsive and bulimic symptoms and the correlation analyses for binge eating and negative urgency agreed with models reported in published literature about negative urgency.

Topics: Binge-Eating Disorder; Bulimia; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Pica; Surveys and Questionnaires

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a high prevalence of co-occurring medical conditions, including speech, sleep, and gastrointestinal disorders (constipation and feeding difficulties); developmental delay; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; hypotonia; epilepsy; anxiety; disruptive behavior; pica; and eczema. Less is known about whether these commonly coexist in the same children. We sought to determine clinically meaningful, statistically significant associations among co-occurring medical conditions in children with ASD that could lead to better understanding, identification, and treatment of these disorders.. We studied 2114 children with ASD aged 17 months to 5years and 1221 children aged 6 to 17years at 15 Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network Registry sites. Clinician-reported diagnoses and problems were grouped into 12 core conditions. We determined the observed prevalence (O) of co-occurring conditions and the estimated expected prevalence (E) across the network, adjusting for sitevariability in the prevalence of individual conditions. Pvalues were calculated using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified by site. We identified pairs of conditions co-occurring more frequently than expected (O/E >1) and less frequently than expected (O/E <1) and highlighted statisticallysignificant differences.. Among the 66 condition pairs for each age group, we confirmed previously identified associations, such as sleep disorders and anxiety symptoms, in older children. We found some associations not previously described, including feeding with sleep disorders (younger children only), constipation with sleep disorders, feeding with speech disorders, and constipation with speech disorders.. We have identified new associations among co-occurring medical conditions in children with ASD, offering the potential to examine common pathways.

Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Constipation; Developmental Disabilities; Eczema; Epilepsy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Muscle Hypotonia; Pica; Prevalence; Sleep Wake Disorders; Speech Disorders; United States

Despite potentially severe medical consequences of pica and rumination disorder (RD), little is known about their prevalence and association with other psychopathology in childhood. As a part of a larger population-based study, 804 children aged 7-14 years and their parents were asked about their experience of pica and RD behaviors, and associated eating, feeding and general psychopathology. A total of 12.31 and 11.49% of the participants reported having engaged in pica or RD behaviors, respectively, at least once. Recurring pica or RD behaviors had been experienced by 4.98 and 1.49% of the participants, respectively. The behaviors showed a significant but small correlation with one another (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). Correlations with symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) were significant but small (pica: r = 0.18, RD: r = 0.27, both p < 0.01). Prevalence rates of recurring pica behavior were significantly increased if recurring RD was present (58.33%), and also vice versa (17.50%). The prevalence rates of recurrent pica and RD behaviors were also increased in the presence of an ARFID diagnosis (both behaviors 12.0%). However, correlations with restraint and eating, weight, and shape concern were non-significant (all p > 0.05). Additionally, RD behavior was positively correlated with emotional and conduct problems (r = 0.15 and 0.22, both p < 0.01), and both behaviors were negatively correlated with prosocial behavior (r = -  0.10 and - 0.09, both p < 0.05). Our findings underscore the clinical significance of pica and RD behaviors. More research is warranted on both disorders and their association and relation with ARFID to deepen the understanding of their presentation and to ascertain diagnostic validity.

Topics: Adolescent; Body Weight; Child; Emotions; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Parents; Pica; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Problem Behavior; Psychopathology

Little epidemiological evidence exists on rumination disorder behavior (RB) and pica behavior (PB). We examined prevalence of RB and PB and presence of comorbid feeding/eating disorder symptoms among school-aged children.. In elementary schools in Switzerland, 1,430 children (54.0% female) ages 7-13 completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire for children (ChEDE-Q) and the Eating Disturbances in Youth Questionnaire (EDY-Q).. EDY-Q behavior frequency showed 9.7% reported RB only, 10.0% reported PB only, and 3.1% reported RB + PB (≥1 on 0-6 Likert scale). At a clinical cut-off score of ≥ 4, 1.7% had RB only, 3.8% had PB only, and 1.1% had RB + PB. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder symptoms were most common in those with RB + PB, and more common in those with RB or PB than those without. The degree of eating disorder symptoms (by ChEDE-Q) over the past 28 days were similar among those with RB, PB, or RB + PB, but less common in those without RB or PB.. RB and PB were commonly reported in our sample of school-aged children, even at a potential clinically significant cut-off. Our findings also suggest that the degree of eating disorder symptom comorbidity is similar between those with RB and PB.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Comorbidity; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Pica; Prevalence; Schools; Surveys and Questionnaires

Geophagy, or the ingestion of earth or clay, is widespread among women of Sub-Saharan African, Caribbean or French Guiana origin. Little is known about this practice among HIV patients native of these countries and who are followed-up in France. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and factors associated with geophagy among HIV patients native of these countries, (ii) patients' knowledge about the harmful effects of geophagy, and (iii) the association of geophagy with iron deficiency, or a history of anemia or constipation. Among the 119 included patients, current geophagy and previous geophagy were present in 11/119 (9%) and 47/119 (40%) patients, respectively. Female gender was the only factor associated with consumption (OR 5.37; 95% CI 2.07-15.92 p = 0.001). Awareness about the risk of iron-deficient anemia was low (24%). Preventive education should be integrated into the care of HIV adults from countries in which geophagy is a culture and widely accepted practice.

Topics: Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Caribbean Region; Ethnicity; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; France; French Guiana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Pica; Prevalence; Soil

To describe and determine the association between the occurrence of pica and eating attitudes in women with high-risk pregnancies and to determine the prevalence of pica during pregnancy.. A cross-sectional and prospective 24-month study was conducted with 913 women with high-risk pregnancies. Structured interviews were carried out and the Eating Attitudes Test was applied.. Pica was diagnosed in 5.7 % of the pregnant women, and its most commonly practiced type was geophagia (57.7 %). The association between pica and signs related to the eating attitudes: "to be considered too thin by others" (p < 0.02), and "to spend too much time thinking about food" (p = 0.05); and the association between pica and the risk of both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (p < 0.01) were statistically significant.. The absence of validated instruments in the literature for assessing pica reinforces the difficulty of investigating this practice and the need for further studies. Moreover, additional efforts need to focus in the improvement of screening for other eating disorders with obstetric consequences associated with pica and be incorporated into the routine of healthcare professionals.

Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult

Topics: Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Fluoxetine; Humans; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Pica

The paper reports epidemiological and phenomenological investigations of aberrant eating among 347 pre-adolescent children in court-ordered foster and kinship care, in New South Wales, Australia. A quarter of children displayed clinically significant aberrant eating problems, with no evidence of gender or age effects. Two distinct patterns were identified. The first is a pattern of excessive eating and food acquisition and maintenance behaviors without concurrent obesity (termed Food maintenance syndrome), resembling the behavioral correlates of Hyperphagic Short Stature (Psychosocial Dwarfism). Various data suggest this pattern is primarily triggered by acute stress, including maltreatment in care, against a background of complex psychopathology and developmental disabilities. The second is a cluster of pica-type eating behaviors that correlates with self-injurious behavior, and is closely associated with developmental disabilities. The paper includes recommendations for clinicians working with pre-adolescent children in care.

Topics: Child; Comorbidity; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Foster Home Care; Humans; Hyperphagia; Male; Mental Disorders; Models, Psychological; New South Wales; Pica; Prevalence; Risk Factors

Topics: Animals; Bezoars; China; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Goat Diseases; Goats; Nutrition Disorders; Pica; Prevalence; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Wool

In DSM-III-R, pica, with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and rumination disorder of infancy, is accorded the status of a separate eating disorder. However, in the Draft of ICD-10, only anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are listed under eating disorders. Pica in children, and feeding disorder in infancy and childhood, are incorporated with enuresis, encopresis, and feeding, movement and speech disorders in a separate "heterogeneous group of disorders". Extensive research on the history and terminology of eating disorders from the 16th to the 20th century suggests that, historically, pica was regarded as a symptom of other disorders rather than a separate entity. This paper aimed to locate and assess chronologically significant definitions and accounts of pica, to provide a fuller clinical description of a condition which, despite its current relevance, has received little detailed historical examination, and to give some consideration to the multiple aetiological theories which have been put forward. The historical findings are related to the descriptive criteria for pica in DSM-III-R and Draft ICD-10.

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Europe; Feeding and Eating Disorders; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Pica; United States

Zinc concentrations in plasma and hair were measured in 703 children, aged between 1 and 6 yr, and correlated with parameters of physical development. In the first group of 187 children brought to the Child Health Clinic for routine observation there was a positive correlation of hair zinc content and height for age, with an increased prevalence of low hair zinc content in children of shorter stature. A second group of 303 children in nurseries and kindergartens in Beijing exhibited a hair zinc content of 92 micrograms/g, and 34% of these had very low zinc values below 70 micrograms/g. The third group consisted of 213 children who were brought into the outpatient clinic for a variety of complaints, including pica, anorexia, and poor growth; these had significantly lower values of zinc in hair and plasma than well-nourished children and responded to zinc supplementation with improvement of growth and the disappearance of pica and anorexia. These results suggest that the diet consumed by the population studied may be marginal or inadequate in its content of available zinc.

Topics: Anorexia; Child, Preschool; China; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Growth; Growth Disorders; Hair; Humans; Infant; Male; Pica; Sulfates; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anorexia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Coprophagia; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drinking; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Garbage; Humans; Obesity; Pica; Plants; Predatory Behavior; Sucking Behavior; Wool

Topics: Anemia; Appetite; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Iron Deficiencies; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pica; Renal Dialysis; Zinc

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Pica; Soil

Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Black or African American; California; Child; Educational Status; Ethnicity; Family Characteristics; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Mexico; Pica; Pregnancy; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil; Starch; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transients and Migrants

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Pica

Topics: Child, Preschool; Digestive System; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Foreign Bodies; Humans; Male; Pica; Urination Disorders

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Medical History Taking; Pica

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Coffee; Dairy Products; Diet; Diet Fads; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fruit; Humans; Ice Cream; Maternal Behavior; Meat; Milk; Paternal Behavior; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Smell; Smoking; Taste; Tea; Vegetables

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Maternal Deprivation; Pica

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Black or African American; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Pica; Pregnancy; United States

Topics: Adolescent; Algeria; Anemia, Hypochromic; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Developmental Disabilities; Disorders of Sex Development; Dwarfism; Endocrine System Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Iron; Male; Parasitic Diseases; Pica; Puberty; Zinc

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Culture; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; New York City; Pica; Starch

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Pica

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic; Benzene Derivatives; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

Topics: Adult; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Male; Pica; Resins, Plant

Pagophagia, or ice-eating, is a common symptom of iron-deficiency anemia in humans. Rats made anemic by withdrawal of blood consume a significantly greater proportion of their daily water in the form of ice than nonanemic controls. Recovery from the anemia eliminates the pagophagia.

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Bloodletting; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Ice; Pica; Rats

Topics: Africa; Child; Dental Caries; Dentition; Diet; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Instinct; Mastication; Mother-Child Relations; Nutrition Disorders; Personality Disorders; Pica; United States; Wood

Topics: Child, Preschool; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Pica; Poisoning

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Starch

Topics: Accidents, Home; Affective Symptoms; Aggression; Asphyxia; Child; Child Care; Child Psychiatry; Child, Preschool; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Pica; Poisoning; Psychology

Topics: Africa, Southern; Anemia, Hypochromic; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Iron; Pica; Turkey; United States

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Illinois; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

Topics: Black or African American; Chicago; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Parity; Pica; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Starch; White People

Topics: Anemia; Black People; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Male; Pica; Starch

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Ice; Iron; Pica; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Dwarfism; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Pica; Sex Factors; Soil; Splenomegaly; Turkey; Zinc

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Pica

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Edetic Acid; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Pica

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Pica

Topics: Adolescent; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hair; Humans; Menstruation; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Paraphilic Disorders; Parent-Child Relations; Pica; Psychoanalytic Therapy; Sexual Behavior; Vomiting

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Erythrocyte Count; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Pica; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Soil; Starch

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Child; Diagnosis; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Black People; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Foreign Bodies; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Pica; Radiography; United States

Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Iron; Iron Metabolism Disorders; Leg; Paresthesia; Pica; Restless Legs Syndrome

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Lead Poisoning; Pica; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Cachexia; Drug Therapy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Hypokalemia; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Pica; Potassium; Social Conditions

Topics: Biomedical Research; Child; Drug Therapy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Infant; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Pica

Topics: Dietary Supplements; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Minerals; Pica; Vitamins

Topics: Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Laboratories; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Pica

Topics: Abdomen; Abdominal Cavity; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Foreign Bodies; Humans; India; Malingering; Pica; Radiography

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Dyspepsia; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Helminthiasis; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Pica

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Nutritional Status; Pica

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Dwarfism; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Hypogonadism; Liver Diseases; Pica; Splenomegaly

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Lead Poisoning; Pica

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Iron; Pica

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Appetite; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Iron; Iron Metabolism Disorders; Pica

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Lead Poisoning; Pica

Topics: Craving; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Pica; Pregnancy

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Pica

Topics: Child; Eating; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica

Topics: Child; Emotions; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Lead Poisoning; Pica; Psychotherapy

Topics: Anemia; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Hypersplenism; Hypertension, Portal; Idiopathic Noncirrhotic Portal Hypertension; Infant; Liver Cirrhosis; Pancytopenia; Pica; Splenomegaly

Topics: Bezoars; Digestive System; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Obstruction; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

Topics: Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Pica