phosphorus-radioisotopes and Lung-Diseases

Topics: Anemia; Blood Volume; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chromium Radioisotopes; Chronic Disease; Endocrine System Diseases; Erythrocyte Volume; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver Cirrhosis; Lung Diseases; Male; Nutrition Disorders; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Plasma Volume; Polycythemia; Pregnancy; Technetium; Time Factors

Radioactive colloidal solutions and suspensions are being widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The author considers the behaviour or radioactive disperse preparations in the body and devotes particular attention to the reasons for isotope transition from the colloidal to the ionic state. Questions concerned with producing and investigating radioactive colloidal solutions are discussed. In the light of the physical and chemical properties of the radioisotopes and of the disperse systems themselves, the author considers methods of producing the more important radioactive disperse preparations: colloidal solutions of noble metals; colloidal solutions containing phosphorus-32, yttrium-90 and isotopes of the rare-earth elements; colloidal solutions with with indium-113m, gallium-68, technetium-99m and rhenium-186; suspensions (macroaggregates and microspheres) for the diagnosis of lung diseases; and radioactive colloidal solutions based on quaternary ammonium base compounds.

Topics: Colloids; Drug Stability; Gallium Radioisotopes; Gold Colloid, Radioactive; Humans; Indium; Iodine Radioisotopes; Isotope Labeling; Lung Diseases; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Neoplasms; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Rhenium; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Suspensions; Technetium; Yttrium Radioisotopes

An improved high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorometric assay has been established to quantitate the benzo(a)pyrene (BP) tetrols released after acid hydrolysis of lung DNA from lung cancer patients, so that the formation of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-DNA adducts can be measured. The r-7,c-10,t-8,t-9-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography was determined by chromatography in two different solvent systems and fluorescence spectroscopy. This assay has a detection limit of 2 pg of r-7,c-10,t-8,t-9-tetrahydroxy- 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP, requires 100-500 micrograms of DNA, and can measure 1 adduct/10(8) unmodified nucleotides. As this assay does not use immunoaffinity chromatography or solvent extraction, it allows a > 90% recovery of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide-DNA adducts. This procedure has been tested on 13 DNA samples prepared from nontumorous lung parenchyma taken from lung cancer patients at surgery and revealed the presence of DNA adducts of the anti-benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide in 9 of 11 samples from smokers and in 2 of 2 ex-smokers. In only two samples from smokers the formation of adducts derived from syn-benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide was detected. A 15-fold variation in DNA adduct level was found in 11 of 13 DNA samples, with a range of 0.6-9.9 adducts of benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide/10(8) nucleotides. In samples containing both anti- and syn-benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adducts, the anti/syn adduct ratio is 2:1. A highly significant correlation was found between pulmonary microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and the level of benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adduct (r = 0.91; P < 0.001; n = 13). A crude linear correlation between the amounts of these adducts and those of bulky DNA adducts determined by 32P-postlabeling assay was observed in the same samples (r = 0.78; P < 0.02; n = 13). Thus this highly sensitive and specific procedure is suitable for measuring benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adducts in human tissues from environmentally exposed subjects and could be adapted to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons other than BP.

Topics: 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide; Adult; Aged; Animals; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Benzo(a)pyrene; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA; DNA Adducts; Fluorometry; Genetic Variation; Humans; Hydrolysis; Isotope Labeling; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Microsomes; Middle Aged; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Radiometry; Smoking; Thymus Gland

Topics: Blood Cell Count; Bloodletting; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythropoiesis; Erythropoietin; Hematocrit; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lung Diseases; Oxygen; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Polycythemia; Polycythemia Vera

Rats exposed to 85 per cent oxygen for 9 days demonstrated an increase in lung deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) specific acitvity for [3H]-thymidine and a significant increase in the volume of interstitial and alveolar epithelial cells. This included a 63 per cent increase in the number of Type II alveolar epithelial cells. Lamellar body volume per lung significantly increased in animals exposed to oxygen and was related to the increased number of Type II cells, because lamellar body volume expressed per Type II cell remained relatively constant and was comparable to control values. The concentration of whole lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine also increased significantly, but the concentration of unsaturated phosphatidylcholine did not increase. Concomitantly, there was a significant decrease in [32P]-orthophosphate and [14C]-palmitate disaturated phosphatidylcholine specific activity that was proportional to the increased number of alveolar epithelial Type II cells present.

Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; DNA; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Lung; Lung Diseases; Microbodies; Organ Size; Oxygen; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rats; Tritium

This review covers the side effects and adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals that were reported in the literature over the past 25 years. The information published prior to 1970 is sporadic, but due to the increased utilization of nuclear medicine procedures and the recognition that radiopharmaceuticals may have pharmacologic side effects, a registry has existed since 1971 to tabulate information on such effects. This survey is medical, rather than pharmaceutical in emphasis and so the adverse reactions are classified according to the target-organ systems involved rather than according to the specific radionuclides or to pharmaceuticals. If any of the radiopharmaceuticals of present or past use are not mentioned in this review, it is because no reports on their side effects were retrived by us. Hopefully, the organized registry system suggested by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) will enable a more complete recording of side effects from radiopharmaceuticals in the future.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Brain Diseases; Colloids; Gold Colloid, Radioactive; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iron; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Lung Diseases; Meningitis; Peritoneum; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Polycythemia Vera; Pyrogens; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiotherapy; Registries; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Skin; United States; Xenon Radioisotopes

Topics: Disease; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lung; Lung Diseases; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Heart Disease