phosphorus-radioisotopes and Liver-Diseases

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a natural derivative of vitamin A, which is well known to suppress inflammatory cytokine production. To date, there have been few reports about the systemic use of ATRA for inflammation because of acute resistance and the highly lipophilic nature of ATRA.. ATRA-lipoplexes were prepared by mixing CMV-Luc plasmid DNA with ATRA-incorporated 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniopropane (DOTAP)/cholesterol liposome. After intravenous injection, tissue accumulation, transfection efficacy, NFkappaB activation, cytokine production, and hepatic toxicity of ATRA-lipoplexes were evaluated and compared with lipoplexes lacking ATRA.. The particle size and zeta potential of ATRA-lipoplexes were similar to those of lipoplexes. After intravenous injection of ATRA-lipoplexes, tissue accumulation in liver and gene expression in liver and lung were similar to those of lipoplexes, supporting the hypothesis that ATRA incorporation did not affect the delivery and gene transfection efficacy. In addition, ATRA incorporated in ATRA-lipoplexes was delivered to liver in a manner similar to that for ATRA incorporated in liposomes. In addition, intravenous injection of ATRA-lipoplexes inhibited the activation of NFkappaB in liver, and subsequently suppressed the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared with lipoplexes. Liver histology data also demonstrated a low degree of liver injury produced by ATRA-lipoplexes compared with lipoplexes.. ATRA-incorporated lipoplexes effectively suppress NFkappaB activation, cytokine response and liver injury induced by lipoplexes without affecting gene delivery and transfection efficacy in vivo.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; DNA; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Injections, Intravenous; Interleukin-6; Liposomes; Liver Diseases; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; NF-kappa B; Organ Specificity; Particle Size; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Tretinoin; Tritium; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to assess in vivo the brain bioenergetics of 28 patients with liver cirrhosis. Seven had clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE), nine hepatocellular carcinoma. 31P-MRS was performed by the DRESS localisation technique on occipital lobes. Brain phosphocreatine was significantly reduced in patients with or without overt HE, and inorganic phosphate was increased in both groups of patients. The cytosolic phosphorylation potential (PP), the relative rate of oxidative metabolism and the regulatory [ADP] were all abnormal. Brain PP was inversely correlated with serum ammonia concentration only in patients without liver cancer. The degree of bioenergetic failure was significantly higher in the presence of overt encephalopathy. We conclude that patients with liver cirrhosis had a derangement of brain energy metabolism, and that 31P-MRS offers a non-invasive method for investigating the underlying mechanisms of HE, with relevant implications in the identification and management of this condition.

Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adult; Aged; Brain; Cell Respiration; Chronic Disease; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Mitochondria; Phosphorus Radioisotopes

31P-MR spectroscopy was performed in 12 patients with focal and diffuse liver disease and in ten normal controls, using surface coils. Results so far show a significantly increased concentration of PME/beta-ATP and of PDE/beta-ATP in patients with liver metastases and in one patient with hepatic involvement by malignant lymphoma. The spectra of liver cirrhosis and fatty livers showed no characteristic changes.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Middle Aged; Phosphorus Radioisotopes

Methods of in vivo determination of 31P longitudinal relaxation times within image-determined volume selected MRI spectroscopy have been investigated. T1 values for phosphor compounds in skeletal muscle and in brain have been measured. The 1H relaxation times of T1 and T2 of diffuse parenchymal liver disease, using inversion recovery and spin echo sequences were compared with quantitative MR tomography. Clinically, spectroscopic techniques are particularly useful where there is superimposition of water and lipid signals during MR imaging.

Topics: Brain; Humans; Hydrogen; Liver Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Muscles; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Time Factors

This review covers the side effects and adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals that were reported in the literature over the past 25 years. The information published prior to 1970 is sporadic, but due to the increased utilization of nuclear medicine procedures and the recognition that radiopharmaceuticals may have pharmacologic side effects, a registry has existed since 1971 to tabulate information on such effects. This survey is medical, rather than pharmaceutical in emphasis and so the adverse reactions are classified according to the target-organ systems involved rather than according to the specific radionuclides or to pharmaceuticals. If any of the radiopharmaceuticals of present or past use are not mentioned in this review, it is because no reports on their side effects were retrived by us. Hopefully, the organized registry system suggested by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) will enable a more complete recording of side effects from radiopharmaceuticals in the future.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Brain Diseases; Colloids; Gold Colloid, Radioactive; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iron; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Lung Diseases; Meningitis; Peritoneum; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Polycythemia Vera; Pyrogens; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiotherapy; Registries; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Skin; United States; Xenon Radioisotopes

Topics: Acyltransferases; Age Factors; Blood Sedimentation; Cholesterol; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Liver Diseases; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Neoplasms; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Serum Albumin; Sex Factors; Tritium

Topics: Blood Platelets; Buffers; Edetic Acid; Erythrocytes; Freezing; Glycerophosphates; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Diseases; Leukocytes; Liver Diseases; Lymphocytes; Lysosomes; Magnesium; Mercaptoethanol; Microsomes; Phosphates; Phospholipids; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Subcellular Fractions; Sulfhydryl Reagents; Temperature

Topics: Lipotropic Agents; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Phosphorus, Dietary; Radioactivity

Topics: Lipogenesis; Liver; Liver Diseases; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Radioisotopes