phytosterols and Hypertriglyceridemia

This article discusses specific dietary factors as well as dietary patterns that affect the major coronary heart disease (CHD) lipid risk factors (ie, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG). Based on a very large evidence base, it is clear that diet and lifestyle practices can markedly affect these major CHD lipid risk factors, and consequently decrease CHD risk substantively.

Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Mediterranean; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Glycine max; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Life Style; Motor Activity; Phytosterols; Triglycerides; Weight Loss

The primary and secondary objectives were to investigate the triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effects of a spread with added plant sterols (PS) and fish oil as compared to a placebo spread.. This study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design with two intervention arms. Following a 2-week placebo run-in period, 260 healthy individuals with modestly elevated blood TG (≥ 1.4 mmol/L) and LDL-C (≥ 3.4 mmol/L) concentrations consumed either the placebo or intervention spread for 4 weeks. The intervention spread contained 2.0 g/day PS and 1.0 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from fish oil. Fasting serum lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) (exploratory) were measured at the end of the run-in and intervention phases.. Four-week consumption of the intervention spread resulted in significantly lower TG (- 10.6%, 95% CI - 16.0 to - 4.9%; P < 0.001) and LDL-C concentrations (- 5.2%; 95% CI - 7.8 to - 2.4%) as compared to placebo. Total cholesterol (- 3.9%; 95% CI - 6.1 to - 1.5%), non-HDL-C (- 5.4%; 95% CI - 8.1 to - 2.7%), remnant-cholesterol (- 8.1%; 95% CI - 3.4 to - 12.5%), ApoAII (- 2.9%; 95% CI - 5.5 to - 0.2%), ApoCIII (- 7.7%; 95% CI - 12.1 to - 3.1%) and ApoB (- 3.2%; 95% CI - 5.9 to - 0.4%) concentrations were also significantly lower, as compared to placebo. No significant treatment effects were found for HDL-cholesterol, ApoAI, ApoCII, Apo E or ApoB/ApoAI.. Four-week consumption of the intervention spread led to significant and clinically relevant decreases in serum TG, LDL-C and other blood lipid concentrations. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02728583).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cholesterol, LDL; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Male; Phytosterols; Triglycerides; Young Adult

in the last few years, as the rate of childhood obesity has been rising, there has been a parallel increase in the incidence of dislipemia in the pediatric population, in which blood triglycerids might play an important role. Plant sterols have been shown to be useful in the tratment of hypercholesterolemia, but not of hypertrygliceridemia. Our study focusses on determining the efficacy of phytosterol-supplemented milk for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in children. Study Population and Method: we designed a double- blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial on 67 pediatric patients. The treatment group received low-fat, phytosterol-supplemented milk and the control group received low-fat conventional milk.. we observed differences in triglyceridemia between the phytosterol-supplemented group and the non-supplemented group. The effect attributable to the intake of milk supplemented with plant sterols was a reduction of triglyceridemia of 5.88 mg/dl compared with the control group.. we conclude that phytosterol-supplemented milk (2.24 gr of plant sterols daily) might be an adequate tool in the management of hypertriglyceridemia in pediatric patients.. Introducción: en estos últimos años, paralelamente a la epidemia de obesidad, se ha producido un aumento de las dislipemias en la población pediátrica. En estas dislipemias es posible que los triglicéridos sanguíneos también tengan un papel importante. Los esteroles vegetales se han mostrado eficaces en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia, pero no de la hipertrigliceridemia. Nuestro objetivo en este estudio es determinar la eficacia de la leche enriquecida en fitoesteroles para la disminución de la hipertrigliceridemia en la población infantil. Población y método: se diseñó un ensayo clínico, controlado, aleatorizado, y doble ciego, con leche desnatada enriquecida con esteroles vegetales y leche desnatada no enriquecida. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes pediátricos. Resultados: tras la ingesta observamos diferencias en la trigliceridemia final entre la leche desnatada enriquecida con esteroles vegetales y la leche desnatada no enriquecida con esteroles. El efecto atribuible a la ingesta de la leche enriquecida con fitosteroles vegetales fue de una disminución de 5,88 mg/dl. Conclusión: concluimos que la leche enriquecida con esteroles vegetales (2,24 gr de esteroles vegetales al día) podría constituir una estrategia adecuada para el tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia en pacientes pediátricos.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cultured Milk Products; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Male; Phytosterols; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides

Pistachios contain beneficial substances such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and polyphenols. In the present study, we investigated if pistachio consumption is able to prevent or to revert hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and adipose tissue morphological alterations caused by high fat diet (HFD) in the mouse. Moreover, the impact of pistachio intake on the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cholesterol; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Dyslipidemias; Fatty Acid Synthases; Fatty Liver; Hypertriglyceridemia; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Nuts; Obesity; Phytosterols; Pistacia; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; PPAR gamma; RNA, Messenger; Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1

In addition to lowering LDL-C, emerging data suggests that phytosterols (PS) may reduce blood triglycerides (TG), however, the underlying mechanisms are not known.. We examined the TG-lowering mechanisms of dietary PS in Syrian golden hamsters randomly assigned to a high fat (HF) diet or the HF diet supplemented with PS (2%) for 6 weeks (n = 12/group). An additional subset of animals (n = 12) was provided the HF diet supplemented with ezetimibe (EZ, 0.002%) as a positive control as it is a cholesterol-lowering agent with known TG-lowering properties.. In confirmation of diet formulation and compound delivery, both the PS and EZ treatments lowered (p < 0.05) intestinal cholesterol absorption (24 and 31%, respectively), blood non-HDL cholesterol (61 and 66%, respectively), and hepatic cholesterol (45 and 55%, respectively) compared with the HF-fed animals. Blood TG concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) in the PS (49%) and EZ (68%)-treated animals compared with the HF group. The TG-lowering response in the PS-supplemented group was associated with reduced (p < 0.05) intestinal SREBP1c mRNA (0.45 fold of HF), hepatic PPARα mRNA (0.73 fold of HF), hepatic FAS protein abundance (0.68 fold of HD), and de novo lipogenesis (44%) compared with the HF group. Similarly, lipogenesis was lower in the EZ-treated animals, albeit through a reduction in the hepatic protein abundance of ACC (0.47 fold of HF).. Study results suggest that dietary PS are protective against diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia, likely through multiple mechanisms that involve modulation of intestinal fatty acid metabolism and a reduction in hepatic lipogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Anticholesteremic Agents; Azetidines; Cholesterol, HDL; Cricetinae; Diet, High-Fat; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ezetimibe; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression; Hypertriglyceridemia; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lipogenesis; Liver; Male; Mesocricetus; Phytosterols; RNA, Messenger; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1

Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to cholesterol and when added to the diet they are able to reduce serum total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. They also lower serum triglyceride concentrations in humans, particularly under conditions of hypertriglyceridemia. The aim of this study was to unravel the mechanism by which plant sterols and stanols reduce serum triglyceride concentrations in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD for 4 weeks. Subsequently, they received HFD, HFD supplemented with 3.1% plant sterol ester (PSE) or HFD supplemented with 3.1% plant stanol ester (PSA) for another three weeks. Both PSE and PSA feeding resulted in decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations compared with HFD, while plasma cholesterol levels were unchanged. Interestingly, hepatic cholesterol levels were decreased in the PSE/PSA groups compared with HFD and no differences were found in hepatic triglyceride levels between groups. To investigate the mechanism underlying the hypotriglyceridemic effects from PSE/PSA feeding, we measured chylomicron and VLDL secretion. PSE and PSA feeding resulted in reduced VLDL secretion, while no differences were found between groups in chylomicron secretion. In conclusion, our data indicate that plasma triglyceride-lowering resulting from PSE and PSA feeding is associated with decreased hepatic VLDL secretion.

Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Chylomicrons; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Supplements; Esters; Hypertriglyceridemia; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phytosterols; Postprandial Period; Reproducibility of Results; Sitosterols; Triglycerides

Mutations in ABCG5 or ABCG8 transporters are responsible for sitosterolemia, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by the accumulation of plant sterols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ABCG5 and ABCG8 deficiency on TG metabolism in mice. Experiments were carried out in wild-type (G5/G8+/+) mice, mice heterozygous for ABCG5 and ABCG8 deficiency (G5/G8+/-) and ABCG5/G8-deficient (G5/G8-/-) mice fed a chow diet. Plasma TG were 2.6 and 4.3-fold higher in fasted G5/G8+/- and G5/G8-/- mice, respectively, than in G5/G8+/+ mice. Postprandial TG were 5-fold higher in G5/G8-/- mice. TG metabolism studies indicate that: first, the fractional catabolic rate was significantly lower in G5/G8+/- (1.3-fold) and G5/G8-/- mice (1.5-fold) compared to G5/G8+/+ and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activities were significantly lower in G5/G8+/- (1.8-fold) and G5/G8-/- mice (5.4-fold) than in G5/G8+/+. Second, liver TG secretion was 1.3-fold higher in G5/G8+/- and G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice and this was associated with an increase in liver LXR, FAS, ACAC and CD36 gene expression. Third, TG intestinal secretion, determined after an oral fat gavage of glycerol tri[9,10(n)-(3)H] oleate, was 5.8-fold higher in G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice. Also, the HOMA index was 2.6-fold higher in G5/G8-/- than in G5/G8+/+ mice, reflecting a degree of insulin resistance. In conclusion, ABCG5/G8 deficiency in mice fed a chow diet markedly raises TG levels by impairing TG catabolism and by increasing liver and intestinal TG secretion.

Topics: Animals; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; CD36 Antigens; fas Receptor; Fasting; Gene Expression; Heterozygote; Homozygote; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Lipoproteins; Liver; Liver X Receptors; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Orphan Nuclear Receptors; Phytosterols; Postprandial Period; Triglycerides

Bile acid (BA) synthesis is essential in cholesterol and lipid homoeostasis.. Serum samples from 435 normal and 23 cholecystectomized subjects were obtained after overnight fasting and assayed for markers of BA and cholesterol synthesis, as well as cholesterol absorption. We determined whether BA synthesis was related to fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19; a circulating metabolic regulator that is thought to inhibit BA synthesis), gender, age and serum lipids.. Bile acid synthesis varied more than 9-fold in normal individuals and was 29% higher in men than in women. Whilst low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased with age, BA and cholesterol synthesis were stable. BA production was positively correlated with serum triglycerides (TGs), and 35% of individuals with a high level (>95th percentile) of BA synthesis had hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) (>95th percentile). Serum FGF19 levels varied by 7-fold in normal individuals and were related inversely to BA synthesis but were not related to gender, plasma lipids or history of cholecystectomy.. Bile acid synthesis has a wide inter-individual variation, is lower in women than in men and is correlated positively with serum TGs. High BA production is frequently linked to HTG. Age-related hypercholesterolaemia is not associated with changes in BA or cholesterol production, nor to an increase in cholesterol absorption. In humans, the circulating level of FGF19 may regulate hepatic BA production under fasting conditions.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Case-Control Studies; Cholelithiasis; Cholestenones; Cholesterol; Female; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Humans; Hypertriglyceridemia; Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Sex Factors; Young Adult

Topics: Diet; Diet Therapy; Fatty Liver; Humans; Hypertriglyceridemia; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipid Metabolism; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Phytosterols; Risk Factors; Triglycerides