phytosterols and Stroke

Topics: Arachis; Coronary Disease; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Health Promotion; Humans; Menu Planning; Neoplasms; Phytosterols; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Stroke

Topics: Food, Fortified; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Myocardial Ischemia; Phytosterols; Stroke

The plant-based Portfolio dietary pattern includes recognized cholesterol-lowering foods (ie, plant protein, nuts, viscous fiber, phytosterols, and plant monounsaturated fats) shown to improve several cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in randomized controlled trials. However, there is limited evidence on the role of long-term adherence to the diet and CVD risk. The primary objective was to examine the relationship between the Portfolio Diet Score (PDS) and the risk of total CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke.. We prospectively followed 73 924 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2016), 92 346 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and 43 970 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2016) without CVD or cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and every 4 years using a PDS that positively ranks plant protein (legumes), nuts and seeds, viscous fiber sources, phytosterols (mg/day), and plant monounsaturated fat sources, and negatively ranks foods high in saturated fat and cholesterol.. During up to 30 years of follow-up, 16 917 incident CVD cases, including 10 666 CHD cases and 6473 strokes, were documented. After multivariable adjustment for lifestyle factors and a modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index (excluding overlapping components), comparing the highest with the lowest quintile, participants with a higher PDS had a lower risk of total CVD (pooled hazard ratio [HR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.81-0.92];. The PDS was associated with a lower risk of CVD, including CHD and stroke, and a more favorable blood lipid and inflammatory profile, in 3 large prospective cohorts.

Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Phytosterols; Plant Proteins; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Stroke

Canola oil (Can) and several vegetable oils shorten the lifespan of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Although similar lifespan shortening has been reported for partially hydrogenated Can, the efficacy of fully hydrogenated oils on the lifespan remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the lifespan of SHRSP fed diets containing 10 % (w/w) of fully hydrogenated Can (FHCO) or other oils.. Survival test: Upon weaning, male SHRSP were fed a basal diet for rodents mixed with one of the test oils -i.e., FHCO, Can, lard (Lrd), and palm oil (Plm) throughout the experiment. The animals could freely access the diet and drinking water (water containing 1 % NaCl), and their body weight, food intake, and lifespan were recorded. Biochemical analysis test: Male SHRSP were fed a test diet with either FHCO, Can, or soybean oil (Soy) under the same condition, except to emphasize effects of fat, that no NaCl loading was applied. Soy was used as a fat source in the basal diet and was set the control group. Blood pressures was checked every 2 weeks, and serum fat levels and histological analyses of the brain and kidney were examined after 7 or 12 weeks of feeding.. During the survival study period, the food consumption of FHCO-fed rats significantly increased (15-20 % w/w) compared with that of rats fed any other oil. However, the body weight gain in the FHCO group was significantly less (10-12 %) than that in the control group at 9-11 weeks old. The FHCO (> 180 days) intervention had the greatest effect on lifespan, followed by the Lrd (115 ± 6 days), Plm (101 ± 2 days), and Can (94 ± 3 days) diets. FHCO remarkably decreased the serum cholesterol level compared with Can and the systolic blood pressure from 12 to 16 weeks of age. In addition, while some rats in the Can group exhibited brain hemorrhaging and renal dysfunction at 16 weeks old, no symptoms were observed in the FHCO group.. This current study suggests that complete hydrogenation decreases the toxicity of Can and even prolongs the lifespan in SHRSP.

Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Brain; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Eating; Fatty Acids; Hydrogenation; Hypertension; Kidney; Longevity; Male; Palm Oil; Phytosterols; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Soybean Oil; Stroke; Survival Analysis

This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the consumption of a milk powder product fortified with potassium (+1050.28 mg/day) and phytosterols (+1200 mg/day) to lower systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, and, therefore, the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among the 35-75-year-old population in Malaysia. A Markov model was created against a do-nothing option, from a governmental perspective, and with a time horizon of 40 years. Different data sources, encompassing clinical studies, practice guidelines, grey literature, and statistical yearbooks, were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the base case estimates. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equal to international dollars (int$) 22,518.03 per quality-adjusted life-years gained, the intervention can be classified as very cost-effective. If adopted nationwide, it would help prevent at least 13,400 MIs, 30,500 strokes, and more than 10,600 and 17,100 MI- and stroke-related deaths. The discounted cost savings generated for the health care system by those who consume the fortified milk powder would amount to int$8.1 per person, corresponding to 0.7% of the total yearly health expenditure per capita. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Together with other preventive interventions, the consumption of milk powder fortified with potassium and phytosterols represents a cost-effective strategy to attenuate the rapid increase in cardiovascular burden in Malaysia.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Dairy Products; Humans; Malaysia; Markov Chains; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Myocardial Infarction; Phytosterols; Potassium; Risk Factors; Stroke

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Atherosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Capsaicin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Databases, Factual; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Endotoxemia; Feeding Behavior; Flavonoids; Fructose; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Hypertension; Hyperuricemia; Lipid Metabolism; Neuroimaging; Obesity; Phytosterols; Stroke; Thermogenesis

The effects were compared of T0901317, a liver X receptor agonist, on deposition in the liver and serum and lymphatic absorption of plant sterols in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs) having a missense mutation in Abcg5, which codes for ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G5, with those in Wistar rats. Both strains were pair-fed for 7 d with a 0.5% plant sterol diet with or without 5 mg/kg of body weight of T0901317. The deposition of plant sterols in the liver and serum was higher in SHRSPs than in Wistar rats. A significant reduction of plant sterol deposition was observed in Wistar rats, but not in SHRSPs when T0901317 was given. Both strains were then fed for 7 d with a control diet with or without T0901317. The lymphatic absorption of plant sterols was reduced to almost half the normal level by the T0901317 treatment. However, no difference in absorption was apparent between SHRSPs and Wistar rats regardless of the T0901317 treatment. These results suggest that the plant sterol deposition in SHRSPs was not necessarily caused by the increased absorption of plant sterols.

Topics: Absorption; Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Feces; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lipoproteins; Liver; Liver X Receptors; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mutation, Missense; Orphan Nuclear Receptors; Phytosterols; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Stroke; Sulfonamides

Unusual survival-shortening activities of some vegetable oils were detected in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats, and phytosterol (PS) in the oils and the tissue tocopherol status have been suggested to be the factors for the activities. Here, we re-evaluated the contribution of PS to the survival-shortening, and examined the hepatic tocopherol status. A basal diet for rodents and a test oil were mixed at a 9:1 ratio, and the diet was given to male SHRSP rats upon weaning. The total and major PS contents of the diets and tissue lipids did not correlate with relative survival time. The free fatty acid fractions obtained by lipase and alkaline hydrolyses of canola oil (Can) and the original Can contained PS in comparable amounts but the free fatty acid fractions did not exhibit survival-shortening activities compared with the soybean oil (Soy) group. The activity was not detected in the ethyl acetate extracts of the aqueous phase after the hydrolysis. When a commercially available PS preparation was added to the Soy diet at an amount 2.8-fold higher than that in the Can diet, the mean survival time was shortened but was still significantly longer than that of the Can group. The hepatic tocopherol level was significantly higher in the Can group than in the hydrogenated Soy group and Soy group, but the former two groups exhibited a survival-shortening activity. These results indicate that factors other than PS, tocopherol status and fatty acid composition in some vegetable oils are critical for the survival-shortening activity observed in SHRSP rats.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hypertension; Liver; Longevity; Male; Phytosterols; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Soybean Oil; Stroke; Survival Rate; Tocopherols

Two groups of 20 stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at 5 weeks old were fed a diet containing 10 w/w% rapeseed (canola) oil or soybean oil as the only dietary fat, and given drinking water containing 1% NaCl. Life span of the canola oil group (62+/-2 days) was shorter than that of the soybean oil group (68+/-3 days). Stroke-related symptoms were observed in every animal, but the onset of those in the canola oil group, at 47+/-1 days after starting the administration was earlier than that in the soybean oil group, 52+/-2 days. Incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was similar in these groups, and no differences were found between lesions of organs in the groups. In another experiment, two groups of ten SHRSP at 5 weeks of age were fed the defatted diet and given canola oil or soybean oil by gavage at 10 w/w% of consumed food for 4 weeks without NaCl loading. After the 4-week administration, mean systolic blood pressure in the canola oil group and the soybean oil group were 233+/-2 and 223+/-0.3 mmHg, respectively. Phytosterol levels in both plasma and erythrocyte membranes reflected those contained in the oils ingested. Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities in the brain, heart and kidney were enhanced in the canola oil group. These results indicate that promotion of hypertension-related deterioration in organs is likely to have relevance to the short life span in the canola oil group. Enhanced Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity by phytosterols in the oil ingested may play a role in these changes.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Erythrocyte Membrane; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hypertension; Incidence; Kidney; Longevity; Male; Myocardium; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Soybean Oil; Stroke

1. To assess the effect of dietary phytosterol on stroke and the lifespan of salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), we investigated the effects of the addition of phytosterol to soybean oil (phytosterol content: 0.3%) on stroke onset, lifespan following onset of stroke and overall lifespan compared with canola oil (phytosterol content: 0.9%). 2. Six-week-old male SHRSP were fed a test diet prepared by the addition of canola oil (CA diet), soybean oil (SO diet), soybean oil plus 0.6% phytosterol (SO + 0.06P diet) or soybean oil plus 4.5% phytosterol (SO + 0.45P diet) as a 10% fat source. 3. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased in the SO + 0.06P and SO + 0.45P groups compared with the SO group and the increase was dependent on the amount of phytosterol added, indicating that the addition of phytosterol to soybean oil may promote an increase in SBP in salt-loaded SHRSP. 4. The onset of stroke was shortest in the SO + 0.45P group and survival after the onset of stroke was shortest in the CA group. Consequently, the SO + 0.45P and CA groups showed marked lifespan shortening, indicating that a fivefold greater amount of phytosterol was required to produce an effect equivalent to that of canola oil. 5. Investigation of the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in intestinal phytosterol absorption indicated significant decreases in the intestinal mRNA expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in SHRSP and Wistar-Kyoto rats compared with Wistar rats. 6. In conclusion, the addition of phytosterol to soybean oil elevated SBP and promoted the onset of stroke, which may cause a reduction in survival time. However, a fivefold greater amount of phytosterol was required to produce an effect that was equivalent to the survival time-shortening effect of canola oil. The significant decrease in the intestinal mRNA expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in SHRSP may be responsible, at least in part, for the unfavourable effects observed following the addition of phytosterol.

Topics: Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Fat Substitutes; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Gene Expression; Hypertension; Intestines; Male; Phytosterols; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Soybean Oil; Stroke

Analysis of sterol composition in serum, liver, adipose tissue, adrenals, and abdominal aorta demonstrated that the contents of plant sterols, campesterol and sitosterol, were evidently higher in WKY and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats than in Wistar and WKA rats fed a diet containing a 0.5% plant sterol mixture. Lymphatic 24-hour recovery of 3H-sitosterol was about 2-fold higher in the WKY and SHRSP rats than in the WKA rats. Lymphatic absorption of 14C-cholesterol was also higher in WKY and SHRSP rats compared with WKA rats, but the difference was smaller than in the case of sitosterol. The remarkable increase of sitosterol absorption in WKY and SHRSP rats was observed between 9 and 24 hours after the administration. In SHRSP rats, lymphatic absorption of sitosterol between 0 and 3 hours was also higher than those in the other rat strains. Markedly less esterified 3H-sitosterol was detected in lymph than 14C-cholesterol in all strains, and in WKY and SHRSP rats, only a small increase in the esterified forms of sitosterol and cholesterol was observed. Although the incorporation of micellar 3H-sitosterol and 14C-cholesterol into intestinal brush border membranes was higher in SHRSP rats than in WKA rats, no difference was observed between WKY and WKA rats. These observations suggest that the incorporation into the brush border membranes and the esterification of sterols are not the major determinants for the hyperabsorption of sitosterol and cholesterol in SHRSP and WKY rats. Secretion of sitosterol and cholesterol in the bile of rats fed a plant sterol mixture was lower in SHRSP than in WKA rats. These results suggest that WKY and SHRSP strains deposit plant sterols in the body by enhancing the absorption and lowering the excretion of plant sterols. These strains of rats may be suitable models for studying mechanisms of differential absorption of various sterols.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Aorta, Abdominal; Bile; Cholesterol; Dietary Supplements; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hypolipidemic Agents; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver; Lymphatic System; Male; Microvilli; Organ Specificity; Phytosterols; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Rats, Wistar; Sitosterols; Species Specificity; Stroke

Previous studies have shown that canola oil (CA), compared with soybean oil (SO), shortens the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats, a widely used model for hemorrhagic stroke. SHRSP rats are highly sensitive to dietary cholesterol manipulations because a deficiency of membrane cholesterol makes their cell membranes weak and fragile. Phytosterols, abundant in CA but not in SO, can inhibit the absorption of cholesterol and also replace a part of cholesterol in cell membranes. This study was performed to determine whether the high concentration of phytosterols in CA might account for its life-shortening effect on SHRSP rats. Male, 35-d-old SHRSP rats (n = 28/group) were fed semipurified diets containing CA, SO, CA fortified with phytosterols (canola oil + phytosterols, CA + P), SO fortified with phytosterols (soybean oil + phytosterols, SO + P), corn oil (CO), olive oil (OO) or a fat blend that mimicked the fat composition of a representative Canadian diet (Canadian fat mimic, CFM; 10 g/100 g diet). These fats provided 97, 36, 207, 201, 114, 27 and 27 mg phytosterols/100 g diet, respectively. Ten rats from each group were killed after 30-32 d for blood and tissue analyses. The remaining rats (18/group) were used for determination of life span. The life span of SHRSP rats fed the high phytosterol oils (CA, CA + P, SO + P and CO) was significantly (P<0.05) shorter than that of CFM- and SO-fed rats. At 30-32 d, the groups fed the high phytosterol oils had greater levels of phytosterols and significantly (P<0.05) higher ratios of phytosterols/cholesterol in plasma, RBC, liver and kidney, and a significantly (P<0.05) lower RBC membrane deformabilty index than the groups fed oils low in phytosterols (SO, OO and CFM). The mean survival times were correlated with RBC deformability index (r(2) = 0.91, P = 0.0033) and cholesterol concentration (r(2) = 0.94, P = 0.0016), and inversely correlated with RBC phytosterol concentration (r(2) = 0.58, P = 0.0798) and phytosterols/cholesterol (r(2) = 0.65, P = 0.0579), except in the OO group. This study suggests that the high concentration of phytosterols in CA and the addition of phytosterols to other fats make the cell membrane more rigid, which might be a factor contributing to the shortened life span of SHRSP rats.

Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Dietary Fats; Erythrocyte Deformability; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Longevity; Male; Phytosterols; Plant Oils; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Stroke

In recent studies, the life span of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats was altered by a variety of dietary fats. It was relatively shorter in rats fed canola oil as the sole source of fat. The present study was performed to find out whether the fatty acid profile and the high content of sulfur compounds in canola oil could modulate the life span of SHRSP rats. SHRSP rats (47 d old, n = 23/group) were matched by body weight and systolic blood pressure and fed semipurified diets containing 10% canola oil, high-palmitic canola oil, low-sulfur canola oil, soybean oil, high-oleic safflower oil, a fat blend that mimicked the fatty acid composition of canola oil, or a fat blend high in saturated fatty acids. A 1% sodium chloride solution was used as drinking water to induce hypertension. After consuming the diets for 37 d, five rats from each dietary group were killed for collection of blood and tissue samples for biochemical analysis. The 18 remaining animals from each group were used for determining their life span. The mean survival time of SHRSP rats fed canola oil (87.4+/-4.0 d) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those fed low-sulfur canola oil (89.7+/-8.5 d), suggesting that content of sulfur in canola oil has no effect on the life span of SHRSP rats. The SHRSP rats fed the noncanola oil-based diets lived longer (mean survival time difference was 6-13 d, P < 0.05) than those fed canola and low-sulfur canola oils. No marked differences in the survival times were observed among the noncanola oil-based groups. The fatty acid composition of the dietary oils and of red blood cells and liver of SHRSP rats killed after 37 d of treatment showed no relationship with the survival times. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of vegetable oils plays no important role on the life span of SHRSP rat. However, phytosterols in the dietary oils and in liver and brain were inversely correlated with the mean survival times,indicating that the differential effects of vegetable oils might be ascribed, at least partly, to their different phytosterol contents.

Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Hypertension; Liver; Phytosterols; Rapeseed Oil; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Sitosterols; Stroke; Survival Rate; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Vitamin E