phytosterols and Arthritis--Rheumatoid

The effects of a strict uncooked vegan diet on serum lipid and sterol concentrations were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects were randomized into a vegan diet group (n 16), who consumed a vegan diet for 2-3 months, or into a control group (n 13), who continued their usual omnivorous diets. Serum total and LDL-cholesterol and -phospholipid concentrations were significantly decreased by the vegan diet. The levels of serum cholestanol and lathosterol also decreased, but serum cholestanol:total cholesterol and lathosterol:total cholesterol did not change. The effect of a vegan diet on serum plant sterols was divergent as the concentration of campesterol decreased while that of sitosterol increased. This effect resulted in a significantly greater sitosterol:campesterol value in the vegan diet group than in the control group (1.48 (SD 0.39) v. 0.72 (SD 0.14); P < 0.001). A higher concentration of campesterol compared with sitosterol is normal in omnivorous subjects and can be explained by lower absorption and esterification rates of sitosterol. Our results suggest that a strict uncooked vegan diet changes the relative absorption rates of these sterols and/or their biliary clearance.

Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cholestanol; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Statistics, Nonparametric; Sterols

Bone erosion is a central feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is characterized by the infiltration of the synovial lining by osteoclasts and lymphocytes. In the present study, swertiamarin a major secoiridoid glycoside was evaluated for anti-osteoclastogenic property to prevent bone erosion in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced in-vivo model, in-vitro osteoblast and osteoclasts as well as in co-culture system and in-silico molecular docking analysis. The swertiamarin treatment decreased the expression of TRAP, RANKL, and RANK levels and increased the levels of OPG levels significantly in both in vitro and in vivo models. In in vitro, the compound treatment significantly increased the cell proliferation and ALP levels in osteoblast cells; the high proliferation (153.8600±5.23%) and ALP release (165.6033±4.13%) were observed at 50μg/ml concentration of swertiamarin treatment. At the same time the treatment decreased the TRAP positive cells in osteoclast cells; the high reductions of TRAP positive cells (39.32±3.19%) were observed at 50μg/ml of swertiamarin treatment. The treatment modulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MMPs and NF-κB levels in osteoblast and osteoclast co-culture system. In in silico analysis swertiamarin had affinity towards the proteins RANK, RANKL and OPG residues with low binding energy -4.5, -3.92 and -5.77kcal/mol respectively. Thus, the results of this study revealed the anti-osteoclastogenic activity of swertiamarin on the prevention of bone destruction.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone Resorption; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Iridoid Glucosides; Lymphocytes; Mice; Osteoclasts; Osteoprotegerin; Phytosterols; Protein Binding; Pyrones; RANK Ligand; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; Synovial Membrane

Sterols and sterolins, also known as phytosterols, are fats present in all plants, including fruits and vegetables. Although they are chemically similar to the animal fat, cholesterol, they have been shown to exert significant unique biochemical effects in both animals and humans. Because they are bound to the fibers of the plant, they are difficult to absorb during the transit of digested food through the gut, particularly in individuals with impaired digestive function. For this reason, and because much of the modern diet is over-processed and low in fresh plant materials, sterols and sterolins appear in the serum and tissue of healthy humans at 800-1000 times lower concentrations than that of cholesterol. Beta-sitosterol (BSS) is the major phytosterol in higher plants along with its glycoside, beta-sitosterolin (BSSG). Animal studies have demonstrated BSS and BSSG possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antineoplastic, and immune-modulating properties. In other in vitro, animal, and human studies, a proprietary BSS:BSSG mixture has shown promise in normalizing T-cell function, dampening overactive antibody responses, and normalizing DHEA:cortisol ratios. Research has shown plant oils contain the highest concentration of phytosterols, nuts and seeds contain moderate amounts, and fruits and vegetables generally contain the lowest phytosterol concentrations. Because only low levels of these substances are found in humans, increased dietary intake of unprocessed fruits and vegetables or supplementation with commercial phytosterols may be of benefit in re-establishing optimal immune parameters. Restoring balance to the immune system may be of therapeutic benefit in disease processes such as chronic viral infections, stress-induced immune suppression, tuberculosis, allergies, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diabetes Mellitus; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Phytosterols; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary