phytosterols and Hyperglycemia

Rice bran oil (RBO) has been demonstrated to affect complex malfunctioned conditions such as oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, abnormal cell growth (cancer), ulceration, immune and cognitive modulation. This unique effect of RBO is due to the presence of well-balanced fatty acid composition and several bioactive compounds, γ- oryzanol (cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesterol ferulate, and β-sitosteryl ferulate), vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol) and other nutrients. The RBO composition of bioactive compounds varied geographically, thus the clear-cut mechanisms of action on complex disease cascades are still required. This review article summarized the RBO compositional profiling and compared it with other edible oils. This article also summarized Bangladesh RBO profiling and their proposed mechanism of action as well as the first line of defense in the prevention, management, and control of complex disease conditions. This review indicates how Bangladesh RBO increase their opportunity to be functional food for 21st century's ailment.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bangladesh; Fatty Acids; Food Analysis; Functional Food; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Oxidative Stress; Phenylpropionates; Phytochemicals; Phytosterols; Rice Bran Oil; Vitamin E

Hyperglycemia is a major public health problem worldwide and there is increasing demand for prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic, prediabetic, and healthy humans.. We investigated whether rice bran and triterpene alcohol and sterol preparation (TASP) lowered hyperglycemia in mice and humans. Brown rice and white rice supplemented with TASP lowered the postprandial hyperglycemia in humans. TASP and its components (cycloartenol [CA], 24-methylene cycloartanol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol) decreased postprandial hyperglycemia in C57BL/6J mice. Glucose transport into everted rat intestinal sacs and human HuTu80 cells transfected with sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT1) was significantly reduced by the addition of CA. Intracellular localization analysis suggested that SGLT1 translocation to the apical plasma membrane was inhibited when the cells were treated with CA.. We demonstrated for the first time that TASP from rice bran lowered postprandial hyperglycemia in mice and humans. The smaller increase in blood glucose following TASP consumption may be due to the CA-induced decrease in glucose absorption from the intestine, which may be related to decreased membrane translocation of SGLT1.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cell Line, Tumor; Cholesterol; Dietary Fiber; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oryza; Phytosterols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Single-Blind Method; Sitosterols; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Sterols; Triterpenes

Corn silk (Zea mays L., Stigma maydis) is an important herb used traditionally in many parts of the world to treat array of diseases including diabetes mellitus. Inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase offer an effective strategy to modulate levels of post prandial hyperglycaemia via control of starch metabolism.. This study evaluated α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials of corn silk aqueous extract. Active principles and antioxidant attributes of the extract were also analysed.. The α-amylase inhibitory potential of the extract was investigated by reacting its different concentrations with α-amylase and starch solution, while α-glucosidase inhibition was determined by pre-incubating α-glucosidase with different concentrations of the extract followed by addition of p-nitrophenylglucopyranoside. The mode(s) of inhibition of the enzymes were determined using Lineweaver-Burke plot.. In vitro analysis of the extract showed that it exhibited potent and moderate inhibitory potential against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. The inhibition was concentration-dependent with respective half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 5.89 and 0.93mg/mL. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and phytosterols as probable inhibitory constituents. Furthermore, the extract remarkably scavenges reactive oxygen species like DPPH and nitric oxide radicals, elicited good reducing power and a significant metal chelating attributes.. Overall, the non-competitive and uncompetitive mechanism of action of corn silk extract is due to its inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Consequently, this will reduce the rate of starch hydrolysis, enhance palliated glucose levels, and thus, lending credence to hypoglycaemic candidature of corn silk.

Topics: Alkaloids; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Flavonoids; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Kinetics; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Phytosterols; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Reactive Oxygen Species; Saponins; Tannins; Zea mays

A series of phytoecodysteroids, including alpha-ecdysone, 2-deoxy-alpha-ecdysone, and 2-deoxyecdysterone isolated from Silene praemixta, integristerone A and ecdysterone isolated from Rhaponticum carthamoides and 22-acetylcyasterone and turkesterone isolated from Ajuga turkestanica, exhibit a pronounced hypoglycemic effect in experiments on intact male rats. The most active compounds--ecdysteron and turkesterone--also produce an expressed hypoglycemic effect in animals with model hyperglycemia induced by the administration of glucose, adrenalin and alloxan. Phytoecdysteroids are substances possessing protein-anabolic activity and are somewhat similar to steranobols in this aspect. Phytoecdysteroids exhibit unidirectional effect and are well comparable with steranabol actionon the carbohydrate metabolism.

Topics: Ajuga; Animals; Asteraceae; Blood Glucose; Caryophyllaceae; Ecdysteroids; Ecdysterone; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Methandrostenolone; Phytosterols; Rats

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of Phytostanol Phosphoryl Ascorbate (FM-VP4) on insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, plasma lipid levels, body weight, and gastrointestinal absorption of exogenous cholesterol in Zucker (fa/fa) fatty and lean rats. A group of 12 age-matched male obese (n = 6) and lean (n = 6) Zucker rats were administered 250 mg/kg twice a day (as 2% FM-VP4 in drinking water) for 30 consecutive days. Fasted blood samples prior to and following treatment were taken from all rats for glucose, lipid, insulin, and leptin determination. An oral glucose tolerance test was also carried out at the end of the treatment protocol. In addition, male obese (n = 7) and lean (n = 8) Zucker rats were coadministered a single oral gavage of [(3)H]cholesterol plus cold cholesterol with or without FM-VP4 (20 mg/kg) dissolved in Intralipid and the plasma concentration of the radiolabel was determined 10 h following the dose. FM-VP4 30-day treatment did not alter body weight, morning glucose, insulin, lipids, and leptin concentrations. There was no alteration in glucose tolerance in the nondiabetic, normoglycemic lean group; however, there was a highly significant improvement in glucose tolerance in the fatty group following FM-VP4 treatment. In addition, the insulin response to oral glucose showed no significant change in nondiabetic lean rats, whereas there was a change in the insulin secretory profile in the fatty group following FM-VP4 treatment. Furthermore, following a single oral gavage of FM-VP4 resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of radiolabeled cholesterol absorbed. These findings suggest that FM-VP4 treatment to fatty Zucker rats could result in increased glucose responsiveness of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that FM-VP4 may only be effective presystemically. Systemic administration of FM-VP4 is warranted to determine the therapeutic potential of this effect.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Intestinal Absorption; Leptin; Lipids; Male; Obesity; Phytosterols; Rats; Rats, Zucker