phenytoin-sodium and Seizures

Epilepsy is one of the commonly prevailing neurological disorders. According to the reports, it is evident that about 80% of the epileptic cases have been observed in developing countries. Although there are many drugs with significant potency available in the market; still there is an issue of selectivity and toxicity. Therefore, continuous attempts have been made by the researchers to develop newer therapeutic agents against epilepsy. Many synthetic strategies have been available in the literature to synthesize various classes of anticonvulsants with promising activity. In the presented review, authors have summarized some newer synthetic routes being used for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing anticonvulsants taking a cue from the reported established anticonvulsant drugs viz. vigabatrin, sodium valproate, oxcarbazepine, felbamate, retigabine, and gabapentin. Various derivatives with the substitution for better anticonvulsant profile have been described in the figures for easy comparative study. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of compounds with maximum potency has also been discussed. This article may serve as a boost for the researchers to modify the pre-existing synthetic routes as well as to improve potency and yield of the compounds.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Molecular Structure; Seizures; Structure-Activity Relationship

The present Letter describes a one-pot multi-component method that allows the efficient and mild preparation of 3,5-diphenylpiperidin-2,6-dione and a new series of 3,5-diarylpiperidin-2,6-dione derivatives from ethyl 2-arylacetates, formaldehyde and ammonia/aliphatic/aromatic amines. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by IR, NMR spectroscopic data and microanalyses. The anticonvulsant activities of these compounds were evaluated by maximal electroshock seizure test and were also evaluated for motor impairment. Among the synthesized compounds, 5a, 5b, 5d, and 5e could be considered potentially the most useful and safe therapeutic compound and 5g, 5i, 5j, 5m, and 5o exhibit potent activities.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Electroshock; Mice; Molecular Structure; Movement Disorders; Piperidines; Seizures; Stereoisomerism

A novel substituted oxa/thiadiazolylazetidinonyl/thiazolidinonylcarbazoles (4a-j), (5a-j) and (6a-j) were synthesized and screened for their antipsychotic and anticonvulsant activities. It is concluded from the results compound 6j showed promising antipsychotic as well as anticonvulsant activity.

Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Carbazoles; Lethal Dose 50; Oxadiazoles; Seizures; Thiadiazoles

Thirteen new 5-cyclopropanespirohydantoins with various N-3 substituents were synthesized and their pharmacological activity was determined with the objective to better understand their structure-activity relationship (SAR) for anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant effects of these compounds were evaluated by maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) test models in mice. All compounds substituted with cyclopropyl group at fifth position of hydantoin ring showed better protection against MES test. Compounds 5b, 5d, 5e, 5g and 5j were found to be the most potent compounds of this series and compared with the reference drug phenytoin sodium in MES test. Compound 5j also showed equipotent activity with the standard drug sodium valproate at the doses of 20 and 40 mg kg(-1) in scPTZ test.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Hydantoins; Mice; Rats; Seizures; Spiro Compounds; Structure-Activity Relationship

Substituted carboxylic acid hydrazides 1a-d reacted with ethenetetracarbonitril 2 in dimethyl formamide with the formation of diacylhydrazines 4a-d and 5-amino-1-substituted pyrazole-3,3,4-tricarbonitriles 5a-d. On the other hand, 1a-d reacted with diethyl (E)-2,3-dicyanobutenedioate 3 to give oxadiazole derivatives 10a-d and pyrazolone derivatives 11a-d, respectively. The prepared compounds 4a-d, 5a-d and 11a-d were evaluated each for antidepressant activity using tail suspension behavioral despair test and anticonvulsant activity against PTZ induced seizures in mice. Compounds 4a and 4b induced markedly antidepressant activity compared to imipramine, and their activities as antidepressant nearly equal twice the activity of imipramine at 10 mg kg(-1) dose level. On the other hand, compounds 11b, 11a and 11d exhibited remarkable protective effect against clonic seizures induced by i.p. injection of PTZ at a dose level of 20 mg kg(-1). The results of anticonvulsant activity are nearly close to phenobarbital sodium at a dose level of 30 mg kg(-1) and more potent than phenytoin sodium at a dose level of 30 mg kg(-1).

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Hindlimb Suspension; Mice; Pyrazoles; Seizures; Structure-Activity Relationship

The chiral title compounds 2--11 were assessed for their potential anti-Parkinsonian, antipsychotic, and anticonvulsant properties. The most striking differences in the biological activity of enantiomeric pairs were noted for D-(R)-2-amino-N-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)succinimide hydrochloride (2) vs. L-(S)-3 and D-(R)-2-amino-N-(3,4-isopropylidenedioxyphenyl)succinimide (4) vs. L-(S)-5. D-(R)-2-partially attenuated amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, whereas D-(R)-4 antagonized oxotremorine-induced tremors. Their respective enantiomorphs were inactive in these tests. No differences in anticonvulsant potency of enantiomeric pairs were observed. The stereoselective actions of D-(R)-2 and 4 were rationalized on the basis of the presence or absence of gem-dimethyl functions in isopropylidenedioxy vs. methylenedioxy groups; the data seem to indicate that these methyl groups influence selective receptor site interaction in the D-(R) series.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antiparkinson Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Male; Mice; Postural Balance; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Seizures; Stereoisomerism; Stereotyped Behavior; Succinimides