phosphatidylethanol and Alcoholic-Intoxication

The number of tests used for the detection of ethanol ingestion is increasing. The field is rapidly moving beyond ethanol alone as a marker of ethanol intake. The combined measurement of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, FAEEs, 5-HTOL/5-HIAA, acetaldehyde adducts, and phosphatidylethanol may one day be used to approximate the time and amount of ethanol ingestion. The ultimate configuration of a panel of tests for monitoring ethanol intake awaits the results of studies that identify the clinical usefulness of each marker.

Topics: Acetaldehyde; Alcoholic Intoxication; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Gas; Ethanol; Glycerophospholipids; Humans; Hydroxytryptophol; Isoelectric Focusing; Saliva; Transferrin; Vitreous Body

To identify alcohol biomarker and psychometric measures that relate to drivers' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) patterns from ignition interlock devices (IIDs).. In Alberta, Canada, 534 drivers, convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), installed IIDs and agreed to participate in a research study. IID BAC tests are an established proxy for predicting future DUI convictions. Three risk groups were defined by rates of failed BAC tests. Program entry and follow-up blood samples (n = 302, 171) were used to measure phosphatidyl ethanol (PETH), carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and other biomarkers. Program entry urine (n = 130) was analyzed for ethyl glucuronide (ETG) and ethyl sulphate (ETS). Entry hair samples were tested for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) (n = 92) and ETG (n = 146). Psychometric measures included the DSM-4 Diagnostic Interview Schedule Alcohol Module, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the time-line follow-back (TLFB), the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DRINC) and the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI).. Except for FAEE, all alcohol biomarkers were related significantly to the interlock BAC test profiles; higher marker levels predicted higher rates of interlock BAC test failures. PETH, the strongest with an overall analysis of variance F ratio of 35.5, had significant correlations with all nine of the other alcohol biomarkers and with 16 of 19 psychometric variables. Urine ETG and ETS were correlated strongly with the IID BAC tests.. The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re-licensing.

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Aged; Alberta; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Biomarkers; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glycerophospholipids; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Proportional Hazards Models; Protective Devices; Transferrin

The activation of phospholipase D in the kidney could be detected in vivo in rats treated with ethanol by the accumulation of phosphatidylethanol. Unilateral nephrectomy stimulated the activity of phospholipase D in the remaining kidney as indicated by an increase in the level of phosphatidylethanol. A significant increase in phosphatidylethanol level was observed as early as 5 min after contralateral nephrectomy and peak accumulation (200% of control) was observed after 15 min. The phosphatidylethanol level decreased again to the basal level after 2 h. The accumulation of phosphatidylethanol was specific for kidney and the product was localized primarily in the cortex. Phospholipase D activity in kidney cortical slices from untreated rats was stimulated in vitro by plasma obtained from unilaterally nephrectomized rats, indicating that circulating factors in the plasma are responsible for the activation of phospholipase D. The phospholipase D activation by plasma from uninephrectomized animals was selectively inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, but not by the protein kinase C inhibitor H7. It is concluded that phospholipase D activity is stimulated as an early signal transduction event in compensatory kidney growth.

Topics: Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Activation; Ethanol; Genistein; Glycerophospholipids; Isoflavones; Kidney Cortex; Liver; Male; Nephrectomy; Phosphatidic Acids; Phospholipase D; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Time Factors