phenytoin and Seizures studies

Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The ESETT was a prospective, double-blinded, adaptive trial evaluating levetiracetam, valproate, and fosphenytoin as second-line agents in benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus in adults and children."	9.51	Treatment of Toxin-Related Status Epilepticus With Levetiracetam, Fosphenytoin, or Valproate in Patients Enrolled in the Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial. ( Chamberlain, JM; Coralic, Z; Kapur, J; Olson, KR; Overbeek, D; Silbergleit, R, 2022)
"The efficacy and safety of levetiracetam are superior to that of phenytoin in children with status epilepticus."	9.41	Comparison of Safety and Effectiveness between Levetiracetam and Phenytoin in the Treatment of Pediatric Status Epilepticus: A Meta- Analysis. ( AlMuhanna, FA; AlMuhanna, MA; AlMulihi, QA; AlSultan, EA, 2023)
"IV Levetiracetam controls status epilepticus or cluster seizures with an efficacy comparable to that of phenytoin."	9.24	Intravenous levetiracetam vs phenytoin for status epilepticus and cluster seizures: A prospective, randomized study. ( Al-Amrani, K; Al-Asmi, A; Al-Hashim, A; Ganguly, SS; Gujjar, AR; Jacob, PC; Nandhagopal, R, 2017)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) in the management of seizures in neonates."	9.22	Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in the management of seizures in neonates. ( Asadi, F; Moradian, M; Moradian, N; Sedighi, M; Vakiliamini, M, 2016)
"To compare the efficacy of phenobarbitone and phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures in term and near-term neonates."	9.17	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures: an open-label randomized controlled trial. ( Chawla, D; Goel, SP; Pathak, G; Pathak, U; Upadhyay, A, 2013)
" The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of simultaneously administered isoniazid (300 mg/day) and phenytoin (300 mg/day) on 60 patients with tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma having seizures."	9.17	Phenotypic interaction of simultaneously administered isoniazid and phenytoin in patients with tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma having seizures. ( Adole, PS; Kharbanda, PS; Sharma, S; Singh, A, 2013)
"We conducted a double-blind trial to determine whether a single intramuscular injection of fosphenytoin prevents seizures and neurologic sequelae in children with acute coma."	9.17	Fosphenytoin for seizure prevention in childhood coma in Africa: a randomized clinical trial. ( Chengo, EM; Crawley, J; Fegan, G; Gwer, SA; Idro, RI; Kihara, MN; Kirkham, FJ; Kivaya, E; Mpoya, A; Muchohi, SN; Newton, CR; Ogutu, BR, 2013)
"Seizures are common in patients with gliomas, and phenytoin (PHT) is frequently used to control tumor-related seizures."	9.14	Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy: a randomized phase II pilot study. ( Barbaro, N; Burt, M; Chakalian, L; Chang, E; Chang, S; Lamborn, KR; Lim, DA; McDermott, MW; Tarapore, P, 2009)
"To evaluate the response to albendazole treatment in patients who had SSECTL and new onset seizures treated with antiepileptic drugs (AED) in a prospective clinical trial."	9.13	Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. ( Chattopadhyay, A; Khandelwal, N; Sawhney, IM; Thussu, A, 2008)
"To compare the evidence on efficacy, safety, tolerability, and impact on short term/long functional outcome of lacosamide (LCM) and phenytoin (PHT) in patients with status epilepticus."	9.12	Efficacy of lacosamide and phenytoin in status epilepticus: A systematic review. ( Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)
"To determine the safety and efficacy (measured by the incidence of 'treatment failure') of clobazam in comparison to standard treatment with phenytoin-sodium for prevention of seizures in persons with solitary cysticercus granulomas (SCGs)."	9.12	Safety and efficacy of clobazam versus phenytoin-sodium in the antiepileptic drug treatment of solitary cysticercus granulomas. ( Chopra, SC; Kaushal, S; Rani, A; Singh, G, 2006)
"We determine the efficacy of prophylactic phenytoin in preventing early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury."	9.11	A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of phenytoin for the prevention of early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury. ( Baren, JM; Huff, KR; Inkelis, SH; Lewis, RJ; McBride, DQ; Okada, PJ; Palchak, MJ; Panacek, EA; Sokolove, PE; Young, KD, 2004)
"Albendazole plus dexamethasone increased complete or partial resolution of lesions and reduced the risk of subsequent recurrence of seizures among children with neurocysticercosis who had with seizures and 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions on computed tomography."	9.10	Efficacy of albendazole and short-course dexamethasone treatment in children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions of neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. ( Dua, T; Kalra, V; Kumar, V, 2003)
"To determine the potential effectiveness of phenytoin (PHT) in preventing early postoperative seizures in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors."	9.10	Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: a randomized controlled study. ( De Santis, A; Perucca, E; Sinisi, M; Stocchetti, N; Villani, R, 2002)
"Seizures were controlled in 13 of the 30 neonates assigned to receive phenobarbital (43 percent) and 13 of the 29 neonates assigned to receive phenytoin (45 percent; P=1."	9.09	Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. ( Alvin, J; Armatti, S; Gardiner, JC; Minnigh, B; Painter, MJ; Paneth, N; Scher, MS; Stein, AD; Wang, Z, 1999)
"Fifty pregnant women admitted with diagnosis of eclampsia were randomly allocated to magnesium sulphate (Group A) or phenytoin sodium (Group B) treatment group."	9.09	Efficacy of magnesium sulphate and phenytoin in the management of eclampsia. ( Mandal, R; Sawhney, H; Sawhney, IM; Vasishta, K, 1999)
"Women with a singleton pregnancy in vertex presentation between 32 and 42 weeks' gestation who required induction of labor for either preeclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, or transient hypertension were randomized to receive either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizure prophylaxis."	9.08	Does magnesium sulfate affect the length of labor induction in women with pregnancy-associated hypertension? ( Atkinson, MW; Guinn, D; Hauth, JC; Owen, J, 1995)
"To determine the effectiveness of IV phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures during a six-hour observation period."	9.07	The lack of efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures. ( Bernstein, E; D'Onofrio, G; Fish, SS; Harrison, PM; Hossack, RW; Pickens, L; Rathlev, NK, 1994)
"In order to determine potential negative neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin given to prevent the development of posttraumatic seizures, 244 subjects were randomized to phenytoin or placebo."	9.07	Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures. ( Dikmen, SS; Machamer, J; Miller, B; Temkin, NR; Winn, HR, 1991)
"Six of 28 phenytoin-treated patients (21%) had recurrent seizures compared with five of 27 placebo-treated patients (19%)."	9.07	Emergency department treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin. ( Chance, JF, 1991)
"The results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of progabide (PGB) in the treatment of partial seizures are presented."	9.06	A controlled study of progabide in partial seizures: methodology and results. ( Bowman, T; Cloyd, J; Crosby, C; Dreifuss, FE; Graves, N; Jacobs, M; Leppik, IE; Porter, R; Santilli, N; Stackman, J, 1987)
"The objective of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) or phenytoin (PHT) as second-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE)."	9.05	Levetiracetam vs. phenytoin as 2nd-line treatment for status epilepticus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( DeMott, JM; Gottlieb, M; Peksa, GD; Slocum, GW, 2020)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure with carbamazepine compared with phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures (simple or complex focal and secondarily generalised), or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	9.01	Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C, 2019)
"Since the 1970s, intravenous (IV) phenytoin (PHT) has traditionally been used as second-stage treatment for convulsive status epilepticus (SE) after failure of benzodiazepines."	8.98	A critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials on intravenous phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus. ( Bragazzi, NL; Brigo, F; Lattanzi, S; Nardone, R; Trinka, E, 2018)
"To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, tolerability and safety of clobazam as monotherapy in people with new-onset focal or generalized seizures."	8.98	Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures. ( Anand, V; Arya, R; Garg, SK; Giridharan, N, 2018)
"Early and/or late onset in patients with brain injury (BI) is associated with a poorer prognosis, and phenytoin (PHT) is standard of care to prevent seizures."	8.98	Efficacy of levetiracetam compared with phenytoin in prevention of seizures in brain injured patients: A meta-analysis. ( Li, WL; Liu, YQ; Qi, JL; Wu, YP; Zhang, K; Zhao, L, 2018)
"To review the time to withdrawal, remission and first seizure of phenytoin compared to valproate when used as monotherapy in people with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	8.93	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2016)
"Our goal was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of intravenous lidocaine in pediatrics for status epilepticus (SE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE) to determine its impact on seizure control."	8.91	Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. ( Gillman, LM; Kazina, CJ; Teitelbaum, J; West, M; Zeiler, FA; Zeiler, KJ, 2015)
"To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, tolerability and safety of clobazam as monotherapy in people with new-onset partial or generalized seizures."	8.90	Clobazam monotherapy for partial-onset or generalized-onset seizures. ( Anand, V; Arya, R; Garg, SK; Michael, BD, 2014)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenobarbitone and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in participants with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	8.89	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in individuals with partial onset seizures or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	8.89	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"Fosphenytoin is a phosphate ester prodrug developed as an alternative to intravenous phenytoin for acute treatment of seizures."	8.82	Fosphenytoin: clinical pharmacokinetics and comparative advantages in the acute treatment of seizures. ( Fischer, JH; Fischer, PA; Patel, TV, 2003)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in subjects with partial onset seizures, or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	8.81	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"To review the effects of phenobarbitone compared to phenytoin when used as monotherapy in patients with partial onset seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	8.81	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Taylor, S; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"This study evaluated the efficacy of a single dose of phenytoin/fosphenytoin (PHT) to control repetitive seizures in children with benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)."	8.31	Efficacy of single dose of phenytoin/fosphenytoin in benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. ( Lee, BL; Lee, KS, 2023)
" He had complex partial seizures for the past 22 years, which had been well controlled on phenytoin (300 mg daily)."	8.12	Longstanding Phenytoin Use as a Cause of Progressive Dyspnea. ( Al Omari, O; Jani, C; McCannon, J; Patel, D; Perrino, C; Rupal, A; Singh, H; Walker, A, 2022)
" In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i."	8.02	Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)
"This study was carried out to determine changes over time in use of folic acid, anti-epileptic drugs (AED), seizures during pregnancy and malformation rate over two decades in women with epilepsy enrolled in the Kerala registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy (KREP)."	7.96	Anti-epileptic drug and folic acid usage during pregnancy, seizure and malformation outcomes: Changes over two decades in the Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy. ( A S, R; Baishya, J; Jose, M; Keni, RR; Sankara Sarma, P; Thomas, SV, 2020)
" Levetiracetam is a relatively newer AED with favorable pharmacokinetics and could be an effective and safer option for the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE)."	7.96	Efficacy and safety profile of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children. ( Besli, GE; Yilmaz, S; Yuksel Karatoprak, E, 2020)
"There was a small but clinically insignificant difference in the incidence of hyponatremia in traumatic ICH patients receiving levetiracetam vs."	7.96	Incidence of hyponatremia in patients given levetiracetam vs. phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Bilello, JF; Davis, JW; Dirks, RC; Edmonds, NS; McCullough, KA, 2020)
" Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine if coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) have a neuroprotective effect in rats against the observed oxidative stress and inflammation during seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in rats, and to study their interactions with the conventional antiseizure drug phenytoin (PHT), either alone or in combination."	7.88	Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of adjuvant therapy with phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures: Impact on Sirt1/NRF2 signaling pathways. ( Al-Khalek, HAA; Khalifa, AE; Masoud, SI; Nagib, MM; Rahmo, RM; Sabri, NA; Tadros, MG, 2018)
" This case report describes a 28-year-old male presenting status-post multiple tonic-clonic seizures, treated for persistent seizure activity refractory to benzodiazepines with valproic acid (VPA), levetiracetam, and fosphenytoin."	7.88	A cool side effect of valproic acid administration: Single dose-induced hypothermia. ( Priano, J; Schiel, J; Servati, N; Vilar, J, 2018)
"Busulfan is used as a conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is known to cause seizures as a side effect."	7.88	Comparison of levetiracetam with phenytoin for the prevention of intravenous busulfan-induced seizures in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. ( Akiyama, K; Enami, T; Fukaya, M; Ikeda, T; Kume, T; Shiki, I; Shino, M; Tatara, R, 2018)
"Objective The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation who received levetiracetam versus those who received phenytoin for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures."	7.85	Levetiracetam for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. ( Floeter, AE; McCune, JS, 2017)
" This model consists in inducing daily generalized seizures for 23 consecutive days by administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP)."	7.85	New model of pharmacoresistant seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid in mice. ( Bruno Blanch, L; Castaño, R; Enrique, A; Girardi, E; Goicoechea, S; Orozco, S; Rocha, L; Taborda, F, 2017)
"The PPK model, using the power scaling of body weight, effectively elucidated the topiramate serum concentration profile ranging from pediatric to adult patients."	7.85	Population Pharmacokinetics of Topiramate in Japanese Pediatric and Adult Patients With Epilepsy Using Routinely Monitored Data. ( Ikeda, A; Ito, S; Matsubara, K; Sugimoto, M; Takeuchi, M; Yamamoto, S; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2017)
"In this propensity score-matched cohort analysis, levetiracetam prophylaxis was ineffective in preventing seizures as the rate of seizures was similar whether patients did or did not receive the drug."	7.83	Levetiracetam Prophylaxis for Post-traumatic Brain Injury Seizures is Ineffective: A Propensity Score Analysis. ( Friese, R; Gruessner, A; Joseph, B; Khalil, M; Kulvatunyou, N; Latifi, R; O'Keeffe, T; Rhee, P; Wynne, J; Zangbar, B, 2016)
"Simultaneous administration of phenytoin and isoniazid (INH) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma patients with seizures results in higher plasma phenytoin level and thus phenytoin intoxication."	7.83	N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study. ( Adole, PS; Kharbanda, PS; Sharma, S, 2016)
"To clarify the efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin for seizures in children with benign convulsions and mild gastroenteritis."	7.81	Efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin for benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. ( Abe, S; Igarashi, A; Ikeno, M; Nakahara, E; Nakazawa, M; Niijima, S; Okumura, A; Shimizu, T; Toda, S; Yamashita, S, 2015)
"The present study was focused to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin (PHT) loaded in the silica core of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in an animal model with pharmacoresistant seizures."	7.81	Phenytoin carried by silica core iron oxide nanoparticles reduces the expression of pharmacoresistant seizures in rats. ( Garcia Casillas, PE; Luna-Bárcenas, G; Orozco-Suárez, S; Rocha, L; Rosillo-de la Torre, A; Salgado-Ceballos, H; Zurita-Olvera, L, 2015)
"Lacosamide (LCM), a new antiepileptic drug (AED) approved as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with partial-onset seizures, has limited pharmacokinetic and drug interaction data."	7.80	Lacosamide serum concentrations in adult patients with epilepsy: the influence of gender, age, dose, and concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Duncan, JS; Markoula, S; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sander, JW; Teotonio, R, 2014)
"Current guidelines recommend against the use of phenytoin following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) but consider other anticonvulsants, such as levetiracetam, acceptable."	7.80	Incidence of delayed seizures, delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome with the use of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Fletcher, JJ; Karamchandani, RR; Pandey, AS; Rajajee, V, 2014)
" Another six days later, she developed breakthrough seizures associated with subtherapeutic serum phenytoin levels."	7.80	Ciprofloxacin eye drops-induced subtherapeutic serum phenytoin levels resulting in breakthrough seizures. ( Liew, EK; Malladi, SS; Ng, XT; Tan, RK, 2014)
" Adults with a history of epilepsy who used a generic phenytoin and whose therapy was switched to another generic phenytoin between January 2012 and June 2013 were included (n = 80)."	7.80	Switching between phenytoin generics in patients with epilepsy may lead to increased risk of breakthrough seizure: chart analysis and practice recommendations. ( Chu, K; Jung, KH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Moon, J; Shin, JW, 2014)
"Purple glove syndrome is an uncommon but dreaded complication of intravenous phenytoin administration characterised by pain, oedema and purple-blue discolouration of the limb distal to the site of injection."	7.78	Purple glove syndrome: a dreadful complication of intravenous phenytoin administration. ( Garg, RK; Lalla, R; Malhotra, HS; Sahu, R, 2012)
"Previous studies have reported that patients with phenytoin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (PHT-induced SJS/TEN) were positive for HLA-B*1502."	7.77	HLA-B*1502 genotyping in two Chinese patients with phenytoin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. ( Liao, WP; Liu, XR; Min, FL; Shi, YW, 2011)
"The present study was focused to characterize the effects of intrahippocampal application of R-verapamil, a P-glycoprotein blocker, and High Frequency Electrical Stimulation (HFS) at 130 Hz, on seizure susceptibility and extracellular concentrations of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in hippocampus of kindled rats with drug-resistant seizures."	7.77	Effects of high frequency electrical stimulation and R-verapamil on seizure susceptibility and glutamate and GABA release in a model of phenytoin-resistant seizures. ( Luna-Munguia, H; Orozco-Suarez, S; Rocha, L, 2011)
"To evaluate the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine (LP)."	7.76	Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. ( Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)
"In this study, patients with glioma treated with levetiracetam and phenytoin had similar seizure control."	7.76	Seizures in patients with glioma treated with phenytoin and levetiracetam. ( Anderson, SK; Lachance, DH; Merrell, RT; Meyer, FB, 2010)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is widely administered after subarachnoid hemorrhage, often for several weeks or months."	7.74	Three-day phenytoin prophylaxis is adequate after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Chumnanvej, S; Dunn, IF; Kim, DH, 2007)
"To compare the temporal pattern of seizures after acute withdrawal of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU)."	7.74	Temporal pattern of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin withdrawal seizures during epilepsy monitoring. ( Abou-Khalil, BW; Azar, NJ; Song, Y; Wang, L, 2008)
"A case of erythema multiforme associated with prophylactic use of phenytoin during cranial radiation therapy is reported."	7.74	Erythema multiforme associated with prophylactic use of phenytoin during cranial radiation therapy. ( Barbosa, LA; Teixeira, CR, 2008)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is routinely used for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but may adversely affect neurologic and cognitive recovery."	7.73	Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Commichau, C; Connolly, ES; Fitzsimmons, BF; Janjua, N; Kreiter, KT; Mayer, SA; Naidech, AM; Ostapkovich, N; Parra, A, 2005)
"A case of rhabdomyolysis, in which the etiology could be associated with phenytoin administration is presented and guidelines are described which may assist the early recognition, treatment and prevention of renal failure when such patients are treated in intensive care units."	7.73	Unsuspected rhabdomyolysis associated with phenytoin. ( Borrás-Blasco, J; Navarro-Ruiz, A; Plaza Macias, I; Santos-Calle, FJ, 2005)
"In the present study, the possible role of free radicals in aminophylline-induced seizures was evaluated in albino rats."	7.73	Pharmacological studies on mechanisms of aminophylline-induced seizures in rats. ( Anand, S; Gulati, K; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2005)
"This study investigated the population pharmacokinetics and the enteral bioavailability of phenytoin (PTN) in neonates and infants with seizures."	7.73	Application of routine monitoring data for determination of the population pharmacokinetics and enteral bioavailability of phenytoin in neonates and infants with seizures. ( Al Za'abi, M; Charles, B; Donovan, T; Lanner, A; Xiaonian, X, 2006)
" The present study investigated the influence of L-histidine on the protective effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice."	7.72	L-histidine is a beneficial adjuvant for antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Kamiński, RM; Kleinrok, Z; Kozicka, M; Zółkowska, D, 2004)
"The effects of phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB) on EEG activity and behavior was studied in the model of epilepsy induced by intracerebroventricular (i."	7.72	The effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on seizures induced by imipenem/cilastatin in rats. ( Stanojlovic, O; Stojanovic, J; Susic, V; Zivanovic, D, 2004)
"Elderly patients with end-stage renal disease may be predisposed to seizures with higher doses of codeine phosphate."	7.72	Probable codeine phosphate-induced seizures. ( Kao, SM; Kuo, SC; Lin, YC; Yang, YH, 2004)
"We investigated the anticonvulsant and adverse behavioral effects of lamotrigine (LTG), a novel antiepileptic drug (AED), as well as other conventional AEDs on kindled seizures in rats."	7.70	Effects of lamotrigine and conventional antiepileptic drugs on amygdala- and hippocampal-kindled seizures in rats. ( Kuroda, S; Morimoto, K; Otsuki, K; Sato, K; Yamada, N, 1998)
"The efficacy of Flunarizine (FLU), a calcium channel blocker, in combination with conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), sodium valproate (VPA), and ethosuximide (ESM), at ED50 doses, were examined for protective effects against maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures in mice."	7.70	Additive anticonvulsant effect of flunarizine and sodium valproate on electroshock and chemoshock induced seizures in mice. ( David, J; Joseph, S; Joseph, T, 1998)
"A 76-year-old male with poststroke depression, seizure disorder, and global aphasia improved markedly when treated with methylphenidate."	7.69	Methylphenidate treatment of poststroke depression in a patient with global aphasia. ( Chaudhary, P; Masand, P, 1994)
") on flurothyl-induced clonic and tonic-clonic seizures in 9-, 15-, 30-, and 60-day-old male rats."	7.69	Effects of MK-801 and phenytoin on flurothyl-induced seizures during development. ( Moshé, SL; Ptachewich, Y; Shinnar, S; Velísek, L; Velísková, J, 1995)
"These results suggest that magnesium sulfate is a significantly more effective prophylactic agent than phenytoin for N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures."	7.69	Magnesium is more efficacious than phenytoin in reducing N-methyl-D-aspartate seizures in rats. ( Bardicef, M; Cotton, DB; Irtenkauf, SM; Mason, BA; Standley, CA, 1994)
"To describe a patient with severe thrombocytopenia induced by the administration of phenytoin for prevention of seizures."	7.69	Phenytoin-induced thrombocytopenia. ( Holtzer, CD; Reisner-Keller, LA, 1997)
" At subeffective doses, beta-eudesmol and phenytoin showed additive effect in preventing electroshock seizures."	7.69	Chinese herb constituent beta-eudesmol alleviated the electroshock seizures in mice and electrographic seizures in rat hippocampal slices. ( Chang, CC; Chiou, LC; Ling, JY, 1997)
"We examined the anticonvulsant effects of BW1003C87 (5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine ethane sulphonic acid), which is structurally related to the new antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, and compared its effects to those of the conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and carbamazopine, using the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy."	7.69	BW1003C87, phenytoin and carbamazepine elevate seizure threshold in the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. ( Morimoto, K; Sato, H; Sato, K; Sato, S; Yamada, N, 1997)
"The effects of muscimol, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), diamino-n-butyric acid (DABA), baclofen, bicuculline, picrotoxin, strychnine, diazepam, phenobarbitone and phenytoin on cimetidine-induced seizures were studied in mice."	7.68	Cimetidine-induced seizures in mice. Antagonism by some GABAergic agents. ( Amabeoku, GJ; Chikuni, O, 1993)
"To determine plasma phenytoin levels and seizure outcome in women given phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia."	7.68	Phenytoin prophylaxis in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. ( Campbell, M; de Swiet, M; Redfern, N; Robson, SC; Rodeck, C; Seviour, J; Walkinshaw, S, 1993)
"The effects of some GABAergic agents on seizures induced by quinine were studied in mice."	7.68	Effects of some GABAergic agents on quinine-induced seizures in mice. ( Amabeoku, GJ; Chikuni, O, 1992)
"Immature rats are more susceptible to clonic seizures induced by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) than mature and senile rats."	7.68	Age dependency of the susceptibility of rats to aminooxyacetic acid seizures. ( Cavalheiro, EA; Dziki, M; Kleinrok, Z; Parada, J; Turski, W, 1992)
"This study evaluated a possible mechanism by which glycine potentiates the activity of anticonvulsant drugs against maximal electroshock seizures in rats."	7.68	Anticonvulsant drug potentiation by glycine in maximal electroshock seizures is mimicked by D-serine and antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid. ( Peterson, SL, 1991)
"Agranulocytosis is a rare side effect of phenytoin treatment."	7.68	Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis: a nonimmunologic idiosyncratic reaction? ( McClune, GL; Sharafuddin, MJ; Spanheimer, RG, 1991)
"This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of endotracheal intubation after the use of diazepam compared with phenobarbital or phenytoin in emergency treatment of seizures in children."	7.68	Diazepam and intubation in emergency treatment of seizures in children. ( Dimand, RJ; Karr, VA; Kennedy, KJ; Orr, RA; Venkataraman, ST, 1991)
" We studied the effects of a calcium antagonist diltiazem, as well as diazepam and phenytoin on hyperthermia induced seizures in unrestrained 15 day-old rats."	7.68	Effects of diltiazem on hyperthermia induced seizures in the rat pup. ( Carrillo, E; Laorden, ML; Miralles, FS; Puig, MM, 1990)
"The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effect of pregnancy on the susceptibility of female rats to experimentally induced seizures and on the relationship between serum phenytoin concentration and antiseizure activity."	7.67	Kinetics of drug action in disease states III: Effect of pregnancy on the relationship between phenytoin concentration and antiseizure activity in rats. ( Chou, RC; Levy, G, 1984)
"A 25-year-old man with sickle cell disease and chronic renal insufficiency had tonic-clonic seizures treated with phenytoin."	7.67	Interpretation of serum phenytoin concentrations in uremia is assay-dependent. ( Green, PJ; Rocci, ML; Sirgo, MA; Vlasses, PH, 1984)
"Intravenous phenytoin sodium was given as a high-dose infusion (10 X 8-18 mg/kg) for anticonvulsive prophylaxis to 2 eclamptic patients and to 24 patients with moderate to severe pre-eclampsia."	7.67	Phenytoin infusion in severe pre-eclampsia. ( Anderton, JM; D'Souza, SW; Donnai, P; Mawer, GE; Patrick, J; Richardson, T; Slater, RM; Smith, WD; Wilcox, FL, 1987)
"Glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) is a glutamate antagonist which acts preferentially at the quisqualate-sensitive receptor and has been shown to be an effective anticonvulsant in alcohol withdrawal and homocysteine-induced seizures but ineffective in other seizure models."	7.67	Inhibition of quisqualate-induced seizures by glutamic acid diethyl ester and anti-epileptic drugs. ( Freed, WJ; Schwarz, SS, 1986)
"We evaluated the efficacy of pretreatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital to prevent seizures in mice given convulsive doses of theophylline."	7.67	Relative efficacy of phenytoin and phenobarbital for the prevention of theophylline-induced seizures in mice. ( Blake, KV; Hendeles, L; Massey, KL; Neims, A; Nickerson, D, 1988)
"Acute administration of phenytoin (40 and 75 mg/kg) was unable to counteract seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and even prolonged them in some cases."	7.67	Anticonvulsant effects of chronic treatment with phenytoin against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the mouse. ( File, SE; Pellow, S; Wilks, L, 1985)
"Among 50 patients with phenytoin intoxication, 14 had seizures during the episode."	7.67	Incidence of seizures with phenytoin toxicity. ( Masdeu, JC; Stilman, N, 1985)
"The anticonvulsant effects of clonazepam, nitrazepam and chlordiazepoxide alone, or combined with diphenylhydantoin, were studied on pentylenetetrazol- and bicuculline-induced seizures."	7.66	Effects of combined treatment with diphenylhydantoin and different benzodiazepines on pentylenetetrazol- and bicuculline-induced seizures in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Kleinrok, Z; Turski, L, 1982)
"The onset of clonic seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP) was associated with an approximately 200% increase of cAMP and a 70% elevation of cGMP in the mouse cerebral cortex."	7.66	Cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the cerebral cortex of mice during seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid: effects of anticonvulsant agents. ( Folbergrová, J, 1980)
"A case of phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis is presented."	7.66	Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis after treatment for a gunshot wound to the face. ( Goldberg, JS; Lazarus, HM; Spetzler, RF; Strickland, RD, 1983)
"Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was more effective than diphenylhydantoin (100 mg/kg) in suppressing motor seizures elicited in kindled rats by amygdaloid stimulation; however, the effect of these drugs on the incidence of spontaneous motor seizures in rats kindled by amygdaloid stimulation was just the opposite."	7.66	Effects of diazepam and diphenylhydantoin on elicited and spontaneous seizures in kindled rats: a double dissociation. ( Pinel, JP, 1983)
"The efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures was studied in rats."	7.66	Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin in rats. ( Chu, NS, 1981)
"A 19-year-old man with posttraumatic seizures under good control with phenytoin, 500 mg/day, presented with three seizures."	7.66	Increased clearance of phenytoin as the presenting feature of infectious mononucleosis. ( Braun, CW; Goldstone, JM, 1980)
"A case of diabetic ketoacidosis in a 64-year-old black woman with maturity-onset diabetes receiving phenytoin for a seizure disorder is reported."	7.66	Phenytoin-induced hyperglycemia. ( Carter, BL; Mandel, MD; Small, RE; Starkman, MT, 1981)
"An apparent case of carbamazepine-induced leukocytosis in a 26-year-old woman is presented."	7.66	Carbamazepine-induced leukocytosis. ( Murphy, JE; Springer, PK; Stewart, RB, 1980)
" We determined the plasma levels of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin following initial administration and during maintenance therapy in 59 neonates with seizures."	7.66	Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin levels in neonates with seizures. ( MacDonald, H; Painter, MJ; Pippenger, C; Pitlick, W, 1978)
" When seizures developed, intravenous phenytoin sodium therapy was begun."	7.66	Dopamine-phenytoin interaction. A cause of hypotension in the critically ill. ( Bivins, BA; Blouin, R; Bustrack, J; Griffen, WO; Rapp, RP, 1978)
"The causes of chronic, recurrent headaches, the electroencephalographic findings and the response to phenytoin (Dilantin) and other medications have been evaluated in 100 children."	7.66	Recurrent headaches in 100 children. Electroencephalographic abnormalities and response to phenytoin (Dilantin). ( Millichap, JG, 1978)
"Eight patients developed grand mal seizures during intravenous theophylline therapy."	7.65	Theophylline-induced seizures in adults. Correlation with serum concentrations. ( Cohn, WM; Matthay, RA; Neff, TA; Sutton, FD; Weinberger, MM; Zwillich, CW, 1975)
" Cycloheximide, which antagonizes the puromycin-induced amnesia 3 hours after training, also antagonizes the puromycin effect on susceptibility to seizure."	7.64	Puromycin effect on memory may be due to occult seizures. ( Barondes, SH; Cohen, HD, 1967)
"Diazepam was initially administered, followed intravenously by FPHT at 22."	7.30	Levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin as a second-line treatment after diazepam for adult convulsive status epilepticus: a multicentre non-inferiority randomised control trial. ( Asami, M; Egawa, S; Fukuda, Y; Hoshiyama, E; Inoue, Y; Ishikawa, E; Kaneko, J; Kimura, A; Kondo, Y; Maruo, K; Marushima, A; Matsumaru, Y; Mochizuki, M; Nakamoto, H; Nakamura, K; Takahashi, Y; Uchida, M; Unemoto, K; Yamada, T; Yonekawa, C, 2023)
" Only patients displaying persistent seizures or suspected of adverse effects were requested for drug monitoring."	6.87	Analysis of phenytoin drug concentration for evaluation of clinical response, uncontrolled seizures and toxicity. ( Cao, L; Guo, R; Li, Y; Shaikh, AS, 2018)
"Celecoxib (400) mg was administered orally twice a day until tumor progression or dose-limiting toxicity."	6.73	Effect of phenytoin on celecoxib pharmacokinetics in patients with glioblastoma. ( Batchelor, T; Desideri, S; Grossman, SA; Hammour, T; Lesser, G; Olson, J; Peereboom, D; Supko, JG; Ye, X, 2008)
"Seizure activity following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) can worsen patients' comorbidity."	6.72	Phenytoin prophylaxis and functional outcomes following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bzhilyanskaya, V; Fairchild, M; Lurie, T; Pourmand, A; Powell, E; Rashid, A; Rehan, MA; Tran, QK, 2021)
"Treatment with levetiracetam is efficacious, and levetiracetam-treated patients require significantly lower doses of immunosuppressant medications to achieve an equivalent antirejection effect."	6.71	Levetiracetam for seizures after liver transplantation. ( Bergethon, PR; Freeman, R; Glass, GA; Mithoefer, A; Stankiewicz, J, 2005)
"Subclinical seizure activity in the patient with encephalopathy and on ventilation with acute liver failure (ALF) is a poorly recognized entity."	6.69	Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial. ( Ellis, AJ; Wendon, JA; Williams, R, 2000)
"Phenytoin is a well-tolerated alternative to magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis in the patient with mild pregnancy-induced hypertension."	6.67	Magnesium sulfate versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in pregnancy-induced hypertension. ( Adams, HR; Appleton, MP; Gold, WR; Knight, AB; Kuehl, TJ; Raebel, MA, 1991)
"Since the effectiveness of seizure prophylaxis has not been established, the authors suggest that anticonvulsant drugs be administered only after an early seizure has occurred."	6.65	Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures. ( Bean, JR; Haack, D; Norton, JA; Rapp, RP; Tibbs, PA; Young, B, 1983)
"The time between injury and seizures did not significantly differ between the two groups."	6.65	Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent late posttraumatic seizures. ( Bean, JR; Haack, D; Norton, JA; Rapp, RP; Tibbs, PA; Young, B, 1983)
"OBJECTIVEDe novo seizure following craniotomy (DSC) for nontraumatic pathology may adversely affect medical and neurological outcomes in patients with no history of seizures who have undergone craniotomies."	6.61	Phenytoin versus levetiracetam as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizure in patients with no history of seizures: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Choi, CY; Han, SR; Koo, HW; Lee, CH; Sohn, MJ, 2019)
"How aggressively these seizures should be treated is unclear."	6.52	Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Update on the TRENdS study. ( Husain, AM, 2015)
"Seizures are a common sequela of self-poisoning."	6.46	Should phenytoin or barbiturates be used as second-line anticonvulsant therapy for toxicological seizures? ( Eddleston, M; Shah, AS, 2010)
"It is now clear that "seizure activity", excitatory phenomena, and/or a disorder of muscle tone are potential complications of the use of propofol."	6.39	Propofol and seizures. ( Burt, P; Sutherland, MJ, 1994)
"Eclamptic seizures are clinically and electroencephalographically indistinguishable from generalized tonic-clonic seizures."	6.38	A continuing controversy: magnesium sulfate in the treatment of eclamptic seizures. ( Fisher, RS; Hanley, DF; Kaplan, PW; Lesser, RP; Repke, JT, 1990)
"The pathogenesis of eclamptic convulsions is unknown."	6.38	Magnesium sulfate is the ideal anticonvulsant in preeclampsia-eclampsia. ( Sibai, BM, 1990)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a first-line antiepileptic drug in clinics, which could decrease neuronal bioelectric activity by blocking the voltage-operated sodium channels."	5.91	Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoformulation Selectively Abolishes Phenytoin Resistance in Epileptic Neurons for Ceasing Seizures. ( Cao, D; Guan, Q; Li, M; Luo, Z; Mao, X; Wang, X, 2023)
"The rates of cessation of seizure and prevention of seizure recurrence for 24 h were 84% for phenytoin and 78."	5.72	Efficacy of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children. ( Akın, Y; Çağ, Y; Köle, MT; Sager, SG; Zeynel, H, 2022)
" Dosing of phenytoin remains a challenge for all clinicians which increase the need for such reports."	5.62	Phenytoin-Induced Paradoxical Seizures and Blood Dyscrasias in a Patient Receiving Rapid Intravenous Infusion: A Case Report. ( Radhakrishnan, A; Sudarsan, P; Suresh, A; Varghese, R, 2021)
"The ESETT was a prospective, double-blinded, adaptive trial evaluating levetiracetam, valproate, and fosphenytoin as second-line agents in benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus in adults and children."	5.51	Treatment of Toxin-Related Status Epilepticus With Levetiracetam, Fosphenytoin, or Valproate in Patients Enrolled in the Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial. ( Chamberlain, JM; Coralic, Z; Kapur, J; Olson, KR; Overbeek, D; Silbergleit, R, 2022)
" This is only the ninth case reported in literature regarding this rare and potentially serious adverse effect of levetiracetam."	5.51	Rhabdomyolysis: a rare adverse effect of levetiracetam. ( Ahmed, N; Mirza, MMF; Shaikh, NA; Thomas, L, 2019)
"Benzodiazepines are used as first-line treatments for status epilepticus."	5.46	Efficacy of levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin for the recurrence of seizures after status epilepticus. ( Daidoji, H; Doi, K; Hashimoto, H; Hiruma, T; Inokuchi, R; Morimura, N; Nakamura, K; Naraba, H; Sonoo, T; Tokunaga, K, 2017)
"When fully kindled seizures were achieved by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala, rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, phenytoin, and phenytoin (PHT)+5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) groups."	5.42	Activation of adenosine receptor potentiates the anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin against amygdala kindled seizures. ( Sun, Z; Tan, L; Wu, ZC; Yu, JT; Zhang, Q; Zhong, XL; Zong, Y, 2015)
"Recurrent seizures requiring either emergency room (ER) visits or hospitalization were used to measure the efficacy of seizure control."	5.42	Efficacy of phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine and new antiepileptic drugs on control of late-onset post-stroke epilepsy in Taiwan. ( Chan, L; Chi, NF; Chien, LN; Chiou, HY; Hu, CJ; Huang, YH; Kuan, YC, 2015)
" Adverse effects of fosphenytoin may include: cardiovascular events (hypotension, arrhythmias), paresthesias or pruritus or some central events - somnolence, headache, dizziness, nystagmus and ataxia."	5.42	The safety and efficacy of fosphenytoin for the treatment of status epilepticus. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Popławska, M, 2015)
"The efficacy and safety of levetiracetam are superior to that of phenytoin in children with status epilepticus."	5.41	Comparison of Safety and Effectiveness between Levetiracetam and Phenytoin in the Treatment of Pediatric Status Epilepticus: A Meta- Analysis. ( AlMuhanna, FA; AlMuhanna, MA; AlMulihi, QA; AlSultan, EA, 2023)
" Phenobarbital versus levetiracetam as first-line ASM in EEG-confirmed neonatal seizures (one trial) Phenobarbital is probably more effective than levetiracetam in achieving seizure control after first loading dose (RR 2."	5.41	Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures. ( Abiramalatha, T; Brigo, F; Hartmann, H; Pressler, R; Ramaswamy, VV; Thanigainathan, S, 2023)
"The present study was aimed to characterize the anticonvulsant effects of piperine in combination with well established antiepileptic drug (AED) phenytoin, in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model by using the type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	5.39	Combination therapy of piperine and phenytoin in maximal electroshock induced seizures in mice: isobolographic and biochemical analysis. ( Khanam, R; Pillai, KK; Saraogi, P; Vohora, D, 2013)
"Acute seizures frequently occur following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and have been associated with poor patient prognosis."	5.39	Ethosuximide and phenytoin dose-dependently attenuate acute nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury in rats. ( Lu, XC; Marcsisin, SR; Melendez, V; Mountney, A; Potter, B; Shear, DA; Sousa, J; Tortella, FC, 2013)
"To compare the incidence of seizures in patients receiving either prophylactic PHT or LEV perioperatively, 971 patients undergoing a craniotomy were analysed retrospectively during a 2-year period."	5.38	Levetiracetam compared to phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative seizures after craniotomy for intracranial tumours in patients without epilepsy. ( Brawanski, AT; Feigl, GC; Hansen, E; Kern, K; Lange, M; Schebesch, KM; Schlaier, J, 2012)
"He also had visual hallucinations and temporary high blood pressure."	5.37	Pharmacoresistant convulsions and visual hallucinations around two weeks after selegiline overdose: a case report. ( Kato, S; Kobayashi, T; Saito, N; Shioda, K; Suda, S, 2011)
"The antiseizure effect of tested combinations was not sex-dependent and not reversed by hydrocortisone pretreatment."	5.33	Influence of aminoglutethimide and spironolactone on the efficacy of carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin against amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ, 2005)
"Gabapentin was also effective against two other bs mutants, bangsenseless(1) and slamdance(iso7."	5.32	Treatment with the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and gabapentin ameliorates seizure and paralysis of Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants. ( Feeney, L; Jacobs, B; McKeever, C; Reynolds, ER; Rojahn, E; Stauffer, EA, 2004)
"Adenosine is an inhibitor of neuronal activity in the brain."	5.31	Grafts of adenosine-releasing cells suppress seizures in kindling epilepsy. ( Aebischer, P; Boison, D; Déglon, N; Huber, A; Möhler, H; Padrun, V, 2001)
"ADD and seizure severity were also measured in response to both threshold and suprathreshold kindling stimulation."	5.31	Conventional anticonvulsant drugs in the guinea-pig kindling model of partial seizures: effects of acute phenytoin. ( Bharadia, V; Gilbert, TH; Teskey, GC, 2001)
"Seizures are commonly associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy."	5.31	Pervasive seizures caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: treatment with intravenous paraldehyde. ( Armstrong, DL; Battin, MR, 2001)
"Phenytoin was released in vitro from EVAc polymers in a controlled fashion with an initial release of 0."	5.31	The intracerebral administration of phenytoin using controlled-release polymers reduces experimental seizures in rats. ( Aryanpur, JJ; Ewend, MG; Kossoff, EH; Rossell, LA; Tamargo, RJ; Tyler, BM, 2002)
" Administration of phenytoin or newer alternative antiepileptic medications (AEMs) prevents seizures caused by BU."	5.30	Association of Antiepileptic Medications with Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation with Busulfan/Cyclophosphamide Conditioning. ( Aljurf, M; Beitinjaneh, A; Bo-Subait, K; Bubalo, J; Cahn, JY; Cerny, J; Chhabra, S; Cumpston, A; Dupuis, LL; Krem, MM; Lazarus, HM; Marks, DI; Martin, PJ; Maziarz, RT; McCune, JS; Mineishi, S; Norkin, M; Pasquini, M; Prestidge, T; Wang, T, 2019)
"Phenytoin toxicity is an uncommon problem seen in clinical practice."	5.30	Paradoxical seizures in phenytoin toxicity. ( Chua, HC; Tan, CB; Tjia, H; Venketasubramanian, N, 1999)
"Nifedipine was found to have anticonvulsant activity in both models but flunarizine only had an anticonvulsant effect in the PTZ seizure incidence/latency test."	5.29	Protective effect of flunarizine and nifedipine alone and in combination with anticonvulsant drugs against PTZ-induced seizures in mice. ( Pleuvry, BJ; Rodger, C, 1993)
"In contrast to the potent effect on the seizure threshold, the severity or duration of seizures, evoked in phenytoin-pretreated rats by increasing the current, was not reduced."	5.28	Phenytoin potently increases the threshold for focal seizures in amygdala-kindled rats. ( Hönack, D; Löscher, W; Rundfeldt, C, 1990)
"Infants with refractory seizures received additional phenobarbital to a maximum serum concentration of 100 micrograms/mL."	5.28	Rapid sequential phenobarbital treatment of neonatal seizures. ( Duchowny, MS; Gal, P; Gilman, JT; Ransom, JL; Weaver, RL, 1989)
"Pregnant women with epilepsy on one or more of the following AEDs: lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin or levetiracetam."	5.27	AntiEpileptic drug Monitoring in PREgnancy (EMPiRE): a double-blind randomised trial on effectiveness and acceptability of monitoring strategies. ( Bagary, M; Coleman, J; D'Amico, M; Denny, E; Dodds, J; Eldridge, S; Greenhill, L; Hard, K; Kelso, A; Khan, KS; Marlin, N; McCorry, D; Middleton, L; Moss, N; Newton, S; Pirie, A; Pullen, A; Rikunenko, R; Roberts, T; Rogozińska, E; Thangaratinam, S; Weckesser, A, 2018)
"The ED50s to inhibit seizure pattern in EEG were 30."	5.27	Effects of certain antiepileptics on cephaloridine- and cefazolin-induced seizures in rats. ( Kamei, C; Sunami, A; Tasaka, K, 1983)
"Twenty-nine complications were burning pain at the IV site, and 36 were related to excessive total dose of phenytoin and resultant drug intoxication."	5.27	Complications of intravenous phenytoin for acute treatment of seizures. Recommendations for usage. ( Drury, LR; Earnest, MP; Marx, JA, 1983)
"A case of cerebral air embolism complicated by oxygen-induced seizures in the hyperbaric environment is presented."	5.27	Phenytoin sodium in oxygen-toxicity-induced seizures. ( Weaver, LK, 1983)
"QUIN seizures showed particular sensitivity to carbamazepine (5 mg/kg) but were resistant to diphenylhydantoin unless a relatively high dose was used (100 mg/kg)."	5.27	Anticonvulsant drugs effective against human temporal lobe epilepsy prevent seizures but not neurotoxicity induced in rats by quinolinic acid: electroencephalographic, behavioral and histological assessments. ( Samanin, R; Tullii, M; Vezzani, A; Wu, HQ, 1986)
"A retrospective study of neonatal seizures in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit determined a 3."	5.27	Efficacy of phenobarbital in neonatal seizures. ( Darwish, HZ; Van Orman, CB, 1985)
"Electroconvulsive seizures administered during the period of fetal benzodiazepine (BZ) binding site proliferation (days 16, 18 and 20 in gestation) significantly decreased the density of cerebral cortical benzodiazepine binding sites in exposed pups up to 21 days postnatal age."	5.26	Prenatal exposure to electroconvulsive seizures and phenytoin: development of benzodiazepine binding sites, reflex behaviors and seizure thresholds in exposed offspring. ( Gallager, DW; Wakeman, EA, 1982)
"Maximal seizures were induced with electroshock via corneal electrodes, and phenytoin anticonvulsant effects were determined by measuring the duration of tonic hindlimb extension (THE) and prevention of the THE."	5.26	A comparative study of the effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on electrically induced maximal seizures in frogs and mice. ( Johnson, SW; Riker, WK, 1982)
"Phenytoin was injected into the ventral lymph sac 30-45 min prior to anesthesia with tricaine."	5.26	Dose-response analysis of phenytoin on electrically induced seizures and spontaneous activity of cerebellar purkinje cells in the frog. ( Johnson, SW; Riker, WK, 1982)
"Phenytoin was found in higher concentration in gray matter, whereas phenobarbital was equally distributed between gray and white matter."	5.26	Phenobarbital and phenytoin in neonatal seizures: metabolism and tissue distribution. ( Abern, S; Barmada, M; Carter, G; Painter, MJ; Pippenger, C; Pitlick, W; Wasterlain, C, 1981)
"Most patients had had more than three seizures or were in status epilepticus."	5.26	Intravenous phenytoin in acute treatment of seizures. ( Anderson, CB; Cranford, RE; Kostick, B; Leppik, IE; Patrick, B, 1979)
"Acute dose-response studies with phenytoin were conducted to determine the relationship between plasma levels and anticonvulsant effect in epileptic chickens."	5.26	Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VII. Plasma phenytoin concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. ( Crawford, RD; Davis, HL; Johnson, DD, 1978)
" Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations."	5.26	Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy. ( Ramsay, RE; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1978)
"Cannabidiol was effective in blocking convulsions when given concurrently with, but not prior to delta9THC."	5.26	Anticonvulsant drug antagonism of delta9tetrahydrocannabinol-induced seizures in rabbits. ( Consroe, P; Eisenstein, D; Martin, P, 1977)
"IV Levetiracetam controls status epilepticus or cluster seizures with an efficacy comparable to that of phenytoin."	5.24	Intravenous levetiracetam vs phenytoin for status epilepticus and cluster seizures: A prospective, randomized study. ( Al-Amrani, K; Al-Asmi, A; Al-Hashim, A; Ganguly, SS; Gujjar, AR; Jacob, PC; Nandhagopal, R, 2017)
"Based on low quality evidence, phenobarbital appears to be the most effective agent for seizure cessation within 60 min of administration in patients with benzodiazepine resistant status epilepticus."	5.22	Treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus: Systematic review and network meta-analyses. ( Aneja, S; Arya, R; Cunningham, J; Jain, P; Sharma, S, 2022)
"This article will review the different therapeutic options for status, from early treatment at home to the different first-line (benzodiazepines), second-line (phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, levetiracetam and lacosamide) or third-line treatments, which include both pharmacological (anaesthetics, propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, topiramate, brivaracetam or perampanel) and non-pharmacological (ketogenic diet, immunomodulatory treatments or epilepsy surgery) therapies."	5.22	[Paediatric status epilepticus]. ( García-Peñas, JJ; González-Alguacil, E; Soto-Insuga, V, 2022)
"It was reported that phenytoin can prevent early post traumatic seizures."	5.22	Population Pharmacokinetics of Phenytoin Based on NONMEM in Patients with Intracranial Tumor During the First Week of Post-Craniotomy. ( Huang, YA; Lei, Z; Li, L; Li, ZD; Liu, M; Wan, JH, 2016)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) in the management of seizures in neonates."	5.22	Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in the management of seizures in neonates. ( Asadi, F; Moradian, M; Moradian, N; Sedighi, M; Vakiliamini, M, 2016)
"To compare the efficacy of phenobarbitone and phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures in term and near-term neonates."	5.17	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures: an open-label randomized controlled trial. ( Chawla, D; Goel, SP; Pathak, G; Pathak, U; Upadhyay, A, 2013)
" The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of simultaneously administered isoniazid (300 mg/day) and phenytoin (300 mg/day) on 60 patients with tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma having seizures."	5.17	Phenotypic interaction of simultaneously administered isoniazid and phenytoin in patients with tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma having seizures. ( Adole, PS; Kharbanda, PS; Sharma, S; Singh, A, 2013)
"We conducted a double-blind trial to determine whether a single intramuscular injection of fosphenytoin prevents seizures and neurologic sequelae in children with acute coma."	5.17	Fosphenytoin for seizure prevention in childhood coma in Africa: a randomized clinical trial. ( Chengo, EM; Crawley, J; Fegan, G; Gwer, SA; Idro, RI; Kihara, MN; Kirkham, FJ; Kivaya, E; Mpoya, A; Muchohi, SN; Newton, CR; Ogutu, BR, 2013)
" Therefore, the authors conducted a prospective, randomized trial examining the use of phenytoin for postoperative seizure prophylaxis in patients undergoing resection for supratentorial brain metastases or gliomas."	5.17	A prospective randomized trial of perioperative seizure prophylaxis in patients with intraparenchymal brain tumors. ( Forman, A; Graham, S; Heimberger, AB; Hess, K; Lang, FF; McCutcheon, IE; Prabhu, SS; Qiao, W; Sawaya, R; Suki, D; Trinh, VT; Wang, X; Weinberg, JS; Wu, AS, 2013)
"Seizures are common in patients with gliomas, and phenytoin (PHT) is frequently used to control tumor-related seizures."	5.14	Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy: a randomized phase II pilot study. ( Barbaro, N; Burt, M; Chakalian, L; Chang, E; Chang, S; Lamborn, KR; Lim, DA; McDermott, MW; Tarapore, P, 2009)
"In this prospective, single-center, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of LEV versus PHT (2:1 ratio) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (NCT00618436) patients received IV load with either LEV or fosphenytoin followed by standard IV doses of LEV or PHT."	5.14	Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. ( Lindsell, CJ; Sangha, KS; Shutter, LA; Szaflarski, JP, 2010)
"To evaluate the response to albendazole treatment in patients who had SSECTL and new onset seizures treated with antiepileptic drugs (AED) in a prospective clinical trial."	5.13	Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. ( Chattopadhyay, A; Khandelwal, N; Sawhney, IM; Thussu, A, 2008)
"We searched key databases using combinations of the following terms: "levetiracetam," "prophylaxis," "ICH," "intracerebral hemorrhage," "intraparenchymal hemorrhage."	5.12	A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antiepileptic Prophylaxis in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. ( Church, EW; Cockroft, KM; Gigliotti, MJ; Simon, SD; Wilkinson, DA, 2021)
"To compare the evidence on efficacy, safety, tolerability, and impact on short term/long functional outcome of lacosamide (LCM) and phenytoin (PHT) in patients with status epilepticus."	5.12	Efficacy of lacosamide and phenytoin in status epilepticus: A systematic review. ( Dawman, L; Panda, P; Panda, PK; Sharawat, IK, 2021)
"To determine the safety and efficacy (measured by the incidence of 'treatment failure') of clobazam in comparison to standard treatment with phenytoin-sodium for prevention of seizures in persons with solitary cysticercus granulomas (SCGs)."	5.12	Safety and efficacy of clobazam versus phenytoin-sodium in the antiepileptic drug treatment of solitary cysticercus granulomas. ( Chopra, SC; Kaushal, S; Rani, A; Singh, G, 2006)
"We determine the efficacy of prophylactic phenytoin in preventing early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury."	5.11	A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of phenytoin for the prevention of early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury. ( Baren, JM; Huff, KR; Inkelis, SH; Lewis, RJ; McBride, DQ; Okada, PJ; Palchak, MJ; Panacek, EA; Sokolove, PE; Young, KD, 2004)
"The intravenous application of VPA seems to be an easy-to-use, safe and efficient formulation as an alternative to phenytoin in all seizure emergency situations including status epilepticus."	5.11	Intravenous valproate as an innovative therapy in seizure emergency situations including status epilepticus--experience in 102 adult patients. ( Peters, CN; Pohlmann-Eden, B, 2005)
") seizure prophylactic dose of fosphenytoin (18 mg kg-1 phenytoin sodium equivalents) were concomitantly administered to 15 African children with malaria."	5.10	Phenytoin pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in African children following fosphenytoin and chloramphenicol coadministration. ( Kokwaro, GO; Muchohi, SN; Newton, CR; Ogutu, BR; Otieno, GO, 2002)
"Albendazole plus dexamethasone increased complete or partial resolution of lesions and reduced the risk of subsequent recurrence of seizures among children with neurocysticercosis who had with seizures and 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions on computed tomography."	5.10	Efficacy of albendazole and short-course dexamethasone treatment in children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions of neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. ( Dua, T; Kalra, V; Kumar, V, 2003)
"To determine the potential effectiveness of phenytoin (PHT) in preventing early postoperative seizures in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors."	5.10	Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: a randomized controlled study. ( De Santis, A; Perucca, E; Sinisi, M; Stocchetti, N; Villani, R, 2002)
"Seizures were controlled in 13 of the 30 neonates assigned to receive phenobarbital (43 percent) and 13 of the 29 neonates assigned to receive phenytoin (45 percent; P=1."	5.09	Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. ( Alvin, J; Armatti, S; Gardiner, JC; Minnigh, B; Painter, MJ; Paneth, N; Scher, MS; Stein, AD; Wang, Z, 1999)
"The goals of this study were to determine if the use of phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures following head injury was associated with significant adverse side effects and also to determine if the reduction in early posttraumatic seizures after phenytoin administration was associated with a change in mortality rates in head-injured patients."	5.09	Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Dikmen, SS; Haltiner, AM; Newell, DW; Temkin, NR; Winn, HR, 1999)
" One hundred thirty-two patients at high risk for seizures were assigned to receive a 1-week course of phenytoin, 120 were assigned to receive a 1-month course of valproate, and 127 were assigned to receive a 6-month course of valproate."	5.09	Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial. ( Anderson, GD; Awan, A; Cohen, W; Dikmen, SS; Holmes, MD; Nelson, P; Newell, DW; Temkin, NR; Wilensky, AJ; Winn, HR, 1999)
"Fifty pregnant women admitted with diagnosis of eclampsia were randomly allocated to magnesium sulphate (Group A) or phenytoin sodium (Group B) treatment group."	5.09	Efficacy of magnesium sulphate and phenytoin in the management of eclampsia. ( Mandal, R; Sawhney, H; Sawhney, IM; Vasishta, K, 1999)
"Women with a singleton pregnancy in vertex presentation between 32 and 42 weeks' gestation who required induction of labor for either preeclampsia, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, or transient hypertension were randomized to receive either magnesium sulfate or phenytoin (Dilantin) for seizure prophylaxis."	5.08	Does magnesium sulfate affect the length of labor induction in women with pregnancy-associated hypertension? ( Atkinson, MW; Guinn, D; Hauth, JC; Owen, J, 1995)
" The lack of consensus on prophylaxis of early postoperative seizures with phenytoin (PHT) may be due to the different dosages used in several studies, owing to inadequate therapeutic plasma level."	5.08	Peri-operative prophylaxis with phenytoin: dosage and therapeutic plasma levels. ( Boselli, L; Levati, A; Savoia, G; Tommasino, C; Zoppi, F, 1996)
"Elderly nursing home patients (n = 46) taking chronic phenytoin therapy and patients enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (n = 58) evaluating the use of phenytoin to prevent posttraumatic seizures."	5.08	Revised Winter-Tozer equation for normalized phenytoin concentrations in trauma and elderly patients with hypoalbuminemia. ( Anderson, GD; Doane, KW; Griffy, KG; Pak, C; Temkin, NR; Wilensky, AJ; Winn, HR, 1997)
"To determine the effectiveness of IV phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures during a six-hour observation period."	5.07	The lack of efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures. ( Bernstein, E; D'Onofrio, G; Fish, SS; Harrison, PM; Hossack, RW; Pickens, L; Rathlev, NK, 1994)
"In order to determine potential negative neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin given to prevent the development of posttraumatic seizures, 244 subjects were randomized to phenytoin or placebo."	5.07	Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures. ( Dikmen, SS; Machamer, J; Miller, B; Temkin, NR; Winn, HR, 1991)
"Six of 28 phenytoin-treated patients (21%) had recurrent seizures compared with five of 27 placebo-treated patients (19%)."	5.07	Emergency department treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin. ( Chance, JF, 1991)
"The results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of progabide (PGB) in the treatment of partial seizures are presented."	5.06	A controlled study of progabide in partial seizures: methodology and results. ( Bowman, T; Cloyd, J; Crosby, C; Dreifuss, FE; Graves, N; Jacobs, M; Leppik, IE; Porter, R; Santilli, N; Stackman, J, 1987)
" Drug interactions were studied during a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of the efficacy and toxicity of PGB in patients with partial seizures taking phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ)."	5.06	Effect of progabide on serum phenytoin and carbamazepine concentrations. ( Brundage, RC; Cloyd, JC; Graves, NM; Leppik, IE; Welty, TE, 1987)
"A double blind randomized study has been performed in 17 newborn infants bearing a diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia and treated with phenobarbital (FB) or phenytoin (DPH) to prevent the onset of seizures."	5.06	[Preventive treatment of convulsions in perinatal asphyxia]. ( Chunga, F; Durán, JA; Serrano, JS; Valls, A; Vela, F, 1987)
"The objective of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) or phenytoin (PHT) as second-line treatment for status epilepticus (SE)."	5.05	Levetiracetam vs. phenytoin as 2nd-line treatment for status epilepticus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( DeMott, JM; Gottlieb, M; Peksa, GD; Slocum, GW, 2020)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure with carbamazepine compared with phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures (simple or complex focal and secondarily generalised), or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	5.01	Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C, 2019)
"Since the 1970s, intravenous (IV) phenytoin (PHT) has traditionally been used as second-stage treatment for convulsive status epilepticus (SE) after failure of benzodiazepines."	4.98	A critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials on intravenous phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus. ( Bragazzi, NL; Brigo, F; Lattanzi, S; Nardone, R; Trinka, E, 2018)
"To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, tolerability and safety of clobazam as monotherapy in people with new-onset focal or generalized seizures."	4.98	Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures. ( Anand, V; Arya, R; Garg, SK; Giridharan, N, 2018)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure of sodium valproate compared to phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	4.98	Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2018)
"Early and/or late onset in patients with brain injury (BI) is associated with a poorer prognosis, and phenytoin (PHT) is standard of care to prevent seizures."	4.98	Efficacy of levetiracetam compared with phenytoin in prevention of seizures in brain injured patients: A meta-analysis. ( Li, WL; Liu, YQ; Qi, JL; Wu, YP; Zhang, K; Zhao, L, 2018)
"Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a serious neurologic condition resulting from thiamine deficiency."	4.93	Nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy. ( Clift, F; Rogers, P; Welsh, A, 2016)
"To review the time to withdrawal, remission and first seizure of phenytoin compared to valproate when used as monotherapy in people with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	4.93	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2016)
" On the basis of currently available Level III evidence, patients treated with either levetiracetam or phenytoin have similar incidences of early seizures after TBI."	4.93	Should Levetiracetam or Phenytoin Be Used for Posttraumatic Seizure Prophylaxis? A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-analysis. ( Barker, F; Evans, LT; Fierst, TM; Hoes, K; Hymel, C; Khan, NR; Klimo, P; Mayer, R; VanLandingham, MA, 2016)
"Our goal was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of intravenous lidocaine in pediatrics for status epilepticus (SE) and refractory status epilepticus (RSE) to determine its impact on seizure control."	4.91	Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. ( Gillman, LM; Kazina, CJ; Teitelbaum, J; West, M; Zeiler, FA; Zeiler, KJ, 2015)
"To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, tolerability and safety of clobazam as monotherapy in people with new-onset partial or generalized seizures."	4.90	Clobazam monotherapy for partial-onset or generalized-onset seizures. ( Anand, V; Arya, R; Garg, SK; Michael, BD, 2014)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenobarbitone and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in participants with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	4.89	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in individuals with partial onset seizures or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	4.89	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"This article reviews the evidence regarding the use of phenytoin in adult and paediatric patients experiencing seizures in the ED in Australasia, including relevant pharmacokinetics, dosage, therapeutic drug monitoring and methods of administration."	4.86	Review article: phenytoin use and efficacy in the ED. ( Gallop, K, 2010)
"Fosphenytoin, phosphate ester pro-drug of phenytoin, was developed to overcome complications associated with parenteral phenytoin administration in treatment of acute symptomatic seizures, short-term prophylaxis and treatment of repetitive or prolonged seizures and status epilepticus."	4.85	Fosphenytoin. ( Eriksson, K; Kälviäinen, R; Keränen, T, 2009)
"03 mmol/kg for the induction of seizures), produced a significant reduction in the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice."	4.84	[Caffeine and antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data]. ( Błaszczyk, B; Chrościńska-Krawczyk, M; Czuczwar, SJ; Jankiewicz, K, 2007)
"Fosphenytoin is a phosphate ester prodrug developed as an alternative to intravenous phenytoin for acute treatment of seizures."	4.82	Fosphenytoin: clinical pharmacokinetics and comparative advantages in the acute treatment of seizures. ( Fischer, JH; Fischer, PA; Patel, TV, 2003)
"No evidence supports AED prophylaxis with phenobarbital, phenytoin, or valproic acid in patients with brain tumors and no history of seizures, regardless of neoplastic type."	4.82	Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. ( Drazkowski, JF; Lyons, MK; Sirven, JI; Wingerchuk, DM; Zimmerman, RS, 2004)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in subjects with partial onset seizures, or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	4.81	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"To review the effects of phenobarbitone compared to phenytoin when used as monotherapy in patients with partial onset seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	4.81	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Taylor, S; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"A 29-year-old white man with brain metastases secondary to malignant melanoma consistently had suboptimal phenytoin concentrations while receiving chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, carmustine, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen."	4.79	Possible interaction involving phenytoin, dexamethasone, and antineoplastic agents: a case report and review. ( Gattis, WA; May, DB, 1996)
"Patients may experience a reduced incidence of clinical and electroencephalographic seizures with levetiracetam dosing >1000-mg TDD."	4.31	Levetiracetam dosing for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care patients. ( Ansari, S; Davis, GE; Findlay, MC; Hawryluk, GWJ; Hedges, A; Menacho, ST; Wolfe, BM, 2023)
"This study evaluated the efficacy of a single dose of phenytoin/fosphenytoin (PHT) to control repetitive seizures in children with benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG)."	4.31	Efficacy of single dose of phenytoin/fosphenytoin in benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. ( Lee, BL; Lee, KS, 2023)
"Phenytoin is commonly prescribed to prevent postoperative seizures."	4.31	Phenytoin Intoxication in a Patient Receiving a Therapeutic Dose for Postoperative Seizure Prophylaxis: A Case Study. ( Chomchai, S; Mekavuthikul, P; Phuditshinnapatra, J; Prasertsup, W, 2023)
" This study was aimed at determining the influence of isopimpinellin (ISOP-a coumarin) when administered either separately or in combination with borneol (BOR-a monoterpenoid), on the antiseizure potencies of four classic ASMs (carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), and valproate (VPA)) in the mouse model of maximal electroshock-induced (MES) tonic-clonic seizures."	4.31	Anticonvulsant effects of isopimpinellin and its interactions with classic antiseizure medications and borneol in the mouse tonic-clonic seizure model: an isobolographic transformation. ( Bojar, H; Chmielewski, J; Florek-Łuszczki, M; Jankiewicz, K; Skalicka-Woźniak, K; Łuszczki, JJ, 2023)
" He had complex partial seizures for the past 22 years, which had been well controlled on phenytoin (300 mg daily)."	4.12	Longstanding Phenytoin Use as a Cause of Progressive Dyspnea. ( Al Omari, O; Jani, C; McCannon, J; Patel, D; Perrino, C; Rupal, A; Singh, H; Walker, A, 2022)
" There is, however, considerable debate about the sodium-channel blocker phenytoin, which is often used for status epilepticus, a frequent feature of Dravet syndrome."	4.12	Does long-term phenytoin have a place in Dravet syndrome? ( Russ-Hall, SJ; Scheffer, IE; Zographos, GA, 2022)
" In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i."	4.02	Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)
" In this study, we examined the effect of both acute and chronic treatment with moclobemide on seizures and the action of first-generation antiepileptic drugs: valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin."	4.02	Acute and chronic treatment with moclobemide, a reversible MAO-inhibitor, potentiates the antielectroshock activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs in mice. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, KK, 2021)
" The data were evaluated to compare the incidence of busulfan-induced seizures in HSCT patients receiving either phenytoin or levetiracetam and to determine the impact of drug-drug interactions on treatment outcomes/adverse events."	4.02	Comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin/fosphenytoin for busulfan seizure prophylaxis at a pediatric institution. ( Garrity, L; Hughes, K; Lane, A; Nelson, AS; Teusink-Cross, A, 2021)
" Phenytoin is normally used to control intraoperative seizures."	4.02	Utility of monitoring the serum levetiracetam concentration for intraoperative seizure control during awake craniotomy. ( Kawaguchi, K; Kikuchi, M; Kushihara, Y; Otani, R; Shinoura, N; Yamada, R, 2021)
"Nearly half the children with breakthrough seizures had sub-therapeutic levels, especially those on phenytoin therapy."	4.02	Antiseizure Drug Levels in Children Aged 2-12 Years Presenting With Breakthrough Seizures: A Single Center Cross-sectional Study. ( Aggarwal, A; Garg, R; Malhotra, R; Narang, M; Sharma, S, 2021)
" Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine are best suited for seizure prophylaxis for those who present with seizures; phenytoin and levetiracetam are the other alternatives."	4.02	Management of Neurocysticercosis in Children: Association of Child Neurology Consensus Guidelines. ( Kadwa, RA; Kamate, M; Kannan, L; Kumar, A; Passi, GR; Sankhyan, N; Sharawat, IK; Singhi, P, 2021)
"This study was carried out to determine changes over time in use of folic acid, anti-epileptic drugs (AED), seizures during pregnancy and malformation rate over two decades in women with epilepsy enrolled in the Kerala registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy (KREP)."	3.96	Anti-epileptic drug and folic acid usage during pregnancy, seizure and malformation outcomes: Changes over two decades in the Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy. ( A S, R; Baishya, J; Jose, M; Keni, RR; Sankara Sarma, P; Thomas, SV, 2020)
" We compared length of hospital stay (and reported dizziness) in TBI patients receiving the commonest AEDs used in our TBI patients, Phenytoin (which may cause imbalance), and Levetiracetam (which does not affect balance)."	3.96	Impact of anti-epileptic drug choice on discharge in acute traumatic brain injury patients. ( Harris, L; Hateley, S; Seemungal, BM; Tsang, KT; Wilson, M, 2020)
" Levetiracetam is a relatively newer AED with favorable pharmacokinetics and could be an effective and safer option for the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE)."	3.96	Efficacy and safety profile of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children. ( Besli, GE; Yilmaz, S; Yuksel Karatoprak, E, 2020)
"There was a small but clinically insignificant difference in the incidence of hyponatremia in traumatic ICH patients receiving levetiracetam vs."	3.96	Incidence of hyponatremia in patients given levetiracetam vs. phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Bilello, JF; Davis, JW; Dirks, RC; Edmonds, NS; McCullough, KA, 2020)
" polytricha aqueous extract; maximal electroshock (MES)- and isoniazid (INH)-induced seizures in albino mice were used to screen for the extract's antiepileptic activity."	3.91	Aqueous Extract of Wood Ear Mushroom, Auricularia polytricha (Agaricomycetes), Demonstrated Antiepileptic Activity against Seizure Induced by Maximal Electroshock and Isoniazid in Experimental Animals. ( Agrawal, M; Awasthi, R; Dahiya, R; Dua, K; Gupta, G; Mishra, A; Pathak, S; Sharma, RK, 2019)
" As first-line drug phenobarbital was the most common choice, it was used in 79% of cases of acute symptomatic seizures, in 63% of structural epilepsy, in 42% of genetic epilepsies."	3.91	Influence of etiology on treatment choices for neonatal seizures: A survey among pediatric neurologists. ( Capovilla, G; Consonni, D; De Liso, P; Di Capua, M; Dilena, R; Falsaperla, R; Pisani, F; Pruna, D; Suppiej, A; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
" Pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ) and pilocarpine-induced seizures are well-established models of human epilepsy."	3.91	The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: New modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. ( Jand, A; Mousavi-Hasanzadeh, M; Palizvan, MR; Rezaeian-Varmaziar, H; Shafaat, O, 2019)
"We studied the effect of fosphenytoin (FOS) pre-medication on the incidence and thresholds of after-discharges (ADs), seizures, and functional responses during electrical stimulation mapping (ESM)."	3.88	Fosphenytoin pre-medication for pediatric extra-operative electrical stimulation brain mapping. ( Arya, R; Aungaroon, G; Byars, AW; Greiner, HM; Holland, KD; Horn, PS; Mangano, FT; Zea Vera, A, 2018)
" The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of a selective CB2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene (BCP) in models of seizures and cognition in mice."	3.88	Pharmacological characterization of the cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, β-caryophyllene on seizure models in mice. ( da Conceição Machado, K; de Carvalho Melo Cavalcante, AA; Gomes Júnior, AL; Momchilova, A; Tchekalarova, J; Tzoneva, R, 2018)
"Patients less than 19 years old who received fosphenytoin in the PICU or emergency center for treatment of seizures from January 2011 to June 2017 were included."	3.88	Fosphenytoin Population Pharmacokinetics in the Acutely Ill Pediatric Population. ( Erklauer, J; Galati, M; Moffett, BS; Riviello, JJ; Schmees, LR; Weingarten, MM, 2018)
", phenobarbital [PB], phenytoin [PHT] and pregabalin [PGB]) at the fixed-ratio of 1:1:1, we used a model of tonic-clonic seizures in male albino Swiss mice."	3.88	Combination of phenobarbital with phenytoin and pregabalin produces synergy in the mouse tonic-clonic seizure model: An isobolographic analysis. ( Florek-Luszczki, M; Luszczki, JJ; Mazurkiewicz, LP; Ossowska, G; Szpringer, M; Wlaz, A; Wroblewska-Luczka, P; Zolkowska, D, 2018)
" Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine if coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and alpha-tocopherol (α-Toc) have a neuroprotective effect in rats against the observed oxidative stress and inflammation during seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in rats, and to study their interactions with the conventional antiseizure drug phenytoin (PHT), either alone or in combination."	3.88	Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effect of adjuvant therapy with phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures: Impact on Sirt1/NRF2 signaling pathways. ( Al-Khalek, HAA; Khalifa, AE; Masoud, SI; Nagib, MM; Rahmo, RM; Sabri, NA; Tadros, MG, 2018)
" This case report describes a 28-year-old male presenting status-post multiple tonic-clonic seizures, treated for persistent seizure activity refractory to benzodiazepines with valproic acid (VPA), levetiracetam, and fosphenytoin."	3.88	A cool side effect of valproic acid administration: Single dose-induced hypothermia. ( Priano, J; Schiel, J; Servati, N; Vilar, J, 2018)
"Busulfan is used as a conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is known to cause seizures as a side effect."	3.88	Comparison of levetiracetam with phenytoin for the prevention of intravenous busulfan-induced seizures in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. ( Akiyama, K; Enami, T; Fukaya, M; Ikeda, T; Kume, T; Shiki, I; Shino, M; Tatara, R, 2018)
" Besides that, the reconstituted powder containing chitosan-coated nanocapsules exhibited improved anticonvulsant activity against seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice, compared to the non-encapsulated drug, representing an important approach in anticonvulsant treatments for children and adults."	3.88	Reconstituted spray-dried phenytoin-loaded nanocapsules improve the in vivo phenytoin anticonvulsant effect and the survival time in mice. ( Beck, RCR; Cardoso, AM; Coradini, K; de Oliveira, CV; de Oliveira, EG; Guterres, SS; Oliveira, MS; Paese, K; Pohlmann, AR, 2018)
" Treatment with the high dose of naringin (80 mg/kg) along with phenytoin has shown to offer protection against seizures, development of kindling, and cognition enhancement through Y-maze test and improved % conditioned avoidance response (% CAR) through pole climbing test in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model."	3.88	Naringin in a combined therapy with phenytoin on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in rats. ( Akula, A; Danduga, RCSR; Ineedi, S; Kola, PK; Mohammad, A; Nissankara Rao, LS, 2018)
"Sotalol as a drug blocking β-receptors and potassium KCNH2 channels may interact with different substances that affect seizures."	3.85	Sotalol enhances the anticonvulsant action of valproate and diphenylhydantoin in the mouse maximal electroshock model. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, KK; Popławska, M, 2017)
"Objective The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation who received levetiracetam versus those who received phenytoin for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures."	3.85	Levetiracetam for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. ( Floeter, AE; McCune, JS, 2017)
"Infants with seizures were overwhelmingly exposed to phenobarbital, despite a significant increase in levetiracetam exposure."	3.85	Changing antiepileptic drug use for seizures in US neonatal intensive care units from 2005 to 2014. ( Ahmad, KA; Ahmad, SF; Bennett, MM; Clark, RH; Desai, SJ; Ng, YT; Tolia, VN, 2017)
" This model consists in inducing daily generalized seizures for 23 consecutive days by administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP)."	3.85	New model of pharmacoresistant seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid in mice. ( Bruno Blanch, L; Castaño, R; Enrique, A; Girardi, E; Goicoechea, S; Orozco, S; Rocha, L; Taborda, F, 2017)
"The PPK model, using the power scaling of body weight, effectively elucidated the topiramate serum concentration profile ranging from pediatric to adult patients."	3.85	Population Pharmacokinetics of Topiramate in Japanese Pediatric and Adult Patients With Epilepsy Using Routinely Monitored Data. ( Ikeda, A; Ito, S; Matsubara, K; Sugimoto, M; Takeuchi, M; Yamamoto, S; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2017)
"Phenytoin is one of the most well established and most effective antiepileptic medications for the treatment of focal seizures."	3.83	Phenytoin toxicity in two-month-old Thai infant with CYP2C9 gene polymorphism--A case report. ( Jaroonvanichkul, V; Netbaramee, W; Phaisarn, P; Uyathanarat, T; Veeravigrom, M, 2016)
"The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a lower dose of levetiracetam (500 mg every 12 hours) to prevent early seizures after traumatic brain injury (TBI)."	3.83	Low-dose levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. ( Kurita, A; Patanwala, AE; Truong, E, 2016)
"Using the mouse maximal electroshock test, the reference model of tonic-clonic seizures, the aim of the present study was to determine the type of interaction between mexiletine (a class IB antiarrhythmic drug) and classical antiepileptics: valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital."	3.83	Mexiletine and its Interactions with Classical Antiepileptic Drugs: An Isobolographic Analysis. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, KK; Piskorska, B, 2016)
"Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is an oral anticoagulant indicated for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and for the treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism."	3.83	Reduced Anticoagulant Effect of Dabigatran in a Patient Receiving Concomitant Phenytoin. ( Johnson, D; Northup, A; Senfield, J; Wiggins, BS, 2016)
"In this propensity score-matched cohort analysis, levetiracetam prophylaxis was ineffective in preventing seizures as the rate of seizures was similar whether patients did or did not receive the drug."	3.83	Levetiracetam Prophylaxis for Post-traumatic Brain Injury Seizures is Ineffective: A Propensity Score Analysis. ( Friese, R; Gruessner, A; Joseph, B; Khalil, M; Kulvatunyou, N; Latifi, R; O'Keeffe, T; Rhee, P; Wynne, J; Zangbar, B, 2016)
"The new N-Mannich bases were effective in maximal electroshock or pentylenetetrazole seizures screens; and the most interesting compound 4 (1-{[4-(1-phenyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]methyl}-3',4'-dihydro-1'H,2H,5H-spiro[imidazolidine-4,2'-naphthalene]-2,5-dione) displayed anticonvulsant activity in both the aforementioned tests."	3.83	Design, synthesis, anticonvulsant, and antiarrhythmic properties of novel N-Mannich base and amide derivatives of β-tetralinohydantoin. ( Bednarski, M; Byrtus, H; Czopek, A; Kazek, G; Pawłowski, M; Sapa, J; Siwek, A; Zagórska, A, 2016)
"Simultaneous administration of phenytoin and isoniazid (INH) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma patients with seizures results in higher plasma phenytoin level and thus phenytoin intoxication."	3.83	N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study. ( Adole, PS; Kharbanda, PS; Sharma, S, 2016)
" This compound was effective in delaying onset of PTZ-evoked seizures at the dose of 5mg/kg in kindled animals and significantly reduced oxidative stress better than standard drug phenobarbital (PB)."	3.81	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-[4-(4-(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl)-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester derivatives as novel anticonvulsant agents. ( Kumari, S; Mishra, CB; Tiwari, M, 2015)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin (fPHT) for the treatment of seizures in children with acute encephalopathy."	3.81	Efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin for acute encephalopathy in children. ( Akasaka, M; Hasegawa, T; Ishidou, Y; Kikuchi, K; Nakazawa, M; Niijima, S; Okumura, A; Shima, T; Shimizu, T; Suzuki, T; Takanashi, J; Yamamoto, A, 2015)
"The role of zinc in seizure models and with antiepileptic drugs sodium valproate (SV) and phenytoin (PHT) was studied using experimental models of seizures in rats."	3.81	Low dose zinc supplementation beneficially affects seizure development in experimental seizure models in rats. ( Gupta, YK; Katyal, J; Kumar, H, 2015)
"To clarify the efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin for seizures in children with benign convulsions and mild gastroenteritis."	3.81	Efficacy and safety of fosphenytoin for benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis. ( Abe, S; Igarashi, A; Ikeno, M; Nakahara, E; Nakazawa, M; Niijima, S; Okumura, A; Shimizu, T; Toda, S; Yamashita, S, 2015)
" We evaluated influence of DHA on anticonvulsant activity of AEDs phenytoin, valproate, and lamotrigine in maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and kindling models of epilepsy."	3.81	Synergistic effect of docosahexaenoic acid on anticonvulsant activity of valproic acid and lamotrigine in animal seizure models. ( Babapour, V; Gavzan, H; Sardari, S; Sayyah, M, 2015)
"Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic window and seizures can occur at both ends of the spectrum."	3.81	Paradoxical Seizure Response to Phenytoin in an Epileptic Heroin Addict. ( Dewberry, RG; Pula, T; Vasagar, B; Verma, BR, 2015)
" Diazepam produced a dose-dependent protection against 6-Hz seizures in control and pilocarpine mice, both at 2 weeks and 8 weeks after SE, but with a more pronounced increase in potency in post-SE animals at 2 weeks."	3.81	Status epilepticus induction has prolonged effects on the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the 6-Hz seizure model. ( Kaminski, RM; Leclercq, K, 2015)
" Thirty mice that developed seizures were randomly divided into three groups and administered PHT as well as the following treatments: saline (negative control); verapamil (20 mg/kg, positive control); and G."	3.81	Reversal of P-glycoprotein overexpression by Ginkgo biloba extract in the brains of pentylenetetrazole-kindled and phenytoin-treated mice. ( Chen, SL; Fan, Q; Ma, H; Zhang, C, 2015)
"The present study was focused to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin (PHT) loaded in the silica core of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in an animal model with pharmacoresistant seizures."	3.81	Phenytoin carried by silica core iron oxide nanoparticles reduces the expression of pharmacoresistant seizures in rats. ( Garcia Casillas, PE; Luna-Bárcenas, G; Orozco-Suárez, S; Rocha, L; Rosillo-de la Torre, A; Salgado-Ceballos, H; Zurita-Olvera, L, 2015)
"Levetiracetam is a reasonable alternative to (fos)phenytoin for prophylaxis of early posthemorrhagic seizures."	3.80	Levetiracetam versus (fos)phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in pediatric patients with intracranial hemorrhage. ( Bansal, S; Blalock, D; Carpenter, JL; Dean, NP; Kebede, T, 2014)
"The purposes of this study were to examine the current Brain Trauma Foundation recommendation for antiseizure prophylaxis with phenytoin during the first 7 days after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in preventing seizures and to determine if this medication affects functional recovery at discharge."	3.80	More harm than good: antiseizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury does not decrease seizure rates but may inhibit functional recovery. ( Bhullar, IS; Frykberg, ER; Johnson, D; Kerwin, AJ; Paul, JP; Tepas, JJ, 2014)
"Levetiracetam generally appears to have a similar efficacy to phenytoin in preventing clinical and/or electrographic seizures following acute/subacute SDH diagnosis, though patients with midline shift >0 mm may have associated with a higher risk of electrographic seizures on levetiracetam compared with patients on phenytoin."	3.80	Levetiracetam versus phenytoin: a comparison of efficacy of seizure prophylaxis and adverse event risk following acute or subacute subdural hematoma diagnosis. ( Chou, SH; Du, R; Lee, JW; Radic, JA, 2014)
"Lacosamide (LCM), a new antiepileptic drug (AED) approved as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with partial-onset seizures, has limited pharmacokinetic and drug interaction data."	3.80	Lacosamide serum concentrations in adult patients with epilepsy: the influence of gender, age, dose, and concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Duncan, JS; Markoula, S; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sander, JW; Teotonio, R, 2014)
"We report the cases of 2 breast cancer patients who received capecitabine(CAP)and concomitant anticonvulsant therapy with either phenytoin(PHT)or valproate(VPA)for brain metastasis."	3.80	[Effect of capecitabine therapy on the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs - report of two cases]. ( Ibayashi, Y; Jotoku, H; Takahashi, M; Takasaki, M; Tanaka, H; Watanabe, K, 2014)
"Current guidelines recommend against the use of phenytoin following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) but consider other anticonvulsants, such as levetiracetam, acceptable."	3.80	Incidence of delayed seizures, delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome with the use of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Fletcher, JJ; Karamchandani, RR; Pandey, AS; Rajajee, V, 2014)
" In vitro seizures were induced in the hippocampal slice chemically (zero Mg2+ buffer and picrotoxin) and electrically using patterned high frequency stimulation (HFS) of afferents."	3.80	Evaluation of anticonvulsant actions of dibromophenyl enaminones using in vitro and in vivo seizure models. ( Ananthalakshmi, KV; Edafiogho, IO; Kombian, SB; Phillips, OA; Qaddoumi, MG, 2014)
" Another six days later, she developed breakthrough seizures associated with subtherapeutic serum phenytoin levels."	3.80	Ciprofloxacin eye drops-induced subtherapeutic serum phenytoin levels resulting in breakthrough seizures. ( Liew, EK; Malladi, SS; Ng, XT; Tan, RK, 2014)
" Secondary end points were presence of early seizures (0 to 7 days post-TBI) or late seizures (8 days post-TBI to phone interview), use of anticonvulsant medication when interviewed, medication-related hospital complications, and a summary of phenytoin (PHT) and LEV dosing regimens."	3.80	Long-term comparison of GOS-E scores in patients treated with phenytoin or levetiracetam for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. ( Gabriel, WM; Rowe, AS, 2014)
" Adults with a history of epilepsy who used a generic phenytoin and whose therapy was switched to another generic phenytoin between January 2012 and June 2013 were included (n = 80)."	3.80	Switching between phenytoin generics in patients with epilepsy may lead to increased risk of breakthrough seizure: chart analysis and practice recommendations. ( Chu, K; Jung, KH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Moon, J; Shin, JW, 2014)
" The effects of systemic injection of H3R ligands 1-13 on MES-induced and PTZ-kindled seizures were screened and evaluated against the reference antiepileptic drug (AED) Phenytoin (PHT) and the standard histamine H3R inverse agonist/antagonist Thioperamide (THP) to determine their potential as new antiepileptic drugs."	3.79	Anticonvulsant properties of histamine H3 receptor ligands belonging to N-substituted carbamates of imidazopropanol. ( Adem, A; Kieć-Kononowicz, K; Sadek, B; Shafiullah, M; Shehab, S; Subramanian, D; Więcek, M, 2013)
" Initial anticonvulsant screening was performed in mice (ip) using the maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) seizures tests."	3.79	Design, synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of new N-Mannich bases derived from 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-diones. ( Chlebek, I; Kamiński, K; Obniska, J; Rzepka, S; Wiklik, B, 2013)
"Single intraperitoneal (ip) administration of CYT in a subthreshold dose of 2 mg/kg antagonized the protective activity of ip phenytoin and lamotrigine against MES-induced seizures in mice."	3.79	Cytisine inhibits the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin and lamotrigine in mice. ( Bednarski, J; Mosiewicz, J; Mróz, T; Ognik, J; Styk, A; Tutka, P; Łuszczki, J, 2013)
" We aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of the essential oil and methanolic extract of the plant on chemical and electrically seizures."	3.79	Anticonvulsant effect of the essential oil and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora Boiss. ( Abdar, M; Mandegary, A; Sharififar, F, 2013)
" The formulation exhibited less epileptic seizures in various phases when compared with that of standard phenytoin and found to possess better anti-inflammatory activity, thus making it biologically standardized."	3.79	Chemical and pharmacological standardization of Ashwagandhadi lehyam: an ayurvedic formulation. ( Gulabi, PS; Rao, MS; Rasheed, A; Satyanarayana, KV, 2013)
" Our data have demonstrated that pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures did not alter ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis in brain membrane fractions."	3.79	Antiepileptic drugs prevent changes in adenosine deamination during acute seizure episodes in adult zebrafish. ( Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Nery, LR; Piato, AL; Schaefer, IC; Siebel, AM, 2013)
" Initial anticonvulsant screening was performed in mice after intraperitoneal administration in the maximal electroshock seizure test (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole seizures test (scPTZ)."	3.78	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new N-Mannich bases derived from 3-(2-fluorophenyl)- and 3-(2-bromophenyl)-pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. Part II. ( Kamiński, K; Obniska, J; Rzepka, S, 2012)
"Clinical studies indicate that phenytoin prevents acute post-traumatic seizures but not subsequent post-traumatic epilepsy."	3.78	Interictal spikes, seizures and ictal cell death are not necessary for post-traumatic epileptogenesis in vitro. ( Berdichevsky, Y; Dzhala, V; Mail, M; Staley, KJ, 2012)
"Recent data indicate comparable efficacy and safety for levetiracetam (LEV) when compared with phenytoin (PHT) for prophylaxis of early seizures after traumatic brain injury."	3.78	A cost-minimization analysis of phenytoin versus levetiracetam for early seizure pharmacoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury. ( Barnett, CC; Beauchamp, K; Bensard, DD; Biffl, WL; Burlew, CC; Johnson, JL; Moore, EE; Pieracci, FM; Stoval, RT; Tebockhorst, S, 2012)
"To compare within-patient seizure control before and after the interchange of a branded to a single-source generic phenytoin among patients with seizures in a managed care organization."	3.78	Clinical outcomes associated with brand-to-generic phenytoin interchange. ( Bentley, WH; Delate, T; Kinikar, SA; Menaker-Wiener, CM, 2012)
" The in vivo screening data suggest that all the analogs have the ability to protect against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures."	3.78	Design, synthesis and protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure of N-aryl derivatives of the phthalimide pharmacophore. ( Amini, M; Davood, A; Iman, M; Nematollahi, A; Shafaroodi, H; Shirazi, M, 2012)
"Purple glove syndrome is an uncommon but dreaded complication of intravenous phenytoin administration characterised by pain, oedema and purple-blue discolouration of the limb distal to the site of injection."	3.78	Purple glove syndrome: a dreadful complication of intravenous phenytoin administration. ( Garg, RK; Lalla, R; Malhotra, HS; Sahu, R, 2012)
"The number of animals with seizures was lower in the etomidate (60%), phenytoin (40%), and phenytoin/midazolam (40%) groups (P<0."	3.78	Effects of pretreatment with etomidate, ketamine, phenytoin, and phenytoin/midazolam on acute, lethal cocaine toxicity. ( Degirmenci, E; Erdur, B; Ergin, A; Kortunay, S; Seyit, M; Yuksel, A, 2012)
" In addition, the potence of compound 1i against seizures induced by Pentylenetetrazole, Isoniazid, Thiosemicarbazide, 3-Mercaptopropionic acid, and Bicuculline in the chemical-induced seizure tests suggested that compound 1i displayed broad spectrum activity in several models, and it is likely to have several mechanisms of action including inhibiting voltage-gated ion channels and modulating GABAergic activity."	3.77	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 7-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5(4H)-ones and their derivatives. ( Deng, XQ; Quan, LN; Quan, ZS; Song, MX; Wei, CX, 2011)
" It showed a significant inhibition of the seizures induced by electroshock and pentylenetetrazole in a dose dependent manner and the activity was comparable to phenytoin and diazepam."	3.77	Anticonvulsant activity of embelin isolated from Embelia ribes. ( Badami, S; Mahendran, S; Thippeswamy, BS; Veerapur, VP, 2011)
"A comparison of length of stay in an emergency department (ED) after loading patients at risk for seizures with either intravenous (IV) phenytoin or intramuscular (IM) fosphenytoin was studied."	3.77	Evaluation of intramuscular fosphenytoin vs intravenous phenytoin loading in the ED. ( Aaronson, PM; Belgado, BS; Kunisaki, TA; Spillane, JP, 2011)
"Despite similarities in hemorrhage type and severity at onset, patients receiving levetiracetam had better cognition at discharge and fewer seizures than patients receiving phenytoin."	3.77	Levetiracetam is associated with improved cognitive outcome for patients with intracranial hemorrhage. ( Ehtisham, A; Heinrichs, RJ; Janzen, JM; Taylor, S, 2011)
"Previous studies have reported that patients with phenytoin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (PHT-induced SJS/TEN) were positive for HLA-B*1502."	3.77	HLA-B*1502 genotyping in two Chinese patients with phenytoin-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. ( Liao, WP; Liu, XR; Min, FL; Shi, YW, 2011)
"The present study was focused to characterize the effects of intrahippocampal application of R-verapamil, a P-glycoprotein blocker, and High Frequency Electrical Stimulation (HFS) at 130 Hz, on seizure susceptibility and extracellular concentrations of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in hippocampus of kindled rats with drug-resistant seizures."	3.77	Effects of high frequency electrical stimulation and R-verapamil on seizure susceptibility and glutamate and GABA release in a model of phenytoin-resistant seizures. ( Luna-Munguia, H; Orozco-Suarez, S; Rocha, L, 2011)
"The American Academy of Neurology recommended using phenytoin or carbamazepine to prevent early post-traumatic seizures (PTS) in severe traumatic brain injuries (TBI)."	3.77	A critical look at phenytoin use for early post-traumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Bajsarowicz, P; Debenham, S; Lamoureux, J; Maleki, M; Marcoux, J; Sabit, B; Saluja, RS, 2011)
"Lacosamide ((R)-N-benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide, (R)-1) is a low molecular weight anticonvulsant recently introduced in the United States and Europe for adjuvant treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults."	3.76	The structure-activity relationship of the 3-oxy site in the anticonvulsant (R)-N-benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide. ( Kohn, H; Morieux, P; Park, KD; Salomé, C; Stables, JP, 2010)
" Initial anticonvulsant screening was performed using intraperitoneal (ip) maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) seizures tests."	3.76	Design, synthesis, and anticonvulsant activity of new N-Mannich bases derived from spirosuccinimides and spirohydantoins. ( Byrtus, H; Kamiński, K; Karolak-Wojciechowska, J; Obniska, J; Pawłowski, M; Szczesio, M, 2010)
"To evaluate the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine (LP)."	3.76	Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. ( Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)
"The DNS II acetone fraction of Delphinium nordhagenii has exhibited the anticonvulsant actions by preventing the seizures against PTZ- and picrotoxin-induced seizure as well as 100% seizure protection in MES test."	3.76	Anticonvulsant activity of DNS II fraction in the acute seizure models. ( Ahmad, M; Raza, ML; Shaheen, F; Simjee, SU; Zeeshan, M, 2010)
" The anticonvulsant activity of all of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against maximal electrical shock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) induced seizures."	3.76	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 4-oxo and 4-thioxo-8-bromobenzopyran derivatives. ( Abd El-Latif, HA; Abu Yossef, HA; Hassan, GS; Ragab, FA; Yahya, TA, 2010)
"In this study, patients with glioma treated with levetiracetam and phenytoin had similar seizure control."	3.76	Seizures in patients with glioma treated with phenytoin and levetiracetam. ( Anderson, SK; Lachance, DH; Merrell, RT; Meyer, FB, 2010)
"2 s, while chemical seizures were induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole at its CD97 dose (97% convulsive dose for the clonic phase)."	3.76	Influence of etoricoxib on anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin and diazepam in experimental seizure models in mice. ( Anitha, T; Gajera, K; Jayaraman, R; Joshi, VD; Ladani, K; Manisenthil, KT; Palei, NN, 2010)
"Eight infants with seizures were treated with phenytoin from 2 weeks to 3 months of age."	3.76	Oral dosing requirements for phenytoin in the first three months of life. ( Banwell, B; Cheng, A; Freeman, D; Levin, S; Rieder, M; Seabrook, JA, 2010)
" injection to mice at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg body weight synthesized compounds were examined in the maximal electroshock induced seizures (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) induced seizure models in mice."	3.75	Synthesis, anticonvulsant and CNS depressant activity of some new bioactive 1-(4-substituted-phenyl)-3-(4-oxo-2-phenyl/ethyl-4H-quinazolin-3-yl)-urea. ( Jain, NK; Kashaw, SK; Kashaw, V; Mishra, P; Stables, JP, 2009)
"(R)-Lacosamide ((R)-2, (R)-N-benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide) has recently gained regulatory approval for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults."	3.75	Lacosamide isothiocyanate-based agents: novel agents to target and identify lacosamide receptors. ( Cotten, SW; Eyers, C; Gaskell, SJ; Kohn, H; Liu, R; Morieux, P; Park, KD; Reamtong, O; Salomé, C; Stables, JP, 2009)
"To study the incidence and extent of the occasionally noted hypotension after intravenous (IV) infusions of fosphenytoin (FOS) and levetiracetam (LEV) in patients presenting with acute cerebral symptoms."	3.75	Blood pressure changes after intravenous fosphenytoin and levetiracetam in patients with acute cerebral symptoms. ( Farooq, MU; Kassab, MY; Lobeck, IN; Majid, A; Xie, Y, 2009)
" A more severe grade of neonatal encephalopathy, a higher number of neonatal seizures, the neonatal use of phenytoin, diffuse abnormalities on imaging, and abnormal findings on neurologic examination at neonatal discharge were all significantly (P<0."	3.75	The spectrum of abnormal neurologic outcomes subsequent to term intrapartum asphyxia. ( Al-Macki, N; Hall, N; Miller, SP; Shevell, M, 2009)
" The anticonvulsant activity of all the synthesized compounds was evaluated against maximal electroshock induced seizures (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (ScPTZ) induced seizure models in mice."	3.74	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some novel 3-aryl amino/amino-4-aryl-5-imino-Delta2-1,2,4-thiadiazoline. ( Gupta, A; Jatav, V; Kashaw, SK; Mishra, P; Stables, JP, 2008)
" Some selected compounds were assayed against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and strychnine in mice."	3.74	Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of some substituted coumarins as anticonvulsant agents. ( Al-Eryani, YA; Amin, KM; Rahman, DE, 2008)
"A series of appropriate alkanolamine and amide derivatives of xanthone were prepared and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity using maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scMet) induced seizures, and for neurotoxicity (TOX) using the rotorod test on mice and rats."	3.74	Anticonvulsant activity of some xanthone derivatives. ( Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L; Marona, H; Pekala, E; Szneler, E; Walczak, M, 2008)
"A women with a prehistory of cerebral seizures was presented following a severe iatrogenic phenytoin overdose with a peak plasma concentration of 117 mg/L."	3.74	Treatment of severe intravenous phenytoin overdose with hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. ( Eyer, F; Felgenhauer, N; Pfab, R; Thürmel, K; Zilker, T, 2008)
"Phenytoin (DPH) is a clinically useful sodium (Na) channel blocker with efficacy against partial and generalized seizures."	3.74	A pharmacophore derived phenytoin analogue with increased affinity for slow inactivated sodium channels exhibits a desired anticonvulsant profile. ( Batts, TW; Brown, ML; Davis, GC; Hartmann, HA; Jones, PJ; Ko, SH; Lenkowski, PW; McCusker, AK; Patel, MK; Smith, MD; Taylor, CH; White, HS, 2007)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is widely administered after subarachnoid hemorrhage, often for several weeks or months."	3.74	Three-day phenytoin prophylaxis is adequate after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Chumnanvej, S; Dunn, IF; Kim, DH, 2007)
"In the present study we examined if rats with PB-resistant seizures are also resistant to phenytoin (PHT), using continuous EEG/video recording of spontaneous seizures."	3.74	Resistance to phenobarbital extends to phenytoin in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. ( Bethmann, K; Brandt, C; Löscher, W, 2007)
" Following lysis the patient developed recurrent complex partial seizures and treatment with intravenous phenytoin was started."	3.74	[Subtherapeutic blood levels of phenytoin due to a medication error]. ( Burri, E; Egger, SS; Lampert, ML; Rüegg, S; Rutishauser, J, 2007)
"Colchicine poisoning is an uncommon, but potentially life-threatening, toxicologic emergency."	3.74	Acute colchicine intoxication in a child: a case report. ( Biçer, S; Ctak, A; Karaböcüoğlu, M; Soysal, DD; Uçsel, R; Uzel, N, 2007)
"Using the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model, indicative of tonic-clonic seizures in humans, the present study was aimed at characterizing the interaction between remacemide and valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital."	3.74	Isobolographic analysis of interactions between remacemide and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse model of maximal electroshock. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Malek, R; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N, 2007)
" We report a case of phenytoin intoxication after intravenous phenytoin loading in a patient with clozapine-related seizures."	3.74	Phenytoin intoxication in a clozapine-related prolonged seizure. ( Gandelman-Marton, R; Klein, C; Rabey, JM; Theitler, J, 2008)
"To compare the temporal pattern of seizures after acute withdrawal of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU)."	3.74	Temporal pattern of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin withdrawal seizures during epilepsy monitoring. ( Abou-Khalil, BW; Azar, NJ; Song, Y; Wang, L, 2008)
"Oral rufinamide suppressed pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice (ED(50) 45."	3.74	The anticonvulsant profile of rufinamide (CGP 33101) in rodent seizure models. ( Franklin, MR; Kupferberg, HJ; Schmutz, M; Stables, JP; White, HS; Wolf, HH, 2008)
"A case of erythema multiforme associated with prophylactic use of phenytoin during cranial radiation therapy is reported."	3.74	Erythema multiforme associated with prophylactic use of phenytoin during cranial radiation therapy. ( Barbosa, LA; Teixeira, CR, 2008)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is routinely used for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but may adversely affect neurologic and cognitive recovery."	3.73	Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Commichau, C; Connolly, ES; Fitzsimmons, BF; Janjua, N; Kreiter, KT; Mayer, SA; Naidech, AM; Ostapkovich, N; Parra, A, 2005)
"Some of the more striking expressions of toxicity are the tremors and seizures observed approximately 100 min after exposure of rats to an acutely toxic dose of acrylonitrile (AN)."	3.73	Effect of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and anticonvulsants on the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile. ( Benz, FW; Nerland, DE, 2005)
"A case of rhabdomyolysis, in which the etiology could be associated with phenytoin administration is presented and guidelines are described which may assist the early recognition, treatment and prevention of renal failure when such patients are treated in intensive care units."	3.73	Unsuspected rhabdomyolysis associated with phenytoin. ( Borrás-Blasco, J; Navarro-Ruiz, A; Plaza Macias, I; Santos-Calle, FJ, 2005)
"In the present study, the possible role of free radicals in aminophylline-induced seizures was evaluated in albino rats."	3.73	Pharmacological studies on mechanisms of aminophylline-induced seizures in rats. ( Anand, S; Gulati, K; Ray, A; Vijayan, VK, 2005)
"Phenytoin is an anti-convulsant drug commonly used to prevent seizures in patients with cerebral metastases."	3.73	A case of phenytoin toxicity in a patient with advanced lung cancer. ( Jenkins, A, 2006)
"Sixty critically ill pediatric patients receiving phenytoin for treatment of seizures in a large multidisciplinary intensive care unit."	3.73	Total phenytoin concentrations do not accurately predict free phenytoin concentrations in critically ill children. ( Dodson, B; McClain, CD; McManus, ML; Wolf, GK; Zurakowski, D, 2006)
"0 mg/kg) as well as increasing the threshold to electrically- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (TID(10)s 7."	3.73	In vivo characterisation of the small-conductance KCa (SK) channel activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO) as a potential anticonvulsant. ( Anderson, NJ; Slough, S; Watson, WP, 2006)
"This study investigated the population pharmacokinetics and the enteral bioavailability of phenytoin (PTN) in neonates and infants with seizures."	3.73	Application of routine monitoring data for determination of the population pharmacokinetics and enteral bioavailability of phenytoin in neonates and infants with seizures. ( Al Za'abi, M; Charles, B; Donovan, T; Lanner, A; Xiaonian, X, 2006)
"Phenytoin is often used to prevent postcraniotomy seizures, but is not always effective."	3.73	Changes in plasma phenytoin level following craniotomy. ( Bodiwala, D; Brydon, HL; Dhir, JS; Green, AL; Yeh, JS, 2006)
" We report a child presenting with ileus, hypothermia and lethargy after receiving supratherapeutic dosing of phenytoin after a concentration miscalculation."	3.73	Unusual presentation of iatrogenic phenytoin toxicity in a newborn. ( DeGreeff, J; Lowry, JA; Scalzo, AJ; Vandover, JC, 2005)
" Previously diagnosed with medically refractory complex partial seizures, our patient was admitted to the hospital with phenytoin toxicity."	3.72	Postictal laughter following absence status epilepticus. ( Boylan, LS; Devinsky, O; Kaley, TJ; Singh, A, 2003)
" The aim of this study was to study the frequency and nature of cutaneous reactions in a cohort of patients being treated with phenytoin sodium for seizures, who were divided into those with a solitary cysticercus granuloma (SCG) and those with a condition other than SCG, to determine if the presence of SCG increases the risk of cutaneous adverse reaction to phenytoin."	3.72	Cutaneous reactions in patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma on phenytoin sodium. ( Chander Chopra, S; Gupta, M; Kaushal, S; Singh, G, 2004)
" The present study investigated the influence of L-histidine on the protective effects of carbamazepine and phenytoin against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice."	3.72	L-histidine is a beneficial adjuvant for antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Kamiński, RM; Kleinrok, Z; Kozicka, M; Zółkowska, D, 2004)
"To report a case of loss of seizure control due to hypocalcemia resulting from long-term treatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital."	3.72	Loss of seizure control due to anticonvulsant-induced hypocalcemia. ( Al-Busairi, WA; Al-Bustan, MA; Al-Mulla, FA; Ali, FE, 2004)
" This clinical policy focuses on 6 critical questions: What laboratory tests are indicated in the otherwise healthy adult patient with a new-onset seizure who has returned to a baseline normal neurologic status?Which new-onset seizure patients who have returned to a normal baseline require a head computed tomography (CT) scan in the emergency department (ED)?Which new-onset seizure patients who have returned to normal baseline need to be admitted to the hospital and/or started on an antiepileptic drug?What are effective phenytoin or fosphenytoin dosing strategies for preventing seizure recurrence in patients who present to the ED after having had a seizure with a subtherapeutic serum phenytoin level?What agent(s) should be administered to a patient in status epilepticus who continues to seize after having received benzodiazepine and phenytoin?When should electroencephalographic (EEG) testing be performed in the ED? Recommendations for patient management are provided for each 1 of these topics on the basis of strength of evidence (Level A, B, or C)."	3.72	Clinical policy: Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with seizures. ( , 2004)
"The effects of phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB) on EEG activity and behavior was studied in the model of epilepsy induced by intracerebroventricular (i."	3.72	The effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on seizures induced by imipenem/cilastatin in rats. ( Stanojlovic, O; Stojanovic, J; Susic, V; Zivanovic, D, 2004)
"There are few reports about Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a bullous form of erythema multiforme, that can develop in patients treated with cranial irradiation and antiepileptic drugs, especially with phenytoin."	3.72	Toxic epidermal necrolysis after cranial radiotherapy and phenytoin treatment. ( Demirkesen, C; Koca, S; Oner Dincbas, F; Uzel, O; Yörük, S, 2004)
"Elderly patients with end-stage renal disease may be predisposed to seizures with higher doses of codeine phosphate."	3.72	Probable codeine phosphate-induced seizures. ( Kao, SM; Kuo, SC; Lin, YC; Yang, YH, 2004)
"A 21-year-old white man, with propionic acidemia and seizures treated with phenytoin and carbamazepine, was started on isradipine for essential hypertension."	3.71	Phenytoin/isradipine interaction causing severe neurologic toxicity. ( Cachat, F; Tufro, A, 2002)
"Fosphenytoin, a phosphorylated prodrug of phenytoin, is useful for acute seizures, is given by parenteral administration, and has few cardiac and local irritation adverse effects."	3.71	Fosphenytoin in infants of extremely low birth weight. ( Cifuentes, RF; Kriel, RL, 2001)
" Pimprinine also inhibited effectively tremorine-induced tremors and analgesia in mice."	3.71	Pimprinine, an extracellular alkaloid produced by Streptomyces CDRIL-312: fermentation, isolation and pharmacological activity. ( Harindran, J; Naik, SR; Varde, AB, 2001)
"A 31-year-old woman who had a severe head injury was treated with oral phenytoin (100 mg 3 times a day) to prevent posttraumatic seizures."	3.71	Severe phenytoin intoxication in a subject homozygous for CYP2C9*3. ( Brandolese, R; Gusella, M; Padrini, R; Scordo, MG; Spina, E, 2001)
" Seizures were induced by timed infusion of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES)."	3.71	Comparison of the anticonvulsant efficacies and neurotoxic effects of valproic acid, phenytoin, and the ketogenic diet. ( Bough, KJ; Eagles, DA, 2001)
"Phenytoin is the most commonly administered antiepileptic agent for the prevention of early (< or = 7 days) posttraumatic seizures."	3.71	Pharmacist impact on posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis in patients with head injury. ( Brophy, GM; Garnett, WR; Schrote, GL; Tesoro, EP, 2002)
" Cyclic sulfate 2, like topiramate and phenytoin, did not interfere with seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole, bicucculine, picrotoxin, and strychnine; also, 2 was not active in diverse in vitro receptor binding and uptake assays."	3.70	Structure-activity studies on anticonvulsant sugar sulfamates related to topiramate. Enhanced potency with cyclic sulfate derivatives. ( Costanzo, MJ; Greco, MN; Maryanoff, BE; Nortey, SO; Ortegon, MP; Schupsky, JJ; Shank, RP; Vaught, JL, 1998)
"Fifteen compounds related to ameltolide (LY 201116) were studied for (i) anticonvulsant potential in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (sc Ptz) tests in mice and rats and (ii) interactions with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels."	3.70	Anticonvulsant activity and interactions with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel of analogues of ameltolide. ( Lambert, D; Masereel, B; Poupaert, JH; Stables, JP; Vamecq, J, 1998)
"Effect of nimodipine was studied alone and in combination with phenytoin and valproate in maximal electroshock seizures in rats."	3.70	Effect of nimodipine on the efficacy of commonly used antiepileptic drugs in rats. ( Balakrishnan, S; Bhargava, VK; Pandhi, P, 1998)
"We investigated the anticonvulsant and adverse behavioral effects of lamotrigine (LTG), a novel antiepileptic drug (AED), as well as other conventional AEDs on kindled seizures in rats."	3.70	Effects of lamotrigine and conventional antiepileptic drugs on amygdala- and hippocampal-kindled seizures in rats. ( Kuroda, S; Morimoto, K; Otsuki, K; Sato, K; Yamada, N, 1998)
"The efficacy of Flunarizine (FLU), a calcium channel blocker, in combination with conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), sodium valproate (VPA), and ethosuximide (ESM), at ED50 doses, were examined for protective effects against maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures in mice."	3.70	Additive anticonvulsant effect of flunarizine and sodium valproate on electroshock and chemoshock induced seizures in mice. ( David, J; Joseph, S; Joseph, T, 1998)
"To report a case of seizures in a patient who started receiving olanzapine, and to review seizure risk associated with antipsychotic use."	3.70	Seizure associated with olanzapine. ( Crismon, ML; Dorson, PG; Lee, JW, 1999)
" She also received phenytoin for posttraumatic seizures."	3.70	Phenytoin as a possible cause of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: case report and review of the literature. ( Bloch, JD; Brackett, CC, 2000)
"Selected examples from three series of isomeric (alkylthio)-1,2,4-triazoles were prepared and examined for anticonvulsant activity versus strychnine-, maximal-electroshock-, pentylenetetrazole-, and 3-mercaptopropionic-acid-induced seizures in mice."	3.69	5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents. ( Dalton, CR; Dudley, MW; Kane, JM; Kehne, JH; Ketteler, HJ; McCloskey, TC; Miller, FP; Ogden, AM; Senyah, Y; Staeger, MA, 1994)
" This compound blocked bicuculline induced seizures, did not elevate seizure threshold following iv infusion of metrazole, and blocked influx of Ca2+ ions into cerebellar granule cells induced by K+ or veratridine."	3.69	Aroyl(aminoacyl)pyrroles, a new class of anticonvulsant agents. ( Almond, HR; Carmosin, RJ; Carson, JR; Pitis, PM; Stables, JP; Swinyard, EA; Vaught, JL; White, HS; Wolf, HH, 1997)
"A 76-year-old male with poststroke depression, seizure disorder, and global aphasia improved markedly when treated with methylphenidate."	3.69	Methylphenidate treatment of poststroke depression in a patient with global aphasia. ( Chaudhary, P; Masand, P, 1994)
") on flurothyl-induced clonic and tonic-clonic seizures in 9-, 15-, 30-, and 60-day-old male rats."	3.69	Effects of MK-801 and phenytoin on flurothyl-induced seizures during development. ( Moshé, SL; Ptachewich, Y; Shinnar, S; Velísek, L; Velísková, J, 1995)
"Cerebral in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 13 newborn infants displaying seizures and receiving phenobarbitone, in one case supplemented by phenytoin, showed signals from propan-1,2-diol (the injection vehicle for both these anticonvulsants)."	3.69	Detection of propan-1,2-diol in neonatal brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ( Burns, SP; Cady, EB; Coutts, GA; Cowan, FM; Iles, RA; Lorek, A; Penrice, J; Reynolds, EO, 1994)
"Amygdala-kindled seizures are more potently inhibited by phenytoin than by magnesium sulfate."	3.69	Magnesium sulfate versus phenytoin for seizure prevention in amygdala-kindled rats. ( Cotton, DB; Irtenkauf, SM; Mason, B; Standley, CA; Stewart, L, 1994)
"These results suggest that magnesium sulfate is a significantly more effective prophylactic agent than phenytoin for N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures."	3.69	Magnesium is more efficacious than phenytoin in reducing N-methyl-D-aspartate seizures in rats. ( Bardicef, M; Cotton, DB; Irtenkauf, SM; Mason, BA; Standley, CA, 1994)
"A 61-year-old African-American man receiving long-term therapy with phenytoin 100 mg po tid for seizures secondary to a stroke was admitted for community-acquired pneumonia."	3.69	Hazards of doubling phenytoin dose in the face of an unrecognized interaction with ciprofloxacin. ( Pollak, PT; Slayter, KL, 1997)
"To describe a patient with severe thrombocytopenia induced by the administration of phenytoin for prevention of seizures."	3.69	Phenytoin-induced thrombocytopenia. ( Holtzer, CD; Reisner-Keller, LA, 1997)
"We report the effects of two new dihydropyridine derivatives, isradipine (4-(4'-benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedic arboxylic acid methylisopropylester) and niguldipine (1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid 3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl methyl ester hydrochloride), and of dantrolene (1-[(5-[p-nitrophenyl]furfurylidene)-amino]hydantoin sodium, an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores) on the protective efficacy of antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures."	3.69	Influence of isradipine, niguldipine and dantrolene on the anticonvulsive action of conventional antiepileptics in mice. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Gasior, M; Kleinrok, Z, 1997)
" Initial screening in mice dosed intraperitoneally and rats dosed orally indicated that 4-AEPB is active against maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES), but does not protect animals against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (sc Ptz)-induced seizures."	3.69	Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicological properties of 4-amino-N-(2-ethylphenyl)benzamide, a potent ameltolide analogue. ( Bourhim, M; Diouf, O; Lambert, DM; Poupaert, JH; Stables, JP; Vamecq, J, 1997)
" At subeffective doses, beta-eudesmol and phenytoin showed additive effect in preventing electroshock seizures."	3.69	Chinese herb constituent beta-eudesmol alleviated the electroshock seizures in mice and electrographic seizures in rat hippocampal slices. ( Chang, CC; Chiou, LC; Ling, JY, 1997)
"We examined the anticonvulsant effects of BW1003C87 (5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine ethane sulphonic acid), which is structurally related to the new antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, and compared its effects to those of the conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and carbamazopine, using the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy."	3.69	BW1003C87, phenytoin and carbamazepine elevate seizure threshold in the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. ( Morimoto, K; Sato, H; Sato, K; Sato, S; Yamada, N, 1997)
" Structure-activity relationships of analogues in which the ester function and cyclopentane moieties were modified have been investigated by evaluating their ability to prevent seizures in the rat maximal electroshock test."	3.68	Novel 1-phenylcycloalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents. ( Calderon, SN; Newman, AH; Tortella, FC, 1991)
"The effects of muscimol, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), diamino-n-butyric acid (DABA), baclofen, bicuculline, picrotoxin, strychnine, diazepam, phenobarbitone and phenytoin on cimetidine-induced seizures were studied in mice."	3.68	Cimetidine-induced seizures in mice. Antagonism by some GABAergic agents. ( Amabeoku, GJ; Chikuni, O, 1993)
"To determine plasma phenytoin levels and seizure outcome in women given phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia."	3.68	Phenytoin prophylaxis in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. ( Campbell, M; de Swiet, M; Redfern, N; Robson, SC; Rodeck, C; Seviour, J; Walkinshaw, S, 1993)
"The effects of some GABAergic agents on seizures induced by quinine were studied in mice."	3.68	Effects of some GABAergic agents on quinine-induced seizures in mice. ( Amabeoku, GJ; Chikuni, O, 1992)
") potentiated the anticonvulsant properties of phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproate against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice."	3.68	Effects of some calcium antagonists upon the activity of common antiepileptic compounds on sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice. ( De Sarro, A; De Sarro, GB; Nistico', G; Trimarchi, GR, 1992)
"The anticonvulsant actions of lamotrigine and phenytoin against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures were compared in laboratory rats during ontogenesis."	3.68	Anticonvulsant action of lamotrigine during ontogenesis in rats. ( Kubová, H; Mares, P; Stanková, L, 1992)
"Immature rats are more susceptible to clonic seizures induced by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) than mature and senile rats."	3.68	Age dependency of the susceptibility of rats to aminooxyacetic acid seizures. ( Cavalheiro, EA; Dziki, M; Kleinrok, Z; Parada, J; Turski, W, 1992)
"This study evaluated a possible mechanism by which glycine potentiates the activity of anticonvulsant drugs against maximal electroshock seizures in rats."	3.68	Anticonvulsant drug potentiation by glycine in maximal electroshock seizures is mimicked by D-serine and antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid. ( Peterson, SL, 1991)
") prevented tonic, but not clonic, seizures induced by bicuculline in mice."	3.68	Anticonvulsant activity of the imidazoline 6,7-benzoidazoxan. ( Dickinson, SL; Jackson, HC; Nutt, DJ; Ripley, TL, 1991)
"Agranulocytosis is a rare side effect of phenytoin treatment."	3.68	Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis: a nonimmunologic idiosyncratic reaction? ( McClune, GL; Sharafuddin, MJ; Spanheimer, RG, 1991)
"This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of endotracheal intubation after the use of diazepam compared with phenobarbital or phenytoin in emergency treatment of seizures in children."	3.68	Diazepam and intubation in emergency treatment of seizures in children. ( Dimand, RJ; Karr, VA; Kennedy, KJ; Orr, RA; Venkataraman, ST, 1991)
"The cholinergic agonist pilocarpine triggers sustained limbic seizures in rodents."	3.68	Substantia nigra regulates action of antiepileptic drugs. ( Andrews, JS; Bortolotto, ZA; Bressler, K; Calderazzo-Filho, LS; Cavalheiro, EA; Löschmann, PA; Turski, L, 1990)
"Sodium phenobarbitone (20 and 70 mg/kg) had a significant anticonvulsant action against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, which persisted for 21 days of treatment."	3.68	Changes in seizure threshold and aggression during chronic treatment with three anticonvulsants and on drug withdrawal. ( File, SE; Wilks, LJ, 1990)
" We studied the effects of a calcium antagonist diltiazem, as well as diazepam and phenytoin on hyperthermia induced seizures in unrestrained 15 day-old rats."	3.68	Effects of diltiazem on hyperthermia induced seizures in the rat pup. ( Carrillo, E; Laorden, ML; Miralles, FS; Puig, MM, 1990)
"Amoxapine is a second-generation antidepressant that has been reported to cause seizures, severe acidosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypotension, renal failure, coma, and cardiorespiratory arrest in poisoning exposures."	3.68	Diagnostic pitfalls associated with amoxapine overdose: a case report. ( Greenwood, RS; Hussey, B; Miles, MV, 1990)
" The compounds were tested in mice against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole and in the rotorod assay for neurologic deficit."	3.67	Anticonvulsant activity of 2- and 3-aminobenzanilides. ( Clark, CR; Lin, CM; Sansom, RT, 1986)
" The compounds were screened in mice for their ability to antagonize maximal electroshock- and bicuculline-induced seizures; neurotoxicity was evaluated in the rotorod test."	3.67	Synthesis and activity of 6-aryl-3-(hydroxypolymethyleneamino)pyridazines in animal models of epilepsy. ( Biziere, K; Brochard, J; Brodin, R; Chambon, JP; Hallot, A; Merlier, J, 1986)
" The compounds were tested in mice against seizures induced by electroshock and metrazole (pentylenetetrazole) and in the rotorod assay for neurologic deficit."	3.67	Anticonvulsant activity of some 4-aminobenzanilides. ( Clark, CR; Lin, CM; Norris, GN; Sansom, RT, 1985)
" The compounds were tested in mice against seizures induced by electroshock and pentylenetetrazole ( metrazole ) and in the rotorod assay for neurologic deficit."	3.67	Anticonvulsant activity of some 4-aminobenzamides. ( Clark, CR; Dockens, RC; Norris, GN; Ravis, WR; Sansom, RT; Wells, MJ, 1984)
"Denzimol, a new anticonvulsant drug with a pharmacological profile similar to that of phenytoin, enhances the ataxic and antimetrazol activity of diazepam in rats without affecting its activity against picrotoxin-induced seizures."	3.67	Effects of denzimol on benzodiazepine receptors in the CNS: relationship between the enhancement of diazepam activity and benzodiazepine binding sites induced by denzimol in the rat. ( Gobbi, M; Mennini, T; Testa, R, 1984)
"The anticonvulsant effect of either phenobarbital or dilantin was potentiated by exogenous glycine in DBA/2 audiogenic seizure mice and in 3-mercaptopropionic acid-induced seizures."	3.67	Glycine potentiates the action of some anticonvulsant drugs in some seizure models. ( Lajtha, A; Toth, E, 1984)
" Two families had members who had been treated with phenytoin sodium for seizures and had died suddenly when the medication was discontinued."	3.67	A family history of seizures associated with sudden cardiac deaths. ( Bricker, JT; Garson, A; Gillette, PC, 1984)
"The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effect of pregnancy on the susceptibility of female rats to experimentally induced seizures and on the relationship between serum phenytoin concentration and antiseizure activity."	3.67	Kinetics of drug action in disease states III: Effect of pregnancy on the relationship between phenytoin concentration and antiseizure activity in rats. ( Chou, RC; Levy, G, 1984)
"We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of high-dose monotherapy, using carbamazepine or phenytoin, in patients with previously uncontrolled seizures."	3.67	High-dose monotherapy in treatment of intractable seizures. ( Dinner, DS; Lesser, RP; Lüders, H; Pippenger, CE, 1984)
"A 25-year-old man with sickle cell disease and chronic renal insufficiency had tonic-clonic seizures treated with phenytoin."	3.67	Interpretation of serum phenytoin concentrations in uremia is assay-dependent. ( Green, PJ; Rocci, ML; Sirgo, MA; Vlasses, PH, 1984)
"Residents of an institution for the developmentally disabled in northwest Ohio receiving anticonvulsant therapy for six months or more with phenobarbital or phenytoin or both were studied for the prevalence of hypocalcemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase level."	3.67	Prevalence of hypocalcemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase in patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy. ( Nordlund, DJ; Rodgers, LA; Schmitt, BP, 1984)
"Nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker with high affinity for central dihydropyridine Ca2+ channels, produced a dose-dependent suppression of electrically induced seizures in the rabbit."	3.67	Inhibition of electrically induced seizures by a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. ( Anderson, RE; Meyer, FB; Sharbrough, FW; Sundt, TM; Tally, PW; Yaksh, TL, 1986)
"The purpose of the present study was to examine whether doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital that blocked kindled seizures in rats also disrupted operant behavior."	3.67	Effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on schedule-controlled responding and seizure activity in the amygdala-kindled rat. ( Jakubow, J; Poling, A; Renfrey, G; Schlinger, H, 1989)
"The drugs currently used in the emergency management of seizures are chiefly phenytoin, phenobarbital, diazepam, lorazepam, and paraldehyde."	3.67	Emergency management of seizures: an overview. ( Uthman, BM; Wilder, BJ, 1989)
"Intravenous phenytoin sodium was given as a high-dose infusion (10 X 8-18 mg/kg) for anticonvulsive prophylaxis to 2 eclamptic patients and to 24 patients with moderate to severe pre-eclampsia."	3.67	Phenytoin infusion in severe pre-eclampsia. ( Anderton, JM; D'Souza, SW; Donnai, P; Mawer, GE; Patrick, J; Richardson, T; Slater, RM; Smith, WD; Wilcox, FL, 1987)
"A 56-year-old man with a small glioblastoma multiforme in the right parasagittal region developed orofacial dyskinesia and slight writhing movement of his hands during treatment with phenytoin and phenobarbitone."	3.67	Phenytoin-induced orofacial dyskinesia. A case report. ( Nakanishi, T; Ozaki, Y; Yamada, S; Yoshida, M, 1985)
"The present study was undertaken to investigate whether benzodiazepine receptors are involved in either the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin against supramaximal seizures or maximal threshold seizures induced by electroshock or the neurotoxicity of phenytoin."	3.67	Benzodiazepine receptors are not involved in the neurotoxicity and anti-electroshock activity of phenytoin in mice. ( Chweh, AY; Swinyard, EA; Wolf, HH, 1985)
" The anticonvulsant effect was seizure-specific; thus, U50,488 protected against supramaximal electroshock seizures but failed to raise the threshold of flurothyl-induced convulsions."	3.67	U50,488, a highly selective kappa opioid: anticonvulsant profile in rats. ( Holaday, JW; Robles, L; Tortella, FC, 1986)
"Glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE) is a glutamate antagonist which acts preferentially at the quisqualate-sensitive receptor and has been shown to be an effective anticonvulsant in alcohol withdrawal and homocysteine-induced seizures but ineffective in other seizure models."	3.67	Inhibition of quisqualate-induced seizures by glutamic acid diethyl ester and anti-epileptic drugs. ( Freed, WJ; Schwarz, SS, 1986)
"We evaluated the efficacy of pretreatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital to prevent seizures in mice given convulsive doses of theophylline."	3.67	Relative efficacy of phenytoin and phenobarbital for the prevention of theophylline-induced seizures in mice. ( Blake, KV; Hendeles, L; Massey, KL; Neims, A; Nickerson, D, 1988)
"Phenytoin is used extensively in the treatment of various forms of epilepsy, and remains the drug of choice in partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures."	3.67	Phenytoin dosing in obese patients: two case reports. ( de Oca, GM; Gums, JG; Robinson, JD, 1988)
"Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine that interacts with a Ca++ channel-associated binding site, when delivered (30 to 150 micrograms/kg) intra-arterially (ia) to enflurane-anesthetized cats, produced a dose-dependent suppression of seizures evoked by pentylenetetrazol."	3.67	Effect of dihydropyridines and diphenylalkylamines on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and cerebral blood flow in cats. ( Anderson, RE; Ots, ME; Sundt, TM; Yaksh, TL, 1987)
"As in humans, theophylline intoxication in rabbits causes seizures and death."	3.67	Phenobarbital improves survival in theophylline-intoxicated rabbits. ( Goldberg, MJ; Miller, G; Spector, R, 1986)
"The non-opioid antitussives dextromethorphan and carbetapentane, the active ingredients of several over-the-counter cough suppressants, provide a dose-related protection against maximal electroshock seizures in rats."	3.67	Dextromethorphan and carbetapentane: centrally acting non-opioid antitussive agents with novel anticonvulsant properties. ( Musacchio, JM; Tortella, FC, 1986)
"A study of bio-availability of three drug companies' brands of phenytoin preparations (50mg capsule/tablets) was undertaken on 30 children with tonic-clonic or complex partial seizures."	3.67	Bio-availability and dissolution of three phenytoin preparations for children. ( Cawood, A; Forsythe, WI; Gillies, D; Hodges, S; Remington, H, 1986)
"The relative ability of phenytoin, ethosuximide and valproate to prevent minimal (clonic) threshold, maximal (tonic extension of the hindlimbs) threshold and supramaximal (tonic extension of the hindlimbs) seizures elicited by electrical and chemical (Metrazol, bicuculline, and picrotoxin) stimulation was determined."	3.67	Effect of stimulus intensity on the profile of anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin, ethosuximide and valproate. ( Piredda, SG; Swinyard, EA; Woodhead, JH, 1985)
"In the course of a large prospective study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Valproic Acid (VPA) in persons with intractable seizures, six patients that were on a steady dose of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) were exposed to different steady doses of VPA."	3.67	Effect of different doses of valproic acid on the serum levels of total and free diphenylhydantoin. ( Alvarez, N, 1985)
" In this model, tonic-clonic seizures are easily elicited by handling and the effects of administration of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (DPH), phenobarbital (PB), diazepam, valproic acid (VPA) and ethosuximide were quantitatively evaluated."	3.67	Seizure control following administration of anticonvulsant drugs in the quaking mouse. ( Abbott, LC; Bennett, GD; Finnell, RH; Taylor, SM, 1985)
"A 37-year-old female developed erythema multiforme 17 days after beginning carbamazepine for complex partial seizures."	3.67	Drug-induced erythema multiforme: a possible immunologic pathogenesis. ( Delafuente, JC, 1985)
"We investigated whether chronic administration of guanidinoethane sulfonate, an inhibitor of taurine uptake, could modify the antiepileptic actions of phenobarbital and phenytoin on maximal electroshock seizures in mice."	3.67	Modification of the antiepileptic actions of phenobarbital and phenytoin by the taurine transport inhibitor, guanidinoethane sulfonate. ( Fukuda, T; Huxtable, RJ; Izumi, K; Kishita, C; Koja, T; Nakagawa, K; Shimizu, T, 1985)
"In the present study, we investigated whether administration of guanidinoethane sulfonate, and inhibitor of taurine uptake, worsens electroshock-induced convulsions or modifies the antiepileptic actions of phenobarbital or phenytoin against maximal electroshock seizures in mice."	3.67	Reduced taurine contents and modification of anticonvulsive effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin by guanidinoethane sulfonate in mice. ( Fukuda, T; Huxtable, RJ; Izumi, K; Kishita, C; Koja, T; Nakagawa, K; Shimizu, T, 1985)
"Acute administration of phenytoin (40 and 75 mg/kg) was unable to counteract seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and even prolonged them in some cases."	3.67	Anticonvulsant effects of chronic treatment with phenytoin against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the mouse. ( File, SE; Pellow, S; Wilks, L, 1985)
"Among 50 patients with phenytoin intoxication, 14 had seizures during the episode."	3.67	Incidence of seizures with phenytoin toxicity. ( Masdeu, JC; Stilman, N, 1985)
" Although none of the compounds tested showed significant activity against convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), some showed significant activity against maximal electroshock seizures in mice."	3.66	Synthesis of aminomethyl-substituted cyclic imide derivatives for evaluation as anticonvulsants. ( Curley, RW; Stratford, ES, 1983)
"A selected group of alkoxy- and halogen-substituted 5-benzylidino- and 5-benzylhydantoins was prepared and screened for anticonvulsant activity as measured by the ability of the compound to prevent maximal electroshock and metrazol-induced threshold clonic seizures in rats."	3.66	Potential anticonvulsants. 1. 5-Benzylhydantoins. ( Diuguid, CA; Mehta, NB; Soroko, FE, 1981)
"The combined use of di-n-propylacetate with phenazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital or phenytoin was shown to be followed by reciprocal potentiation of the anticonvulsant activity of the drugs in a variety of experimental epileptic seizures in mice according to the tests of shock and antagonism with corasole and thiosemicarbazide."	3.66	[Anticonvulsant action of di-N-propylacetate combined with benzodiazepines, phenobarbital and phenytoin]. ( Kosoĭ, MIu, 1981)
"The anticonvulsant effects of clonazepam, nitrazepam and chlordiazepoxide alone, or combined with diphenylhydantoin, were studied on pentylenetetrazol- and bicuculline-induced seizures."	3.66	Effects of combined treatment with diphenylhydantoin and different benzodiazepines on pentylenetetrazol- and bicuculline-induced seizures in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Kleinrok, Z; Turski, L, 1982)
"The onset of clonic seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP) was associated with an approximately 200% increase of cAMP and a 70% elevation of cGMP in the mouse cerebral cortex."	3.66	Cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the cerebral cortex of mice during seizures induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid: effects of anticonvulsant agents. ( Folbergrová, J, 1980)
"A case of phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis is presented."	3.66	Phenytoin-induced agranulocytosis after treatment for a gunshot wound to the face. ( Goldberg, JS; Lazarus, HM; Spetzler, RF; Strickland, RD, 1983)
"We measured the apparent half-life (t50%) of phenytoin (PHT) 30 times in 16 infants (aged 2 to 36 days) who had seizures."	3.66	Phenytoin elimination in newborns. ( Bourgeois, BF; Dodson, WE, 1983)
"Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was more effective than diphenylhydantoin (100 mg/kg) in suppressing motor seizures elicited in kindled rats by amygdaloid stimulation; however, the effect of these drugs on the incidence of spontaneous motor seizures in rats kindled by amygdaloid stimulation was just the opposite."	3.66	Effects of diazepam and diphenylhydantoin on elicited and spontaneous seizures in kindled rats: a double dissociation. ( Pinel, JP, 1983)
" Administering phenytoin in the drinking water of females homozygous for the quaking allele reduced the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures typical for this mutant from a background rate of 2."	3.66	Mouse fetal hydantoin syndrome: effects of maternal seizures. ( Chernoff, GF; Finnell, RH, 1982)
" Seizures induced by intracerebral injection of ouabain were antagonized by phenytoin, as well as by phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and valproic acid; trimethadione had a possible small effect, not quite significant at the 5% level; ethosuximide and muscimol did not show significant effects."	3.66	Interactions of phenytoin with ouabain and other chemical convulsants. ( Javid, MJ; Stone, WE, 1982)
"The efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures was studied in rats."	3.66	Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin in rats. ( Chu, NS, 1981)
"Phenytoin is a highly effective anticonvulsant medication that is considered to be the treatment of choice for generalized major motor and focal epileptic seizures."	3.66	Phenytoin: pharmacokinetics and clinical therapeutics. ( Finn, AL; Olanow, CW, 1981)
"A 19-year-old man with posttraumatic seizures under good control with phenytoin, 500 mg/day, presented with three seizures."	3.66	Increased clearance of phenytoin as the presenting feature of infectious mononucleosis. ( Braun, CW; Goldstone, JM, 1980)
"A case of diabetic ketoacidosis in a 64-year-old black woman with maturity-onset diabetes receiving phenytoin for a seizure disorder is reported."	3.66	Phenytoin-induced hyperglycemia. ( Carter, BL; Mandel, MD; Small, RE; Starkman, MT, 1981)
"An apparent case of carbamazepine-induced leukocytosis in a 26-year-old woman is presented."	3.66	Carbamazepine-induced leukocytosis. ( Murphy, JE; Springer, PK; Stewart, RB, 1980)
" We determined the plasma levels of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin following initial administration and during maintenance therapy in 59 neonates with seizures."	3.66	Phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin levels in neonates with seizures. ( MacDonald, H; Painter, MJ; Pippenger, C; Pitlick, W, 1978)
" When seizures developed, intravenous phenytoin sodium therapy was begun."	3.66	Dopamine-phenytoin interaction. A cause of hypotension in the critically ill. ( Bivins, BA; Blouin, R; Bustrack, J; Griffen, WO; Rapp, RP, 1978)
"The causes of chronic, recurrent headaches, the electroencephalographic findings and the response to phenytoin (Dilantin) and other medications have been evaluated in 100 children."	3.66	Recurrent headaches in 100 children. Electroencephalographic abnormalities and response to phenytoin (Dilantin). ( Millichap, JG, 1978)
" L-5418 and dephenylhydantoin did not increase the threshold of seizures induced by bemegride while trimethadione raised the threshold."	3.66	Anti-convulsant effect of phthalazino-[2,3b]-phthalazine-5(14H), 12(7H)-dione (L-5418). II. Electroencephalographic study. ( Fujimura, H; Go, K; Tsurumi, K, 1978)
"Phenytoin has traditionally been used for both prophylaxis and acute treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures."	3.66	Rational management of alcohol withdrawal seizures. ( Josephson, GW; Sabatier, HS, 1978)
"The therapeutics results with the use of different drugs (diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin, barbiturates--phenobarbital and primidone--, sodium dipropylacetate and ACTH) in twenty-nine patients with Lennox--Gastaut syndrome are carefully analysed."	3.65	[Effect of drugs on electroclinical types of epileptic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]. ( Lison, MP; Speciali, GG, 1977)
"Eight patients developed grand mal seizures during intravenous theophylline therapy."	3.65	Theophylline-induced seizures in adults. Correlation with serum concentrations. ( Cohn, WM; Matthay, RA; Neff, TA; Sutton, FD; Weinberger, MM; Zwillich, CW, 1975)
"Senegalese baboons (Papio papio), with a natural syndrome of photosensitive epilepsy, consistently show generalized myoclonic jerks if stimulated stroboscopically at hourly intervals, two to eight hours after the intravenous administration of allylglycine, 200 mg/kg."	3.65	A primate model for testing anticonvulsant drugs. ( Horton, RW; Meldrum, BS; Toseland, PA, 1975)
"The kindling of amygldaloid and cortical seizures in cats was used to study the prophylactic effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin, ethosuximide, acetazolamide, and dexamethason."	3.65	Pharmacological prophylaxis against the development of kindled amygdaloid seizures. ( Kutt, H; Louis, S; Newman, SM; Turner, IM, 1977)
" Of particular interest are 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)-5,5-diphenylhydantoin and 3-acetoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which show good activity against maximal electroshock seizures, and 3-methoxymethyl-5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin, which is effective against both maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole."	3.65	Anticonvulsants. 5. Derivatives of 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. ( O'Dea, MH; Reinhard, JF; Samour, CM; Vida, JA, 1975)
"In two children treated for hypoglycemia and convulsions with diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin, therapeutic serum diphenylhydantoin levels were not achieved despite doses of diphenylhydantoin of 17 and 29 mg/kg/day, respectively."	3.65	Drug interaction: diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin. ( Blaskovics, ME; Podosin, RL; Roe, TF, 1975)
" To test the validity of this primate model, the effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), phenobarbital, and primidone on spontaneous seizures evaluated for 8 months with a Latin-Squar experimental design."	3.65	Efficacy of standard anticonvulsants in monkey model with spontaneous motor seizures. ( DuCharme, LL; Farquhar, JA; Huntsman, BJ; Lockard, JS; Uhlir, V, 1975)
"A new syndrome, paradoxical intoxication, has been defined in which high levels of hydantoins, and in one instance carbamazepine, produced an increase in seizures with little or no evidence of intoxication; a decrease in these levels produced an improvement in seizure control."	3.65	Paradoxical intoxication--a complication of anticonvulsant administration. ( Ojemann, LM; Troupin, AS, 1975)
"The anticonvulsive properties of orally administered cinnarizine [(E)-1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-piperazine], its difluoro derivative flunarizine [(E)-1-(bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-piperazine], diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital, were studied against maximal metrazol seizures (MMS) in rats and maximal electroshock seizures (MES) in mice."	3.65	Anticonvulsive properties of cinnarizine and flunarizine in rats and mice. ( Desmedt, LK; Janssen, PA; Niemegeers, CJ, 1975)
", the maximal electroshock test (MES), and seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and nicotine."	3.65	Anticonvulsant activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol compared with three other drugs. ( Barry, H; Sofia, RD; Solomon, TA, 1976)
" Phenobarbital is usually given as well to prevent grand mal seizures."	3.64	Treatment of epilepsy. ( BAILEY, AA, 1963)
" Cycloheximide, which antagonizes the puromycin-induced amnesia 3 hours after training, also antagonizes the puromycin effect on susceptibility to seizure."	3.64	Puromycin effect on memory may be due to occult seizures. ( Barondes, SH; Cohen, HD, 1967)
"Diazepam was initially administered, followed intravenously by FPHT at 22."	3.30	Levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin as a second-line treatment after diazepam for adult convulsive status epilepticus: a multicentre non-inferiority randomised control trial. ( Asami, M; Egawa, S; Fukuda, Y; Hoshiyama, E; Inoue, Y; Ishikawa, E; Kaneko, J; Kimura, A; Kondo, Y; Maruo, K; Marushima, A; Matsumaru, Y; Mochizuki, M; Nakamoto, H; Nakamura, K; Takahashi, Y; Uchida, M; Unemoto, K; Yamada, T; Yonekawa, C, 2023)
"The mean incidence of posttraumatic seizures with AED prophylaxis was 8% for early seizures and 7."	3.01	Use of antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis against posttraumatic seizures in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Al Jayyousi, O; Hazaimeh, E; Ifraitekh, AS; Jbarah, OF; Samara, QA; Sawan, S, 2023)
"Fifth, treating neonatal seizures (including electrographic-only seizures) to achieve a lower seizure burden may be associated with improved outcome (expert agreement)."	3.01	Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. ( Abend, NS; Auvin, S; Boylan, G; Brigo, F; Cilio, MR; De Vries, LS; Elia, M; Espeche, A; Hahn, CD; Hartmann, H; Inder, T; Jette, N; Kakooza-Mwesige, A; Mader, S; Mizrahi, EM; Moshé, SL; Nagarajan, L; Noyman, I; Nunes, ML; Pressler, RM; Samia, P; Shany, E; Shellhaas, RA; Subota, A; Triki, CC; Tsuchida, T; Vinayan, KP; Wilmshurst, JM; Yozawitz, EG, 2023)
"The incidence rate of significant convulsive seizures was increased time dependently (0% on day 1, 12."	2.87	Time-Dependent Decline in Serum Phenytoin Concentration With Heightened Convulsive Seizure Risk by Prolonged Administration of Fosphenytoin in Japanese: A Retrospective Study. ( Hayashi, H; Hayashi, Y; Hirai, K; Itoh, Y; Niwa, T; Ohno, Y; Suzuki, A; Suzuki, K; Yamada, Y, 2018)
" Only patients displaying persistent seizures or suspected of adverse effects were requested for drug monitoring."	2.87	Analysis of phenytoin drug concentration for evaluation of clinical response, uncontrolled seizures and toxicity. ( Cao, L; Guo, R; Li, Y; Shaikh, AS, 2018)
"The phenytoin treatment causes cerebellar defect and anemia."	2.82	The interplay of epilepsy with impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD): A review of therapeutic approaches. ( Agrawal, M; Dhurandhar, Y; Panda, SP, 2022)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is routinely used for seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumours during and after craniotomy, despite incomplete evidence."	2.80	Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis during and early after craniotomy for brain tumours: a phase II prospective, randomised study. ( Hasegawa, Y; Iuchi, T; Kawasaki, K; Kuwabara, K; Matsumoto, M; Sakaida, T, 2015)
"There was no difference in seizure rate (1."	2.78	A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Branco, BC; Demetriades, D; Dubose, J; Gooch, J; Herrold, J; Inaba, K; Menaker, J; Okoye, OT; Scalea, TM, 2013)
" This study aims to compare the tolerability, safety, and side effect profiles of levetiracetam (LEV) against the standard agent phenytoin (PHT) when given intravenously and in total regimen for seizure prophylaxis in a neurosurgical setting."	2.78	Tolerability, safety, and side effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen among craniotomy patients: a prospective randomized study. ( Cook, MJ; D'Souza, WJ; Fuller, KL; Murphy, MA; Wang, YY, 2013)
" Hence intravenous valproate is safe and efficacious, with less time to regain consciousness."	2.76	Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in children. ( Aggarwal, A; Mittal, H; Rai, A; Sharma, S, 2011)
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) data were compared with those previously collected in patients (n=127) treated with phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis."	2.75	Influence on Busilvex pharmacokinetics of clonazepam compared to previous phenytoin historical data. ( Bacigalupo, A; Buzyn, A; Cahn, JY; Carreras, E; Kröger, N; Puozzo, C; Sanz, G; Vernant, JP, 2010)
"Celecoxib (400) mg was administered orally twice a day until tumor progression or dose-limiting toxicity."	2.73	Effect of phenytoin on celecoxib pharmacokinetics in patients with glioblastoma. ( Batchelor, T; Desideri, S; Grossman, SA; Hammour, T; Lesser, G; Olson, J; Peereboom, D; Supko, JG; Ye, X, 2008)
"Seizure activity following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) can worsen patients' comorbidity."	2.72	Phenytoin prophylaxis and functional outcomes following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bzhilyanskaya, V; Fairchild, M; Lurie, T; Pourmand, A; Powell, E; Rashid, A; Rehan, MA; Tran, QK, 2021)
"57] or adverse effects (RR 4."	2.72	Efficacy and Safety of Phenobarbitone as First-Line Treatment for Neonatal Seizure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Kumar, J; Meena, J; Saini, L; Yadav, J, 2021)
"Outcomes were seizures, as defined by the authors, within 14 days of ICH and at the longest point of follow-up."	2.72	Preventing seizure occurrence following spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of seizure prophylaxis. ( Afridi, LZ; Ahmad, M; Bzhilyanskaya, V; Menne, A; Palmer, J; Pourmand, A; Raffman, A; Rashid, A; Rehan, MA; Tran, QK, 2021)
"The MESH terms focused on identifying treatments for seizures induced by drugs or other potentially toxic substances."	2.72	A systematic review of second line therapies in toxic seizures. ( Alunday, RL; Fletcher, ML; Nash, J; Sarangarm, P; Seifert, SA; Smolinske, SC; Warrick, BJ, 2021)
"Seventy patients died (unrelated to seizures) and survival rates were equivalent in both groups (median survival = 6."	2.71	Prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with brain tumour. ( Barnes, P; Brasher, PM; Cairncross, JG; DeAngelis, LM; Forsyth, PA; Fulton, D; Hagen, NA; Stewart, D; Sutherland, G; Weaver, S, 2003)
"Phenytoin appears to increase LPV clearance via CYP3A4 induction, which is not offset by the presence of low-dose RTV."	2.71	Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and phenytoin results in two-way drug interaction through cytochrome P-450 induction. ( Bertz, RJ; Eron, JJ; Gaedigk, A; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Min, SS; Robinson, M, 2004)
"Treatment with levetiracetam is efficacious, and levetiracetam-treated patients require significantly lower doses of immunosuppressant medications to achieve an equivalent antirejection effect."	2.71	Levetiracetam for seizures after liver transplantation. ( Bergethon, PR; Freeman, R; Glass, GA; Mithoefer, A; Stankiewicz, J, 2005)
"Seventy three patients presenting with seizures and showing SSECTL on cranial CT scans (plain and contrast) were randomized into group A (6 months therapy) and group B (2 years therapy)."	2.70	Acute symptomatic seizures due to single CT lesions: how long to treat with antiepileptic drugs? ( Arora, A; Lal, V; Prabhakar, S; Sawhney, IM; Thussu, A, 2002)
"26), daily dosage (8."	2.69	Comparison of phenytoin serum concentrations in premature neonates following intravenous and oral administration. ( Frey, OR; Probst, W; von Brenndorff, AI, 1998)
"The most important factor determining seizure recurrence was continued therapy, which was the case for barbiturates, phenytoin and valproate."	2.69	Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. ( Chadwick, D, 1999)
" The pharmacokinetic assessment was repeated on day 18."	2.69	Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interactions between tiagabine and carbamazepine or phenytoin. ( Boellner, SW; Cao, GX; Cato, A; Guenther, HJ; Gustavson, LE; Qian, JX; Sommerville, KW, 1998)
"Odds for epilepsy were higher among people who had positive family history (O."	2.69	A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. ( Chopra, JS; Kaur, P; Sawhney, IM; Singh, A; Suri, G, 1999)
" No significant difference was observed in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Cmin, Tmax, t1/2a, t1/2e and AUC of DPH after GFJ administration as compared to control values in healthy volunteers and epileptic patients."	2.69	Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between grapefruit juice and phenytoin in healthy male volunteers and epileptic patients. ( Garg, SK; Kumar, N; Prabhakar, S, 1999)
"972 patients with seizure disorder were recruited."	2.69	Single small enhancing CT lesion in Thai patients with acute symptomatic seizures: a clinico-radiological study. ( Mahuntussanapong, A; Yodnopaklow, P, 2000)
"Subclinical seizure activity in the patient with encephalopathy and on ventilation with acute liver failure (ALF) is a poorly recognized entity."	2.69	Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial. ( Ellis, AJ; Wendon, JA; Williams, R, 2000)
"Of 467 patients with preeclampsia or superimposed preeclampsia managed without seizure prophylaxis, 18 had seizure activity, 3."	2.68	The feasibility of a control population for a randomized control trial of seizure prophylaxis in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. ( Burrows, EA; Burrows, RF, 1995)
"Eclampsia, the occurrence of a seizure in association with pre-eclampsia, remains an important cause of maternal mortality."	2.68	Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. ( , 1995)
"Phenytoin is a well-tolerated alternative to magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis in the patient with mild pregnancy-induced hypertension."	2.67	Magnesium sulfate versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in pregnancy-induced hypertension. ( Adams, HR; Appleton, MP; Gold, WR; Knight, AB; Kuehl, TJ; Raebel, MA, 1991)
"To determine the adequacy of seizure control and the adverse effects of administering an IV loading dose of phenytoin by constant infusion pump."	2.67	Phenytoin administration by constant intravenous infusion: selective rates of administration. ( Cline, D; Donovan, PJ, 1991)
"The incidence of seizures following supratentorial craniotomy for non-traumatic pathology has been estimated to be between 15% to 20%; however, the risk of experiencing a seizure appears to vary from 3% to 92% over a five-year period."	2.66	Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures. ( Dundar, Y; Greenhalgh, J; Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Weston, J, 2020)
"Phenytoin (15 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to 189 patients shortly before their intracranial, supratentorial surgery was completed."	2.66	Prophylactic anticonvulsants for prevention of immediate and early postcraniotomy seizures. ( Chang, CN; Cheng, WC; Heimburger, RF; Lee, ST; Lin, CG; Lui, TN; Wang, DJ, 1989)
"Carbamazepine was compared with phenytoin in a double-blind study."	2.65	A double-blind study comparing carbamazepine with phenytoin as initial seizure therapy in adults. ( Berger, JR; Bruni, J; Ramsay, RE; Wilder, BJ, 1983)
"Since the effectiveness of seizure prophylaxis has not been established, the authors suggest that anticonvulsant drugs be administered only after an early seizure has occurred."	2.65	Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures. ( Bean, JR; Haack, D; Norton, JA; Rapp, RP; Tibbs, PA; Young, B, 1983)
"The time between injury and seizures did not significantly differ between the two groups."	2.65	Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent late posttraumatic seizures. ( Bean, JR; Haack, D; Norton, JA; Rapp, RP; Tibbs, PA; Young, B, 1983)
"OBJECTIVEDe novo seizure following craniotomy (DSC) for nontraumatic pathology may adversely affect medical and neurological outcomes in patients with no history of seizures who have undergone craniotomies."	2.61	Phenytoin versus levetiracetam as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizure in patients with no history of seizures: systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Choi, CY; Han, SR; Koo, HW; Lee, CH; Sohn, MJ, 2019)
"A generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) is the most severe form of common epileptic seizure and carries the greatest risk of harm."	2.58	Antiepileptic drug treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures: An evaluation of regulatory data and five criteria for drug selection. ( Bermejo, PE; Gibbs, AA; Huberfeld, G; Kälviäinen, R; Shorvon, SD, 2018)
"Postoperative seizures can precipitate the development of epilepsy; seizures are most likely to occur within the first month of cranial surgery."	2.58	Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures. ( Dundar, Y; Greenhalgh, J; Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Weston, J, 2018)
"Dogs with seizure disorders have a decreased lifespan compared to the general population, and epileptic dogs with SE have a significantly abbreviated lifespan compared to epileptics that do not experience SE."	2.55	Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 2: treatment, monitoring, and prognosis. ( Blades Golubovic, S; Rossmeisl, JH, 2017)
" The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date evidence summary of the incidence and outcomes of seizures following an SAH as well as the use of different AEDs post-SAH in order to evaluate the need for seizure prophylaxis, the choice of AEDs, and their dosing considerations in SAH patients."	2.55	Seizures and Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review. ( Buxton, J; Mahmoud, SH, 2017)
"Seizures are common following perinatal asphyxia and may exacerbate secondary neuronal injury."	2.53	Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia. ( Berg, M; Soll, R; Young, L, 2016)
"This review discusses seizures associated with traumatic brain injury in children, including seizure incidence, relationship to severity of injury, potential detrimental effects of seizures, potential benefits of AED, adverse effects of AED, new developments in preventing epileptogenesis, and suggested recommendations for patient management."	2.53	Anti-epileptic drugs in pediatric traumatic brain injury. ( Litofsky, NS; Tanaka, T, 2016)
"Levetiracetam (LEV) has been proposed as an alternative to PHT."	2.53	The safety and efficacy of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Li, J; Qi, L; Shao, WZ; Shen, J; Sun, YZ; Tang, LJ; Xu, JC; Zhai, XF; Zheng, JY, 2016)
"Phenytoin has been the only recommended antiepileptic drug (AED) for seizure prophylaxis; however, several shortcomings have affected its use."	2.53	Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Wang, X; Xu, X; Yang, Y; Zheng, F, 2016)
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."	2.53	Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. ( Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)
"The incidence of seizures following supratentorial craniotomy for non-traumatic pathology has been estimated to be between 15% to 20%; however, the risk of experiencing a seizure may vary from 3% to 92% over a five-year period."	2.52	Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. ( Greenhalgh, J; Marson, AG; Weston, J, 2015)
"How aggressively these seizures should be treated is unclear."	2.52	Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Update on the TRENdS study. ( Husain, AM, 2015)
"Epilepsy is the commonest clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial tension, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts."	2.52	Antiepileptic drugs for seizure control in people with neurocysticercosis. ( Mathew, A; Sharma, M; Singh, T, 2015)
"The incidence of seizures following supratentorial craniotomy for non-traumatic pathology has been estimated to be 15% to 20%; however, the risk of experiencing a seizure may vary from 3% to 92% over a five-year period."	2.49	Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. ( Greenhalgh, J; Marson, AG; Pulman, J, 2013)
"Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage are possible medical diseases that any obstetrician may encounter."	2.49	Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. ( Alexander, JM; Wilson, KL, 2013)
"A total of 8 cases of seizures after allo-HSCT were investigated."	2.49	Analysis of seizure risk factors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a 8 case report and literature review. ( Li, L; Li, WM; Wu, YH; You, Y; Zhong, ZD; Zou, P, 2013)
"Acute seizure and status epilepticus constitute one of the major medical emergencies in children."	2.48	Management of acute seizure and status epilepticus in pediatric emergency. ( Sasidaran, K; Singhi, P; Singhi, S, 2012)
"Current standard therapy for seizure prophylaxis in Neuro-surgical patients involves the use of Phenytoin (PHY)."	2.48	Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury - a meta analysis. ( Ghauri, AA; Khan, AA; Shamim, MS; Zafar, SN, 2012)
"The lifetime risk of having epileptic seizures is profoundly increased in patients with cancer: about 20% of all patients with systemic cancer may develop brain metastases."	2.48	Epilepsy meets cancer: when, why, and what to do about it? ( Stupp, R; Weller, M; Wick, W, 2012)
"The mainstay of treatment for seizures is medical therapy with antiepileptic drugs."	2.47	Antiepileptic drugs for treating seizures in adults with brain tumours. ( Grant, R; Kerrigan, S, 2011)
"Seizures are a common sequela of self-poisoning."	2.46	Should phenytoin or barbiturates be used as second-line anticonvulsant therapy for toxicological seizures? ( Eddleston, M; Shah, AS, 2010)
"Studies on mechanisms of seizure generation and propagation have identified new potential targets for AEDs."	2.45	New antiepileptic drugs: molecular targets. ( Mula, M, 2009)
" The overall conclusions from 2 recent studies in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are that 1) many patients receive AEDs but should not; 2) long-term use is associated with worse outcome; and 3) short-term use is safer."	2.44	Antiepileptic drugs in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Wijdicks, EF; Zubkov, AY, 2008)
"Febrile seizures and epilepsies are common causes of CSE in infants and young children in Japan, followed by benign infantile convulsions (BIC), convulsions with gastroenteritis (CwG), and acute encephalitis with refractory CSE and intractable epilepsy (AECSEE), which are familiar disorders in Japan."	2.44	Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and young children in Japan. ( Sugai, K, 2007)
"Neonatal seizures continue to present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to paediatricians worldwide, and are a worrying sign for both parents and clinicians alike."	2.42	Neonatal seizures and their treatment. ( Boylan, GB; Rennie, JM, 2003)
"The seizures were controlled without any side effects with sodium valproate 200 mg three times a day and gabapentin 300 mg twice a day."	2.42	Phenytoin and carbamazepine cross reactivity: report of a case and review of literature. ( Kalita, J; Misra, UK; Rathore, C, 2003)
"Falciparum malaria is the most common cause of convulsions in children admitted to hospital in malaria endemic areas."	2.42	Management of seizures in children with falciparum malaria. ( Newton, CR; Ogutu, BR, 2004)
" Subsequent replacement of hypertonic saline with normal saline and salt tabs in combination with phenytoin allowed gradual correction of serum sodium without any subsequent seizures or neurological complications."	2.41	Therapy with hypertonic saline in combination with anti-convulsants for hyponatremia-induced seizure: a case report and review of the literature. ( Tokeshi, J; Youn, KS, 2002)
"Minimal requirements: seizure-prevention outcome given as fraction of cases; AED or control assigned by random or quasi-random mechanism."	2.41	Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. ( Temkin, NR, 2001)
"Subtle seizures are mild paroxysmal alterations in motor or autonomic activity and are unique to the neonatal period."	2.41	Seizures in the newborn. ( Aggarwal, R; Deorari, AK; Paul, VK; Upadhyay, A, 2001)
" In this model in Wistar rats, animals which do not respond to repeated or chronic administration of anti-epileptic drugs (non-responders) can be separated from animals in whom anti-epileptics are effective (responders)."	2.41	Animal models of drug-resistant epilepsy. ( Löscher, W, 2002)
"Fosphenytoin has recently been approved as a substitute for parenteral phenytoin."	2.40	New drug therapy for acute seizure management. ( Morton, LD; Pellock, JM; Rizkallah, E, 1997)
"Consequently, interventions to prevent seizures early in the course of a seizures disorder do not alter the natural history of seizure disorders with respect to whether remission will occur in the long term."	2.40	Do seizures beget seizures? An assessment of the clinical evidence in humans. ( Berg, AT; Shinnar, S, 1997)
"Successful control of seizures with anticonvulsant drugs reflects a balance in achieving seizure control while minimizing undesirable drug side effects."	2.40	Anticonvulsant therapy in small animals. ( Boothe, DM, 1998)
"Moreover, the seizure and the epilepsy type may have been incorrectly diagnosed."	2.40	Antiepileptic drug-induced worsening of seizures in children. ( Belmonte, A; Genton, P; Guerrini, R, 1998)
"Seizures are commonly encountered in patients who do not have epilepsy."	2.40	Medical causes of seizures. ( Delanty, N; French, JA; Vaughan, CJ, 1998)
" Adverse events associated with fosphenytoin generally were related to the central nervous system and were similar to those associated with phenytoin, except for a higher incidence of transient pruritus with fosphenytoin."	2.40	Clinical experience with fosphenytoin in adults: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. ( Knapp, LE; Kugler, AR, 1998)
"Once SE is controlled, prevention of seizure recurrence should be individualized to each patient."	2.40	Management approaches to prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. ( Bleck, TP, 1999)
"The authors believe that diencephalic seizures can present with a spectrum of autonomic features, and treatment should be tailored with the appropriate pharmacologic blockade."	2.40	Sympathetic storms in a child with a midbrain glioma: a variant of diencephalic seizures. ( Conway, EJ; DaRosso, RC; Epstein, FJ; Goh, KY; Muszynski, CA, 1999)
"It is now clear that "seizure activity", excitatory phenomena, and/or a disorder of muscle tone are potential complications of the use of propofol."	2.39	Propofol and seizures. ( Burt, P; Sutherland, MJ, 1994)
"Fluconazole can increase phenytoin serum concentrations leading to toxicity."	2.39	Fluconazole-induced symptomatic phenytoin toxicity. ( Cadle, RM; Hamill, RJ; Rodriguez-Barradas, MC; Zenon, GJ, 1994)
"Sequelae and risk for recurrence of SE are primarily related to the underlying cause."	2.39	Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: etiology, outcome, and treatment. ( Mitchell, WG, 1996)
"Data on concurrent anticonvulsants, seizure diagnosis, and seizure severity were extracted when available."	2.38	Reassessing the lower end of the phenytoin therapeutic range: a review of the literature. ( Hayes, G; Kootsikas, ME, 1993)
"As stated in an earlier review, "in treating preeclampsia, magnesium sulfate therapy may have a role and may moderate factors leading to eclampsia."	2.38	Prophylaxis of eclamptic seizures: current controversies. ( Friedman, SA; Kaplan, PW; Repke, JT, 1992)
" In order to use these effectively, the critical care nurse must be aware of the indications and controversies surrounding their use, the patho-physiologic conditions that impact on the disposition, and appropriate dosing and monitoring of these agents in the critical care setting."	2.38	Anticonvulsants: pharmacotherapeutic issues in the critically ill patient. ( Dupuis, RE; Miranda-Massari, J, 1991)
"Eclamptic seizures are clinically and electroencephalographically indistinguishable from generalized tonic-clonic seizures."	2.38	A continuing controversy: magnesium sulfate in the treatment of eclamptic seizures. ( Fisher, RS; Hanley, DF; Kaplan, PW; Lesser, RP; Repke, JT, 1990)
"The pathogenesis of eclamptic convulsions is unknown."	2.38	Magnesium sulfate is the ideal anticonvulsant in preeclampsia-eclampsia. ( Sibai, BM, 1990)
"Phenytoin is a major anticonvulsant drug that is very effective in controlling a wide variety of seizure disorders while impairing neurological function little, if at all."	2.37	Phenytoin: mechanisms of its anticonvulsant action. ( Pincus, JH; Selzer, ME; Yaari, Y, 1986)
"Neocortical focal seizures are characterized by motor jerks in one limb (Jacksonian type), head turning (adversive attack), or localized sensory manifestations, and limbic or psychomotor attacks by brief impairment of consciousness and often by motor automatisms."	2.37	[Therapy of brain-related minor seizures]. ( Hess, CW, 1988)
"Praziquantel was not used."	2.37	Intraparenchymal cerebral cysticercosis in children: diagnosis and treatment. ( Crawford, TO; Mitchell, WG, 1988)
"Febrile seizures are a common problem."	2.37	Febrile seizures: emergency department diagnosis and treatment. ( Ater, SB; Bettis, DB, 1985)
"Finally, seizure-like nonepileptic disorders were reviewed and differential diagnostic points highlighted."	2.36	Seizures and seizure-like states in the child: an approach to emergency management. ( Oppenheimer, EY; Rosman, NP, 1983)
"Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug."	2.36	Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug. ( Bruni, J; Wilder, BJ, 1979)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a first-line antiepileptic drug in clinics, which could decrease neuronal bioelectric activity by blocking the voltage-operated sodium channels."	1.91	Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoformulation Selectively Abolishes Phenytoin Resistance in Epileptic Neurons for Ceasing Seizures. ( Cao, D; Guan, Q; Li, M; Luo, Z; Mao, X; Wang, X, 2023)
"Midazolam was the first medication administered in 87/100 (87%) instances, mean dose of 0."	1.72	Status Epilepticus Australasian Registry for Children: A pilot prospective, observational, cohort study of paediatric status epilepticus. ( Babl, FE; Borland, ML; Dalziel, SR; Emeto, TI; Furyk, JS; George, S; Hearps, SJ; O'Brien, S; Phillips, N; Riney, K; Watt, K; Wilson, C, 2022)
"The rates of cessation of seizure and prevention of seizure recurrence for 24 h were 84% for phenytoin and 78."	1.72	Efficacy of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children. ( Akın, Y; Çağ, Y; Köle, MT; Sager, SG; Zeynel, H, 2022)
"MES and PTZ-induced seizure models were utilized to evaluate the antiepileptic effect of the prepared ligands."	1.72	Pyrrolopyridine and Isoindole as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation. ( Behbahaninia, K; Davood, A; Jahromy, MH; Taghizad, S, 2022)
"When selecting an antiseizure medication, consideration should be given to the individual patient's risks of adverse consequences on other organ systems."	1.72	Long-Term Effects of Antiseizure Medications. ( LoPinto-Khoury, C, 2022)
"Caffeine is a psychoactive substance used worldwide."	1.72	Caffeine intoxication: Behavioral and electrocorticographic patterns in Wistar rats. ( Araújo, DB; Azevedo, JEC; Barbas, LAL; da Silva, ALM; Hamoy, AO; Hamoy, M; Lopes, DCF; Lopez, MEC; Mello, VJ; Nascimento, CP; Pereira, RG; Rodrigues, SF; Vieira, LR, 2022)
"Since arrhythmia often accompanies seizures, patients suffering from epilepsy are frequently co-treated with antiepileptic and antiarrhythmic drugs."	1.72	Ranolazine Interacts Antagonistically with Some Classical Antiepileptic Drugs-An Isobolographic Analysis. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, K, 2022)
" Dosing of phenytoin remains a challenge for all clinicians which increase the need for such reports."	1.62	Phenytoin-Induced Paradoxical Seizures and Blood Dyscrasias in a Patient Receiving Rapid Intravenous Infusion: A Case Report. ( Radhakrishnan, A; Sudarsan, P; Suresh, A; Varghese, R, 2021)
"Protective (antiseizure) effects of 4-butyl-5-[(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-methyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TPL-16) and acute neurotoxic effects were determined in the tonic-clonic seizure model and rotarod test in mice."	1.62	Anticonvulsant Effectiveness and Neurotoxicity Profile of 4-butyl-5-[(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TPL-16) in Mice. ( Drabik, M; Florek-Łuszczki, M; Głuszak, M; Jankiewicz, M; Kozińska, J; Plech, T; Plewa, Z; Wróblewska-Łuczka, P; Łuszczki, JJ, 2021)
" Similar dose-related responses were seen following the week-long dosing protocol for carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin, and these responses were associated with drug levels that were in the human therapeutic range."	1.62	Chronic limbic epilepsy models for therapy discovery: Protocols to improve efficiency. ( Bertram, EH; Edelbroek, P, 2021)
"Use of seizure prophylaxis following intracranial biopsies and supratentorial resections is highly variable, consistent with a lack of guidelines or consensus."	1.56	Patterns of seizure prophylaxis after oncologic neurosurgery. ( Bruce, JN; Hershman, DL; Joiner, EF; McKhann, GM; Neugut, AI; Wang, X; Welch, MR; Wright, JD; Yang, J; Youngerman, BE, 2020)
"Free phenytoin levels were categorized based on the prespecified patient-specific target range, generally between 1."	1.56	Evaluation of Fosphenytoin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Neurocritical Care Unit. ( Armahizer, M; Noval, M; Seung, H, 2020)
"The study aims to test the effect of influenza vaccination on phenytoin, CYP2C9, and IFNγ levels in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin monotherapy METHODS: Thirty-one epileptic patients receiving stable-dose phenytoin monotherapy were enrolled onto the study."	1.56	Influenza immunization does not predominantly alter levels of phenytoin, and cytochrome P-450 enzymes in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin monotherapy. ( Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Manoyana, N; Nadsasarn, A; Pinyopornpanish, K; Soontornpun, A; Tanprawate, S, 2020)
" This is only the ninth case reported in literature regarding this rare and potentially serious adverse effect of levetiracetam."	1.51	Rhabdomyolysis: a rare adverse effect of levetiracetam. ( Ahmed, N; Mirza, MMF; Shaikh, NA; Thomas, L, 2019)
"This study aimed to re-establish a Population Pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of oral phenytoin to further optimize the individualized medication regimen based on our previous research."	1.51	The Evolution of Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Oral Phenytoin for Early Seizure Prophylaxis Post-Craniotomy. ( Ji, S; Jin, H; Li, Z; Song, G; Wang, C, 2019)
"BACKGROUND Stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) is a transient dysfunction of the left ventricle due to physical or emotional triggers that produces a range of electrocardiogram (ECG) changes."	1.51	Diffuse Deep T-Wave Inversions Following a Generalized Seizure. ( Oleynick, C; Prosperi-Porta, G, 2019)
"His phenytoin dose was increased, and he was started on calcium supplementation."	1.51	Paradoxical deterioration in seizure control due to anticonvulsant-induced hypocalcaemia. ( Cachia, MJ; Gauci, Z; Mifsud, S; Rizzo, C, 2019)
"Postcranioplasty seizures, especially early seizures, are common and associated with poor outcomes and longer hospital stays."	1.51	A Novel Protocol to Reduce Early Seizures After Cranioplasty: A Single-Center Experience. ( Chen, CC; Chen, CT; Hsieh, PC; Lai, HY; Lee, CY; Liu, YT; Liu, ZH; Tu, PH; Wu, CT; Yeap, MC, 2019)
"Electrically-induced tonic-clonic seizures were experimentally evoked in adult male albino Swiss mice."	1.51	New derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TP427) potentiates the anticonvulsant action of valproate, but not that of carbamazepine, phenytoin or phenobarbital in the mouse tonic-clonic seizure model. ( Gut-Lepiech, A; Karwan, S; Kondrat-Wróbel, MW; Marzeda, P; Plech, T; Wróblewska-Łuczka, P; Łuszczki, JJ, 2019)
"Seizures are present in over 90% of infants and children with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS)."	1.48	A survey of antiepileptic drug responses identifies drugs with potential efficacy for seizure control in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. ( Battaglia, A; Carey, JC; Ho, KS; Lortz, A; Markham, LM; Newcomb, T; Olson, LM; Sheng, X; Twede, H; Wassman, ER; Weng, C, 2018)
"RESULTS The incidence of postoperative seizures was 17."	1.48	Prophylactic Anticonvulsants in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Single-Center Experience. ( Kale, A, 2018)
"Cunaniol-induced seizures displayed a cyclic development of electrocorticographic seizures, presenting interictal-like spike and ictal period, which correlates to the behavioral observations and is in line with acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole."	1.48	Cunaniol-elicited seizures: Behavior characterization and electroencephalographic analyses. ( Barbas, LAL; de Mello, VJ; do Nascimento, JLM; Dos Santos Batista, L; Dos Santos Batista, P; Farias, RAF; Gomes-Leal, W; Hamoy, M; Hutchison, WD; Marcondes, HC; Taylor, JG; Torres, MF, 2018)
"Perioperative seizure prophylaxis with antiepileptic drugs (AED) has been advocated in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy."	1.48	The risk of hypotension and seizures in patients receiving prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs for supratentorial craniotomy. ( Brawanski, A; Höhne, J; Lange, M; Ott, C; Schebesch, KM, 2018)
"Benzodiazepines are used as first-line treatments for status epilepticus."	1.46	Efficacy of levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin for the recurrence of seizures after status epilepticus. ( Daidoji, H; Doi, K; Hashimoto, H; Hiruma, T; Inokuchi, R; Morimura, N; Nakamura, K; Naraba, H; Sonoo, T; Tokunaga, K, 2017)
"Decrease of both the frequency of seizures and the incidence of ADRs after TDM implementation suggests that TDM may have given clinicians the opportunity to achieve more optimal patient treatment."	1.46	Lamotrigine Drug Interactions in Combination Therapy and the Influence of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring on Clinical Outcomes of Adult Patients. ( Brozmanova, H; Grundmann, M; Kacirova, I; Koristkova, B, 2017)
"This case suggests that dysphagia related to phenytoin-induced lymphoid hypertrophy may be treated by phenytoin discontinuation followed by a sufficient amount of time to allow symptom resolution rather than by prompt surgery."	1.46	Velopharyngeal Incoordination Caused by Phenytoin-Induced Toxicity. ( Hwang, CH, 2017)
" In another independent set of experiments, similar results of drug combination responses were also found."	1.46	Anti-Epileptic Drug Combination Efficacy in an In Vitro Seizure Model - Phenytoin and Valproate, Lamotrigine and Valproate. ( French, CR; O'Brien, TJ; Taing, KD; Williams, DA, 2017)
"MET)-induced seizures whereas none of them showed neurotoxicity."	1.43	New (arylalkyl)azole derivatives showing anticonvulsant effects could have VGSC and/or GABA ( Çalış, Ü; Dalkara, S; Karakurt, A; Kaynak, FB; Sari, S; Uslu, H, 2016)
"Tonic seizures occurred several times on hospital day 2; thus, we resumed levetiracetam via a nasogastric tube."	1.43	Acute onset of a tonic seizure in a phenytoin-overdosed patient who had taken phenytoin and levetiracetam daily. ( Hayakawa, K; Kinoshita, T; Kitamoto, T; Nakamori, Y; Saito, F, 2016)
"Antiepileptic prophylaxis reduces early seizures, but their use beyond 1 week does not prevent the development of post-traumatic epilepsy."	1.43	Antiepileptic prophylaxis following severe traumatic brain injury within a military cohort. ( Craner, M; Cranley, MR; McGilloway, E, 2016)
"Treatment with phenytoin per se and along with the flavonoid rich fraction showed significant reduction in seizure severity score as compared to vehicle control."	1.43	Protective effect on phenytoin-induced cognition deficit in pentylenetetrazol kindled mice: A repertoire of Glycyrrhiza glabra flavonoid antioxidants. ( Goel, RK; Singh, D; Singh, P, 2016)
"Phenytoin is a common medication for seizure treatment and prophylaxis in the intensive care unit (ICU)."	1.43	Correlation of Free and Total Phenytoin Serum Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients. ( Barletta, JF; Bikin, DS; Buckley, MS; Reeves, BA, 2016)
"Electroconvulsions were evoked in Albino Swiss mice by a current delivered via ear-clip electrodes."	1.43	The effects of cimetidine chronic treatment on conventional antiepileptic drugs in mice. ( Barczyński, B; Czuczwar, SJ; Świąder, K; Świąder, MJ; Tomaszewski, M, 2016)
"OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic seizure is a major complication following traumatic brain injury (TBI)."	1.43	Variation in seizure prophylaxis in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. ( Bell, MJ; Boyle, LN; Ellenbogen, RG; Giza, CC; Groner, JI; Kannan, N; Mink, RB; Mitchell, PH; Ostahowski, PJ; Qiu, Q; Vavilala, MS; Wainwright, MS; Zatzick, DF, 2016)
"Brugada syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease, characterised by a coved-type ST segment elevation in right precordial leads and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia."	1.43	Type 1 Brugada pattern ECG due to supra-therapeutic phenytoin level. ( Bhattarai, B; Dufresne, A; Swe, T, 2016)
"She also had a past history of partial seizures with secondary generalization in her childhood."	1.43	Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. ( Mallik, R; Nandi, SS, 2016)
" Concomitant use of erlotinib and the antiepileptic drug phenytoin, an inducer of CYP3A4, may result in a drug-drug interaction accompanied by changes in the blood concentrations of both drugs."	1.43	Drug interaction between erlotinib and phenytoin for brain metastases in a patient with nonsmall cell lung cancer. ( Homma, M; Kaburagi, T; Kurosawa, A; Ohgami, M, 2016)
"When fully kindled seizures were achieved by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala, rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, phenytoin, and phenytoin (PHT)+5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) groups."	1.42	Activation of adenosine receptor potentiates the anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin against amygdala kindled seizures. ( Sun, Z; Tan, L; Wu, ZC; Yu, JT; Zhang, Q; Zhong, XL; Zong, Y, 2015)
"Levetiracetam was very well tolerated."	1.42	Epilepsy in patients with gliomas: incidence and control of seizures. ( Hasegawa, Y; Iuchi, T; Kawasaki, K; Sakaida, T, 2015)
"Pre-clinical trial of abbreviated LEV dosing in an experimental model of TBI Methods: After either controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury or sham surgery, rats received three 50 mg kg(-1) doses over 24 hours or vehicle."	1.42	Abbreviated levetiracetam treatment effects on behavioural and histological outcomes after experimental TBI. ( Fowler, L; Hurwitz, M; Wagner, AK; Zou, H, 2015)
"In a first step, we examined anti-seizure effects of 6 AEDs on spontaneous recurrent focal electrographic seizures and secondarily generalized convulsive seizures in epileptic mice, showing that the focal nonconvulsive seizures were resistant to carbamazepine and phenytoin, whereas valproate and levetiracetam exerted moderate and phenobarbital and diazepam marked anti-seizure effects."	1.42	Inter-individual variation in the effect of antiepileptic drugs in the intrahippocampal kainate model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. ( Bankstahl, M; Klein, S; Löscher, W, 2015)
" Dose-response curves for phenytoin and levetiracetam were generated in the three strains at 32 and 44 mA current intensities using both devices."	1.42	Genetic background of mice strongly influences treatment resistance in the 6 Hz seizure model. ( Kaminski, RM; Leclercq, K, 2015)
"Focal electrographic seizures in this model are resistant to several major antiepileptic drugs."	1.42	The AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX exerts anti-seizure but not antiepileptogenic effects in the intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. ( Bankstahl, M; Klein, S; Löscher, W; Römermann, K; Twele, F, 2015)
"Treatment-resistant seizures affect about a third of patients suffering from epilepsy."	1.42	Cross-species pharmacological characterization of the allylglycine seizure model in mice and larval zebrafish. ( Afrikanova, T; Buenafe, OE; Crawford, AD; De Prins, A; de Witte, PA; Esguerra, CV; Kaminski, RM; Langlois, M; Leclercq, K; Rospo, CC; Smolders, I; Van Eeckhaut, A, 2015)
"We utilized a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and examined seizure activity and brain injury using combined behavioral and electroencephalographic monitoring and histological assessments."	1.42	Modeling early-onset post-ischemic seizures in aging mice. ( Aljarallah, S; Eubanks, JH; Gao, X; Huang, Y; McDonald, R; Patel, N; Peng, J; Wang, J; Wu, C; Zhang, L, 2015)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a commonly prescribed first-line antiepileptic drug."	1.42	Anticonvulsive and neuroprotective effects of synergetic combination of phenytoin and gastrodin on the convulsion induced by penicillin in mice. ( He, Y; Li, W; Lin, Y; Weng, W; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhang, S; Zheng, H; Zhou, Z; Zhu, L, 2015)
"Tonic hind limb extension (seizure activity) was evoked in adult male albino Swiss mice by a current (25 mA, 500 V, 50 Hz, 0."	1.42	Effect of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) on the anticonvulsant activity of classical antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ( Florek-Luszczki, M; Glensk, M; Glowniak, K; Luszczki, JJ; Pyrka, D; Skalicka-Wozniak, K; Zagaja, M, 2015)
"Recurrent seizures requiring either emergency room (ER) visits or hospitalization were used to measure the efficacy of seizure control."	1.42	Efficacy of phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine and new antiepileptic drugs on control of late-onset post-stroke epilepsy in Taiwan. ( Chan, L; Chi, NF; Chien, LN; Chiou, HY; Hu, CJ; Huang, YH; Kuan, YC, 2015)
"We diagnosed postpartum eclampsia with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a 35-year-old woman who began experiencing headaches after delivery."	1.42	Postpartum vertebral artery dissection with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. ( Akita, H; Hiraoka, E; Kanazawa, K; Nishimura, M, 2015)
"Seizures were induced by single application of a current intensity of 49 mA to i."	1.42	Validation of the 6 Hz refractory seizure mouse model for intracerebroventricularly administered compounds. ( Bentea, E; Coppens, J; Maes, K; Massie, A; Smolders, I; Van Eeckhaut, A; Van Liefferinge, J; Walrave, L, 2015)
" Adverse effects of fosphenytoin may include: cardiovascular events (hypotension, arrhythmias), paresthesias or pruritus or some central events - somnolence, headache, dizziness, nystagmus and ataxia."	1.42	The safety and efficacy of fosphenytoin for the treatment of status epilepticus. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Popławska, M, 2015)
" Future studies are needed to look at the dosing and monitoring of phenytoin and/or alternative anti-seizure prophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injury."	1.42	Anti-seizure prophylaxis in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury in an intensive care unit. ( Chapman, MJ; Edwards, S; Milne, D; Shakib, S; Sundararajan, K, 2015)
"The number of seizure events, severity of seizures, and seizure duration were then compared between the two treatment groups."	1.42	Injectable phenytoin loaded polymeric microspheres for the control of temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. ( Bauquier, SH; Chen, Y; Cook, MJ; Halliday, AJ; Jiang, JL; Lai, A; McLean, KJ; Moulton, S; Sui, Y; Wallace, GG; Yue, Z, 2015)
"With either etiology, seizures are a poor prognostic factor."	1.42	Early-Onset Convulsive Seizures Induced by Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Aging Mice: Effects of Anticonvulsive Treatments. ( Aljarallah, S; Eubanks, JH; Gao, X; Huang, Y; McDonald, R; Patel, N; Peng, J; Wang, J; Wu, C; Zhang, L, 2015)
"In the maximal electroshock seizure screen, compounds 5c and 5d showed moderate levels of anticonvulsant activity and protected 100% of the animals at a dose of 100 mg/kg."	1.40	Design, synthesis and evaluation of the antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of triazole-containing quinolinones. ( Deng, XQ; Quan, ZS; Song, MX; Zheng, Y, 2014)
"Limbic (psychomotor) seizure activity was evoked in albino Swiss mice by a current (32mA, 6Hz, 3s stimulus duration) delivered via ocular electrodes; type II isobolographic analysis was used to characterize the consequent anticonvulsant interactions between the various drug combinations for fixed-ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10."	1.40	Interactions of levetiracetam with carbamazepine, phenytoin, topiramate and vigabatrin in the mouse 6Hz psychomotor seizure model - a type II isobolographic analysis. ( Florek-Luszczki, M; Luszczki, JJ; Wlaz, A, 2014)
"Pregabalin reduced the percentage of seizures and increased the latency to seizure in the MES model in two parental mouse strains used to construct the mutants."	1.40	Anticonvulsant activity of pregabalin in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure assay in α2δ1 (R217A) and α2δ2 (R279A) mouse mutants. ( Donevan, S; Galvin, S; Hain, H; Lotarski, S; Offord, J; Peterson, J; Strenkowski, B, 2014)
"The seizures were confirmed using amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, and other possible causes of neonatal seizures were excluded."	1.40	Myoclonic seizures in a preterm baby: is this a presentation of venlafaxine withdrawal? ( Ansary, A; Ibhanesebhor, S; Manjunatha, C, 2014)
"Further, the effect of raloxifene on seizures and on the antiepileptic efficacy of PHT and SVP was investigated."	1.40	Raloxifene preserves phenytoin and sodium valproate induced bone loss by modulating serum estradiol and TGF-β3 content in bone of female mice. ( Anwar, MJ; Radhakrishna, KV; Sharma, A; Vohora, D, 2014)
" This case highlights that nutmeg, a spice, can cause serious toxic effects like status epilepticus."	1.40	Myristicin and phenytoin toxicity in an infant. ( David, HS; Rajavelu, KK; Sampath, S; Sivathanu, S, 2014)
"No change in the percentage of optimal phenytoin loading doses in the ED was observed after implementation of a combined pharmacist- and physician- dosing program."	1.40	Impact of a phenytoin loading dose program in the emergency department. ( Brancaccio, A; Delgado, G; Giuliano, C; McNorton, K, 2014)
" In phase IV screening, the bioavailability of active compounds was assessed on oral administration."	1.40	Preliminary anticonvulsant and toxicity screening of substituted benzylidenehydrazinyl-N-(6-substituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamides. ( Ali, R; Siddiqui, N, 2014)
" Although clinicians are aware of the interaction with two widely used antituberculosis agents, rifampin and isoniazid, few reports have described the implications for managing phenytoin dosing in this situation."	1.39	Phenytoin-rifampin drug interaction in a hypoalbuminemic, renal failure patient: a complex clinical case. ( Hurdle, AC; Twilla, JD; Van Berkel, MA, 2013)
"The present study was aimed to characterize the anticonvulsant effects of piperine in combination with well established antiepileptic drug (AED) phenytoin, in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model by using the type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	1.39	Combination therapy of piperine and phenytoin in maximal electroshock induced seizures in mice: isobolographic and biochemical analysis. ( Khanam, R; Pillai, KK; Saraogi, P; Vohora, D, 2013)
"Levetiracetam (LEV) is an alternative; however, no published data validate comparable efficacy."	1.39	Changing trends in the use of seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: a shift from phenytoin to levetiracetam. ( Goodwin, H; Harris, LH; Haut, ER; Kornbluth, J; Kruer, RM; Slater, LA; Thomas, KP, 2013)
"Levetiracetam was used most often (60%), followed by fosphenytoin (37%), for a usual duration of days (36%), weeks (47%), or months (17%)."	1.39	Survey of prophylactic antiseizure drug use for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Al Sherbini, K; Jensen, MB; Sattar, A, 2013)
"Acute seizures frequently occur following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and have been associated with poor patient prognosis."	1.39	Ethosuximide and phenytoin dose-dependently attenuate acute nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury in rats. ( Lu, XC; Marcsisin, SR; Melendez, V; Mountney, A; Potter, B; Shear, DA; Sousa, J; Tortella, FC, 2013)
"Case 1: A 15-year-old boy with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis developed acute headache, hypertension, vomiting, and blurred vision followed by severe visual impairment and a secondarily generalized clonic seizure."	1.39	Status epilepticus amauroticus and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children. ( Connolly, MB; Huh, L; Muro, VL; Yip, S, 2013)
"53."	1.39	Considerations in prophylaxis for tumor-associated epilepsy: prevention of status epilepticus and tolerability of newer generation AEDs. ( Buniak, L; Henry, JC; Mohile, N; Wang, H; Wychowski, T, 2013)
"Among those with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (46%), generalized tonic clonic seizure was encountered in 74% and absence seizure was observed in 13%."	1.39	Antiepileptic drug utilization in Bangladesh: experience from Dhaka Medical College Hospital. ( Chowdhury, AH; Chowdhury, RN; Ghose, SK; Habib, M; Haque, B; Hasan, AT; Hoque, A; Khan, SU; Mohammad, QD; Mondal, BA; Rahman, KM, 2013)
" A loading dose of intravenous phenytoin 2700 mg was administered, followed by maintenance dosing of intravenous phenytoin 150 mg every 8 hours."	1.39	Phenytoin removal by continuous venovenous hemofiltration. ( Herrmann, DJ; Oltrogge, KM; Peppard, WJ; Regner, KR; Saleh, M, 2013)
"Studies of seizure outcome in patients undergoing serial antiepileptic drug trials have all been uncontrolled, with no account made for the spontaneous changes in disease state that could confound the elucidation of drug effects."	1.39	Seizure recurrence and remission after switching antiepileptic drugs. ( Mintzer, S; Nei, M; Skidmore, CT; Sperling, MR; Stuckert, E; Wang, SP; Zhan, T, 2013)
"In the animal seizure models tested, the anticonvulsant profile of indazole most resembled that of gabapentin and somewhat resembled those of the AMPA/kainate antagonist NBQX and the sodium channel inhibitor phenytoin, but differed from that of benzodiazepine."	1.39	Anticonvulsant action of indazole. ( Aoyama, K; Kikuchi-Utsumi, K; Matsumura, N; Nakaki, T; Sakamaki, K; Watabe, M, 2013)
"A population pharmacokinetic model for phenytoin in Asian pediatric patients was developed to determine the influence of concurrent medications, patient demographics, and blood biochemistry on the pharmacokinetic profile of phenytoin."	1.39	Developing a nomogram for dose individualization of phenytoin in Asian pediatric patients derived from population pharmacokinetic modeling of saturable pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug. ( Chan, DW; Chan, E; Ho, PC; Kong, ST; Lee, FX; Tan, WW, 2013)
" Additionally, the effects of acute and chronic administration of both statins on the adverse effect potential of three antiepileptic drugs were assessed in the chimney test (motor performance) and passive avoidance task (long-term memory)."	1.38	The interactions of atorvastatin and fluvastatin with carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproate in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Stepien, KM; Tomaszewski, M, 2012)
"To compare the incidence of seizures in patients receiving either prophylactic PHT or LEV perioperatively, 971 patients undergoing a craniotomy were analysed retrospectively during a 2-year period."	1.38	Levetiracetam compared to phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative seizures after craniotomy for intracranial tumours in patients without epilepsy. ( Brawanski, AT; Feigl, GC; Hansen, E; Kern, K; Lange, M; Schebesch, KM; Schlaier, J, 2012)
"One hundred twenty-seven cases of seizure (86 GS and 41 FS) patients were analyzed for MDR1 C3435T and GABRG2 C588T gene polymorphisms using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction."	1.38	Role of MDR1 C3435T and GABRG2 C588T gene polymorphisms in seizure occurrence and MDR1 effect on anti-epileptic drug (phenytoin) absorption. ( Bhiladvala, D; Chaudhari, JR; Das, UN; Hasan, Q; Jaleel, MA; Kaipa, PR; Ponnala, S, 2012)
"fosphenytoin (fos-PHT) seizure prevention trial (NCT00618436)."	1.38	Initial EEG predicts outcomes in a trial of levetiracetam vs. fosphenytoin for seizure prevention. ( Lindsell, CJ; Shutter, LA; Steinbaugh, LA; Szaflarski, JP, 2012)
"Phenytoin was the most common AED used (n = 4)."	1.38	A review of the use of antiepileptic drugs in high-grade central nervous system tumors. ( O'Reilly, M; Twomey, M; Wallace, EM, 2012)
"Levetiracetam was well tolerated and was efficacious in preventing seizures."	1.38	Levetiracetam for busulfan-induced seizure prophylaxis in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ( Bajwa, RP; Gross, TG; Pai, V; Skeens, M; Soni, S; Termuhlen, AM, 2012)
"Phenytoin was used in 56 patients (22%) with the majority (n= 43) receiving intravenous phenytoin."	1.38	Seizure management at Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department between July and December 2009: time for a change? ( Bergin, P; Jones, P; Rosemergy, I; Walker, E, 2012)
"Total spike number and the generalized seizure duration were reduced in the carbenoxolone treated group compared to the PTZ group."	1.38	Influence of carbenoxolone on the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in pentylenetetrazole kindled rats. ( Acar, MD; Bagirici, F; Marangoz, C; Sefil, F, 2012)
"Phenytoin was discontinued and she was given intravenous immunoglobulin for 2 days."	1.38	Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: a less known interaction. ( Pandey, M; Yarlagadda, L, 2012)
"A middle-aged man diagnosed with a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom (DRESS) syndrome, secondary to phenytoin use, subsequently developed thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura."	1.38	DRESS syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura: are they related? ( Alirhayim, Z; Hassan, S; Khoulani, D; Sandouk, Z, 2012)
"It also proved protection in focal seizures (electric kindling, rats, ip) and it raises seizure threshold."	1.37	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of trans- and cis-2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(2- or 4-hydroxycyclohexyl)acetamides and their amine analogs. ( Marona, H; Pękala, E; Szneler, E; Walczak, M; Waszkielewicz, AM, 2011)
"That increased I(Nap) may contribute to seizure-like activity is indicated by the observation that feeding sda larvae the antiepileptic drug phenytoin, which was sufficient to reduce I(Nap), rescued both seizure-like episode duration and synaptic excitation of motoneurons."	1.37	Increased persistent Na+ current contributes to seizure in the slamdance bang-sensitive Drosophila mutant. ( Baines, RA; Marley, R, 2011)
"Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in chronic alcoholism (SESA) was first described in 1981 by Niedermeyer who reported alcoholic patients presenting with confusion, seizures and focal neurological deficits and is quite distinct from patients presenting with typical alcohol withdrawal seizures."	1.37	Subacute encephalopathy and seizures in alcoholics (SESA) presenting with non-convulsive status epilepticus. ( LaRoche, SM; Shivdat-Nanhoe, R, 2011)
"During motor seizures myogenic artifacts may appear on ECG."	1.37	ECG myogenic artifacts during clonic seizures: a disturbing (and interesting) finding. ( Bongiovanni, LG; Brigo, F; Fiaschi, A; Storti, M, 2011)
"Propofol was infused for 24 hours and then was stopped to allow continuing neurological assessment."	1.37	Accidental intraventricular administration of phenytoin through an external ventricular drain: case report. ( Macneil, C; McConnell, P, 2011)
"Patients who develop early seizures: 40% good outcome, 50% poor outcome, and 10% death."	1.37	Cost-utility analysis of levetiracetam and phenytoin for posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. ( Cotton, BA; Holcomb, JB; Kao, LS; Kozar, R, 2011)
"He also had visual hallucinations and temporary high blood pressure."	1.37	Pharmacoresistant convulsions and visual hallucinations around two weeks after selegiline overdose: a case report. ( Kato, S; Kobayashi, T; Saito, N; Shioda, K; Suda, S, 2011)
"Epileptic seizures drive expression of the blood-brain barrier efflux transporter P-glycoprotein via a glutamate/cyclooxygenase-2 mediated signalling pathway."	1.36	COX-2 inhibition controls P-glycoprotein expression and promotes brain delivery of phenytoin in chronic epileptic rats. ( Aronica, E; Edelbroek, PM; Gorter, JA; Holtman, L; Pekcec, A; Potschka, H; Schlichtiger, J; van Vliet, EA; Zibell, G, 2010)
"Scopoletin which was identified as the major constituent of the extract was found to be an inhibitor of GABA-T (IC50=10."	1.36	Anticonvulsant activity of Benkara malabarica (Linn.) root extract: In vitro and in vivo investigation. ( Ahmad, S; Akhtar, M; Basu, A; Basu, M; Dev, A; Jayaprakash, V; Mishra, N; Oraon, A; Pattnaik, AK; Swaroop, S; Tripapthi, SN, 2010)
"Trimetazidine was administered orally in doses of 5, 10 and 20mg/kg (single dose) to observe its effect on the increasing current electroshock seizure (ICES) test in mice."	1.36	Trimetazidine exerts protection against increasing current electroshock seizure test in mice. ( Bharal, N; Jain, S; Mediratta, PK; Sharma, KK, 2010)
"Occipital lobe seizures caused by nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH) have been reported in only a few cases and are not fully characterized."	1.36	Occipital lobe seizures related to marked elevation of hemoglobin A1C: report of two cases. ( Chang, MH; Hsieh, PF; Hung, WL; Lee, YC, 2010)
"The usual symptoms of Delirium Tremens include severe altered mental status with confusion, delusions, hallucinations, and severe agitation."	1.36	Phenytoin-induced visual disturbances mimicking Delirium Tremens in a child. ( Extremera, VC; García-Peñas, JJ; Gutiérrez-Solana, LG; Herguedas, JL; Marín, LL; Rodriguez, AD; Ruiz-Falcó, M, 2010)
"Subtle seizures are the commonest type of seizures occurring in the neonatal period."	1.36	Management of neonatal seizures. ( Agarwal, R; Deorari, A; Paul, VK; Sankar, JM, 2010)
"The maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test performed on mice showed a good anticonvulsant activity for some compounds which protected the mice against convulsions in the 50-62."	1.35	Indanesulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and anticonvulsant agents: structure-activity relationship and pharmacological evaluation. ( Dogné, JM; Frankart, A; Masereel, B; Rolin, S; Scozzafava, A; Supuran, CT; Thiry, A; Vullo, D; Wouters, J, 2008)
"The antiseizure activity of benzodiazepines (BDZs) 1-5 in mice and rats as animal models is described."	1.35	Antiseizure activity of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid (A) receptor subtype-selective benzodiazepine analogues in mice and rat models. ( Cook, JM; Edwankar, CR; Edwankar, RV; Furtmüller, R; Huang, S; Jain, HD; Majumder, S; Murphree, L; Ramerstorfer, J; Rivas, FM; Roth, BL; Sankar, S; Sieghart, W; Stables, JP; Zhou, H, 2009)
"Benign familial neonatal convulsions are a rare, autosomal-dominant form of neonatal epileptic syndrome."	1.35	Benign familial neonatal convulsions: novel mutation in a newborn. ( Chen, JY; Chen, YJ; Lee, IC; Su, PH; Yu, JS, 2009)
"Ten hours later, the patient developed myoclonus of his upper extremities and face."	1.35	Polymyoclonus seizure resulting from accidental injection of tranexamic acid in spinal anesthesia. ( Arami, A; Jafari, A; Mohseni, K; Nobahar, MR, 2009)
"Levetiracetam was more likely to be used in children who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy (8/14, or 57%) than in those who did not receive adjuvant therapies (3/18, or 17%) (P = 0."	1.35	The use of antiepileptic drugs in pediatric brain tumor patients. ( Kan, L; Levy, AS; Maytal, J; Shinnar, S; Sogawa, Y, 2009)
"We report a patient with limbic encephalitis associated with RP who presented with anti-glutamate receptor (GluR) epsilon2 (NR2B) autoantibodies in his cerebrospinal fluid and sera."	1.35	Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluRepsilon2 in a patient with limbic encephalitis associated with relapsing polychondritis. ( Kashihara, K; Kawada, S; Takahashi, Y, 2009)
"The disease was complicated by seizures and hydrocephalus managed with temporary ventriculostomy."	1.35	A case of Listeria meningoencephalitis complicated by hydrocephalus in an immunocompetent infant. ( Anagnostopoulos, J; Hatzimichael, A; Kollios, K; Kontoyiannides, K; Ktenidou-Kartali, S; Platnaris, A; Roilides, E, 2009)
"To describe the dose-concentration relationship of a continuous intravenous infusion of valproic acid (VPA) in pediatric patients when a dosing protocol is used."	1.34	Clinical utility of a continuous intravenous infusion of valproic acid in pediatric patients. ( Baumann, RJ; Cook, AM; Farzam, F; Kuhn, RJ; Lewis, DA; Taylor, LM, 2007)
"Brain metastases are a frequent finding in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and concomitant administration of antiepileptic and chemotherapeutic drugs or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor is necessary in many cases."	1.34	Significant drug interaction: phenytoin toxicity due to erlotinib. ( Gabizon, A; Gipps, M; Grenader, T; Shavit, L, 2007)
"High amplitude with high frequency EMG seizure was observed in parallel with the appearance of tonic extensor (TE) seizure and an intimate relationship was observed between the two parameters."	1.34	Effects of certain antiepileptics on behavioral and electromyographic seizure patterns induced by maximal electroshock in mice. ( Ago, J; Ishikawa, T; Kamei, C; Matsumoto, N; Murakami, A; Takechi, K, 2007)
"Phenytoin has been reported to have major interactions with warfarin."	1.33	The complexity of achieving anticoagulation control in the face of warfarin-phenytoin interaction: an Asian case report. ( Awaisu, A; Aziz, NA; Hassan, Y; Ismail, O, 2005)
"We have observed acute dystonias in the absence of antipsychotic treatment and in the context of seizure activity (or paroxysmal dyskinetic activity)."	1.33	High vulnerability to acute dystonic reactions: a case of antipsychotic exposure and uncontrolled seizure activity. ( Botts, SR; Coffey, GL; de Leon, J, 2005)
"The antiseizure effect of tested combinations was not sex-dependent and not reversed by hydrocortisone pretreatment."	1.33	Influence of aminoglutethimide and spironolactone on the efficacy of carbamazepine and diphenylhydantoin against amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ, 2005)
"Very few respondents used pyridoxine to treat recurrent seizures that were historically linked to perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy."	1.33	Drug treatment of neonatal seizures by neonatologists and paediatric neurologists. ( Barr, P; Carmo, KB, 2005)
"Although sound-induced (audiogenic) seizures in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR) initially occur independent of the forebrain, repeated audiogenic seizures recruit forebrain seizure circuits in a process referred to as audiogenic kindling."	1.33	Brainstem seizure severity regulates forebrain seizure expression in the audiogenic kindling model. ( Browning, RA; Clough, RW; Jobe, PC; Merrill, MA, 2005)
"Diazepam was administered as the first-line drug on 157 of 177 occasions (88."	1.33	[Choice and administration sequence of antiepileptic agents for status epilepticus and frequent seizures in children]. ( Eto, Y; Hamano, S; Hayakawa, M; Kikuchi, K; Minamitani, M; Sugiyama, N; Tanaka, M; Yamashita, S; Yoshinari, S, 2005)
"Maximal electroshock seizures (MES) in albino rats and pentylenetetarazole (PTZ) induced seizures in albino mice were used to study anticonvulsant activity of Vitex-negundo leaf extract."	1.33	An experimental evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of Vitex-negundo. ( Gupta, RK; Tandon, VR, 2005)
"Therapeutic measures included seizure prophylaxis with phenytoin and total brain radiation therapy of brain metastases from bronchial carcinoma."	1.33	EMPACT syndrome. ( Loewe, R; Pickl, WF; Stingl, G; Wagner, SN; Wöhrl, S, 2005)
" Linear regression analysis of dose-response relationship between the doses of 2-PMPA and their corresponding threshold values allowed the calculation of threshold increasing dose by 20% (TID20), which was 109."	1.33	2-phosphonomethyl-pentanedioic acid (glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitor) increases threshold for electroconvulsions and enhances the antiseizure action of valproate against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Mohamed, M, 2006)
"Generalized tonic-clonic seizure was the most common type."	1.33	Seizure presenting to the emergency department, Srinagarind Hospital. ( Aaauevitchayapat, N; Arunpongpaisal, S; Chaiyakum, A; Jitpimolmard, S; Paowana, W; Phunikhom, K; Phuttharak, W; Saengsuwan, J; Sawanyawisuth, K; Tiamkao, S; Vannaprasaht, S, 2006)
"At subthreshold doses for seizure induction, picrotoxin produced an increased frequency of motor neuron action potential bursting, indicating that CNS GABAergic transmission regulates patterned activity."	1.33	Development of a Drosophila seizure model for in vivo high-throughput drug screening. ( Chouinard, SW; Littleton, JT; Saraswati, S; Stilwell, GE, 2006)
"Treatment with phenytoin (PHT) almost immediately caused her speech and singing to return to baseline."	1.32	Expressive aprosody and amusia as a manifestation of right hemisphere seizures. ( Bautista, RE; Ciampetti, MZ, 2003)
"Phenytoin is a highly effective and widely prescribed anticonvulsant agent, but it can be associated with dose-related side effects and hypersensitivity reactions."	1.32	Phenytoin-induced toxic cholestatic hepatitis in a patient with skin lesions: case report. ( Altuntaş, Y; Erdem, L; Günes, G; Karul, S; Oztürk, B; Sengül, A; Uçak, S, 2003)
"Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, COX-2 has been shown to be upregulated by convulsive nerve activity."	1.32	Anticonvulsant action of celecoxib (alone and in combination with sub-threshold dose of phenytoin) in electroshock induced convulsion. ( Malhotra, S; Pandhi, P; Shafiq, N, 2003)
"There were 73 children with seizures, 80% of whom had a greater than 50% reduction in seizure frequency following the start of simple anticonvulsant medication."	1.32	A review of neurological disorders presenting at a paediatric neurology clinic and response to anticonvulsant therapy in Gambian children. ( Allen, S; Burton, KJ, 2003)
"Aplastic anemia is rare in SLE and the response to immunosuppressants is variable, but here is a success story."	1.32	Aplastic anemia complicating systemic lupus erythematosus: successful management with cyclosporine. ( Agarwal, SK; Garg, D; Kubba, S; Makhija, A; Pathania, A; Prakash, A; Prakash, N; Singh, NP, 2004)
"Gabapentin was also effective against two other bs mutants, bangsenseless(1) and slamdance(iso7."	1.32	Treatment with the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and gabapentin ameliorates seizure and paralysis of Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants. ( Feeney, L; Jacobs, B; McKeever, C; Reynolds, ER; Rojahn, E; Stauffer, EA, 2004)
"Cefoselis (50 microg/animal)-induced convulsions were prevented by pretreatment with 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), diazepam and phenobarbital (ED(50) values (mg/kg) of 0."	1.31	Intracerebroventricular injection of the antibiotic cefoselis produces convulsion in mice via inhibition of GABA receptors. ( Matsuoka, N; Mochizuki, Y; Mutoh, S; Sugimoto, M; Terai, T; Uchida, I; Yamazaki, S, 2002)
"To study the effect of seizures and antiepileptic drugs on prolactin (PRL) secretions."	1.31	Effect of seizures and antiepileptic drugs on prolactin secretions. ( Wang, MF, 2002)
"Phenytoin nonresponders were proposed as a model for pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy."	1.31	Kindling alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Wistar rats. ( Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Reissmüller, E, 2000)
"When the threshold for secondary generalized seizures (GST) was determined in addition to ADT, gabapentin and levetiracetam strikingly increased this threshold compared to predrug control."	1.31	Anticonvulsant efficacy of gabapentin and levetiracetam in phenytoin-resistant kindled rats. ( Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Reissmüller, E, 2000)
"One of the leading causes of hypersomnia is sleep apnea."	1.31	Influence of chronic barbiturate administration on sleep apnea after hypersomnia presentation: case study. ( Bishop, J; Takhar, J, 2000)
"Adenosine is an inhibitor of neuronal activity in the brain."	1.31	Grafts of adenosine-releasing cells suppress seizures in kindling epilepsy. ( Aebischer, P; Boison, D; Déglon, N; Huber, A; Möhler, H; Padrun, V, 2001)
"A case of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), presenting with a non-hemorrhagic infarct is reported."	1.31	Stroke in a young man with fibromuscular dysplasia of the cranial vessels with anticardiolipin antibodies: a case report. ( Chandra, PS; Christhopher, R; Nagaraj, D; Santosh, V; Shankar, SK; Tripathi, M, 2001)
"Solid dispersions of phenytoin in polyethylene glycol 6000 and polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 with different drug-to-carrier ratios were prepared by the solvent method with the aim of increasing dissolution rate and bioavailability of the drug."	1.31	Dissolution properties and anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin-polyethylene glycol 6000 and -polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 solid dispersions. ( Biggio, G; Franco, M; Latrofa, A; Liso, G; Muggironi, M; Provenzano, MR; Serra, M; Trapani, G; Tullio, C, 2001)
"2) prevented tonic-clonic convulsions and significantly enhanced survival of the mutant mice."	1.31	Pharmacologic rescue of lethal seizures in mice deficient in succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. ( Bottiglieri, T; Burlingame, TG; Diaz-Arrastia, R; Froestl, W; Gibson, KM; Grompe, M; Gupta, M; Hogema, BM; Jakobs, C; Schutgens, RB; Senephansiri, H; Snead, OC; Taylor, M, 2001)
"ADD and seizure severity were also measured in response to both threshold and suprathreshold kindling stimulation."	1.31	Conventional anticonvulsant drugs in the guinea-pig kindling model of partial seizures: effects of acute phenytoin. ( Bharadia, V; Gilbert, TH; Teskey, GC, 2001)
"The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate and quantify the pharmacokinetics, including inter-occasion variability and covariate relationships, of busulphan in BMT patients and (2) to develop a user-friendly initial dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) strategy for the treatment of those patients with busulphan."	1.31	Population pharmacokinetic analysis resulting in a tool for dose individualization of busulphan in bone marrow transplantation recipients. ( Bekassy, A; Hassan, M; Hassan, Z; Jonsson, EN; Karlsson, MO; Ljungman, P; Nilsson, C; Oberg, G; Ringden, O; Sandström, M, 2001)
"The phenytoin dosage was decreased and the symptoms resolved."	1.31	Phenytoin and fluorouracil interaction. ( Brodribb, TR; Gilbar, PJ, 2001)
"Seizures are commonly associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy."	1.31	Pervasive seizures caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: treatment with intravenous paraldehyde. ( Armstrong, DL; Battin, MR, 2001)
"Phenytoin was released in vitro from EVAc polymers in a controlled fashion with an initial release of 0."	1.31	The intracerebral administration of phenytoin using controlled-release polymers reduces experimental seizures in rats. ( Aryanpur, JJ; Ewend, MG; Kossoff, EH; Rossell, LA; Tamargo, RJ; Tyler, BM, 2002)
" Further detailed pharmacokinetic studies of irinotecan in patients receiving concomitant therapy with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants are required so that rational dosing recommendations can be provided for this patient population."	1.31	Influence of phenytoin on the disposition of irinotecan: a case report. ( Berg, S; Bernstein, M; Blaney, SM; Cherrick, I; Kuttesch, N; Murry, DJ; Salama, V, 2002)
"Seizures were controlled by the anticonvulsive agent Dilantin (Pfizer, Khet Klongtoey, Bangkok) and she returned home without any permanent neurologic deficits."	1.31	Posterior leukoencephalopathy following cisplatin, bleomycin and vinblastine therapy for germ cell tumor of the ovary. ( Noophun, P; Pataradool, K; Phanthumchinda, K; Sueblinvong, T; Suwanwela, N; Tresukosol, D, 2002)
"Glycine is a small neutral amino acid exhibiting weak anticonvulsant activities in vivo."	1.30	N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants. ( Geurts, M; Lambert, DM; Poupaert, JH; Scriba, GK, 1998)
"Gelastic seizures have not previously been discussed in the literature of aerospace medicine."	1.30	Laughter in the cockpit: gelastic seizures--a case report. ( Feeks, EF; Murphy, GL; Porter, HO, 1997)
"Seizures were treated successfully with intravenous phenytoin, and muromonab-CD3 administration was discontinued."	1.30	Generalized seizures associated with the use of muromonab-CD3 in two patients after kidney transplantation. ( Lawrence, KR; Monaco, AP; Rahamtulla, AF; Seifeldin, RA, 1997)
"Eighteen patients with poor risk Ewing's sarcoma (including 11 patients with metastatic disease at presentation) received consolidation therapy of busulphan and melphalan with autologous stem cell rescue."	1.30	High-dose busulphan/melphalan with autologous stem cell rescue in Ewing's sarcoma. ( Ashley, S; Atra, A; Calvagna, V; Pinkerton, CR; Shankar, AG; Shepherd, V; Souhami, RL; Whelan, JS, 1997)
"Seizures are common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."	1.30	Elevated free phenytoin and free valproic acid concentrations in sera of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. ( Dasgupta, A; McLemore, JL, 1998)
"Phenytoin is a commonly used anti-epileptic drug."	1.30	Early-onset phenytoin toxicity mimicking a renopulmonary syndrome. ( Polman, AJ; Tiebosch, AT; van der Werf, TS; Zijlstra, JG, 1998)
"maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test and MES generated by supramaximal stimulation (50 mA)."	1.30	Frontal versus transcorneal stimulation to induce maximal electroshock seizures or kindling in mice and rats. ( Löscher, W; Potschka, H; Wláz, P, 1998)
"Two pharmacoeconomic studies on the treatment of acute seizures have been conducted."	1.30	Pharmacoeconomic considerations in treatment options for acute seizures. ( Graves, N, 1998)
" It is concluded that the synergism may be due to a pharmacodynamic rather than a pharmacokinetic interaction."	1.30	Pharmacodynamic interaction between phenytoin and sodium valproate changes seizure thresholds and pattern. ( Danhof, M; Della Paschoa, OE; Hamstra, R; Kruk, MR; Voskuyl, RA, 1998)
" From our experience, careful and individual dosing of fosphenytoin in this age group can be considered."	1.30	Fosphenytoin in infants. ( Caviness, VS; Krishnamoorthy, KS; Soman, TB; Takeoka, M, 1998)
"All children who presented in a convulsion, including convulsive status epilepticus, to the accident and emergency department over a 12-month period and who required treatment, were reviewed retrospectively to identify the effectiveness and safety of a specific treatment protocol."	1.30	Children presenting with convulsions (including status epilepticus) to a paediatric accident and emergency department: an audit of a treatment protocol. ( Appleton, RE; Garr, RE; Molyneux, EM; Robson, WJ, 1999)
"K+ channel blockers are known to induce seizures, but the specific K channel types that can serve as convulsant targets are not well defined."	1.30	Induction of seizures by the potent K+ channel-blocking scorpion venom peptide toxins tityustoxin-K(alpha) and pandinustoxin-K(alpha). ( Blaustein, MP; Juhng, KN; Kim, BY; Kokate, TG; Rogawski, MA; Rogowski, RS; Yamaguchi, S, 1999)
"New-onset seizures are infrequent in patients with HIV."	1.30	Prospective study of new-onset seizures in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: etiologic and clinical aspects. ( Barrio, JL; Domingo, P; Escartin, A; Fuster, M; Iranzo, A; Marti-Fàbregas, J; Pascual-Sedano, B; Sambeat, MA, 1999)
"However, we encountered a case of seizure recurrence caused by a lowered phenytoin level after initiation of nelfinavir."	1.30	A generalized seizure following initiation of nelfinavir in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, suspected due to interaction between nelfinavir and phenytoin. ( Aoki, M; Honda, M; Oka, S; Yasuoka, A, 1999)
"A 35-year-old man presented with partial seizures 10 years after resection of a left-sided glioblastoma multiforme."	1.30	Transient MRI enhancement in a patient with seizures and previously resected glioma: use of MRS. ( Cecil, KM; Hackney, DB; Lenkinski, RE; Pruitt, AA; Quan, D, 1999)
"Phenytoin toxicity is an uncommon problem seen in clinical practice."	1.30	Paradoxical seizures in phenytoin toxicity. ( Chua, HC; Tan, CB; Tjia, H; Venketasubramanian, N, 1999)
" This anti-MES activity is achieved with nontoxic doses, with the optimal effect recorded in rats dosed orally with anti-MES ED50 and protective index (PI) values of 25."	1.29	Comparative anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide and prototype antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. ( Bailleux, V; Hamoir, G; Nuyts, JP; Poupaert, JH; Stables, JP; Vallée, L; Vamecq, J, 1995)
"The effects of AEDS on seizures of the tremor rat showed profiles similar to those observed in human absence seizures and also in absence-like seizures of SER."	1.29	Effect of antiepileptic drugs on absence-like seizures in the tremor rat. ( Amano, T; Fujita, Y; Hanaya, R; Matsubayashi, H; Sasa, M; Serikawa, T; Ujihara, H; Uozumi, T, 1995)
"A term baby with neonatal convulsions secondary to birth asphyxia was given i."	1.29	Soft tissue injury associated with intravenous phenytoin in a neonate. ( Goonasekera, C; Sharief, N, 1994)
" Serum drug concentration monitoring will be necessary to determine the optimal dosage regimen."	1.29	Effect of continuous hemofiltration on phenytoin elimination. ( Kronfol, NO; Lau, AH, 1994)
"Phenytoin was administered at a dosage of 75 mg/kg i."	1.29	Sex differences in the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in amygdala-kindled rats. ( Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Rundfeldt, C, 1994)
"The effects of electroconvulsive seizure and anti-convulsant drugs on induction of mRNA of heat shock protein were studied in mouse brain."	1.29	Correlation between electroconvulsive seizure and HSC70 mRNA induction in mice brain. ( Abe, K; Kaneko, M; Kogure, K; Matsuki, N; Saito, H, 1993)
" In contrast to the anticonvulsant effect, tolerance developed to the adverse effects, i."	1.29	Anticonvulsant efficacy and adverse effects of phenytoin during chronic treatment in amygdala-kindled rats. ( Löscher, W; Rundfeldt, C, 1993)
"Nifedipine was found to have anticonvulsant activity in both models but flunarizine only had an anticonvulsant effect in the PTZ seizure incidence/latency test."	1.29	Protective effect of flunarizine and nifedipine alone and in combination with anticonvulsant drugs against PTZ-induced seizures in mice. ( Pleuvry, BJ; Rodger, C, 1993)
"However, of interest were women with morbid obesity (nonhirsute) who had similar low levels of SHBG and T/SHBG ratios that were indistinguishable from those of hirsute women."	1.29	Serum testosterone fractions in women: normal and abnormal clinical states. ( Borges, MF; Hakohyama, M; Kirschner, MA; Luthold, WW; Marcondes, JA; Wajchenberg, BL, 1993)
"In the pediatric head trauma patient, a GCS score of 3 to 8 appears to be predictive of post-traumatic seizures."	1.29	Clinical predictors of post-traumatic seizures in children with head trauma. ( Gilmore, D; Inkelis, SH; Lewis, RJ; Yee, L, 1993)
"The long-term use of anticonvulsant medication to prevent postoperative seizures in patients with aneurysms has been accepted medical practice for many years."	1.29	Short-term perioperative anticonvulsant prophylaxis for the surgical treatment of low-risk patients with intracranial aneurysms. ( Baker, CJ; Prestigiacomo, CJ; Solomon, RA, 1995)
"Two protocols were used: assessment of seizures immediately after the completion of the kindling procedure and after the 2-week postkindling PTX-free period, as compared with acute PTX seizures."	1.29	Chemical kindling: implications for antiepileptic drugs - sensitive and resistant epilepsy models. ( Godlevsky, LS; Mazarati, AM; Shandra, AA; Vastyanov, RS, 1996)
"D-Cycloserine (DCS) is a high-efficacy partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site within the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor/ionophore complex."	1.29	Influence of D-cycloserine on the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin and carbamazepine against electroconvulsions in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Roliński, Z; Wlaź, P, 1996)
"Porphyria cutanea tarda is a disorder of heme biosynthesis resulting from a defect or deficiency in the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase."	1.29	Porphyria cutanea tarda in a patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. ( Demento, FJ; Fishbane, S; Frei, GL; Maesaka, JK; Ruggian, JC, 1996)
"Measurement of incidence of neonatal seizures and evaluation of the therapeutic strategy used."	1.29	[Treatment of convulsions in newborn infants]. ( Baarsma, R; Fischer, K, 1996)
" This investigation sought to elucidate both the incidence and nature of acute intravenous phenytoin toxicity in emergency department patients, and to identify any demographic, clinical, or dosing associations with toxicity, by analyzing a retrospective case series over 3 years in a municipal teaching hospital."	1.29	Association of intravenous phenytoin toxicity with demographic, clinical, and dosing parameters. ( Binder, L; Cuetter, A; Parker, D; Trujillo, J, 1996)
"Phenytoin has been observed to exert variable effects on dopamine metabolites and also may induce changes in serotonergic activity."	1.29	Postural myoclonus induced by phenytoin. ( Cabezas, MC; Clavería, LE; Duarte, J; Marcos, J; Sempere, AP, 1996)
"The seizures were predominantly clonic jerks accompanied by large spikes and slow waves lasting for 30-60s."	1.29	Effect of antiepileptic drugs and calcium channel blocker on hyperthermic seizures in rats: animal model for hot water epilepsy. ( Satishchandra, P; Shankar, SK; Ullal, GR, 1996)
"Cerebral cavernous angioma (cavernoma) has previously been treated by resection for all presentations when surgically resectable."	1.28	Cerebral cavernous angioma: a potentially benign condition? Successful treatment in 16 cases. ( Churchyard, A; Grainger, K; Khangure, M, 1992)
"To report unusually high theophylline dosing requirements in a smoker receiving concomitant therapy with phenytoin and phenobarbital."	1.28	Massive theophylline dosing in a heavy smoker receiving both phenytoin and phenobarbital. ( Basile, SA; Cury, JD; Nicholson, JP, 1992)
"A series of 5 generalized tonic-clonic seizures within 30 min was induced by repeated transauricular electrical stimulation in mice."	1.28	Intravenous valproate: onset and duration of anticonvulsant activity against a series of electroconvulsions in comparison with diazepam and phenytoin. ( Hönack, D; Löscher, W, 1992)
"The concentrations of central neuropeptides, somatostatin (SS) and substance-P (SP), were determined in the different brain regions of young-aged male rats after a long-term administration of anticonvulsants Qingyangshen (QYS), Diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and Carbamazepine (CBZ)."	1.28	The investigation of antiepileptic action of qingyangshen (QYS)--effect of QYS on the concentrations of neuropeptides in rat brain. ( Kuang, P; Lang, S; Liu, J; Wu, W; Zhang, F, 1991)
"We report a patient with a seizure disorder on anticonvulsant therapy, who developed systemic reactive histiocytosis."	1.28	Reactive lymphohistiocytosis with recurrence in the optic chiasm. ( Galetta, SL; Hicks, DG; Oberholtzer, JC; Plock, G; Raps, EC; Stadtmauer, EA, 1991)
"Seizures are a recognized manifestation of neurosarcoidosis, but their clinical relevance is not well established."	1.28	Clinical implications of seizures in neurosarcoidosis. ( Krumholz, A; Stern, BJ; Stern, EG, 1991)
"Cerebral dural sinus thrombosis is an unusual syndrome in which a patient presents with a severe headache that may be associated with diverse neurologic and physical findings."	1.28	Cerebral dural sinus thrombosis. ( Pannke, TS, 1991)
"5."	1.28	Factors in the lethality of i.v. phencyclidine in conscious dogs. ( Davis, WM; Hackett, RB; Obrosky, KW; Waters, IW, 1991)
" The dosage of QYS was 100 mg/kg/QOD and the period of administration was one month."	1.28	The investigation of antiepileptic action of qingyangshen (QYS)--influences of QYS on the development of rat brain and memory behavior. ( Kuang, P; Lang, S; Liu, J; Zhang, X; Zhu, K, 1990)
"In contrast to the potent effect on the seizure threshold, the severity or duration of seizures, evoked in phenytoin-pretreated rats by increasing the current, was not reduced."	1.28	Phenytoin potently increases the threshold for focal seizures in amygdala-kindled rats. ( Hönack, D; Löscher, W; Rundfeldt, C, 1990)
"Seizures are a less frequent, but important complication."	1.28	Seizures following carotid endarterectomy. ( Kieburtz, K; Moxley, RT; Ricotta, JJ, 1990)
"Seizures were generalized tonic-clonic in type and were unassociated with clinical or (in 3 subjects) neuropathologic evidence for epileptogenic factors other than Alzheimer's disease."	1.28	Advanced Alzheimer's disease is a risk factor for late-onset seizures. ( Ashkin, K; Coben, LA; Morris, JC; Romanelli, MF, 1990)
"Infants with refractory seizures received additional phenobarbital to a maximum serum concentration of 100 micrograms/mL."	1.28	Rapid sequential phenobarbital treatment of neonatal seizures. ( Duchowny, MS; Gal, P; Gilman, JT; Ransom, JL; Weaver, RL, 1989)
"25 patients (27."	1.28	[Epileptic seizures in patients with a cerebrovascular infarction]. ( Burri, H; Karbowski, K; Schäffler, L, 1989)
"Seizures were the presenting symptom of HIV-related illness in 18 patients, six of whom developed no other HIV-related illness until at least four months after the first seizure."	1.28	New-onset seizures associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: causation and clinical features in 100 cases. ( Holtzman, DM; Kaku, DA; So, YT, 1989)
"In the maximal electroshock seizure test, orally at 2 h in mice, 1 had an ED50 of 39 mg/kg."	1.27	Anticonvulsant O-alkyl sulfamates. 2,3:4,5-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and related compounds. ( Dodgson, SP; Gardocki, JF; Maryanoff, BE; Nortey, SO; Shank, RP, 1987)
"Both compounds antagonized MES-induced seizures after administration to mice; oral ED50 values for 3 and 4 were 3."	1.27	Discovery and anticonvulsant activity of the potent metabolic inhibitor 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide. ( Beedle, EE; Clark, CR; Lawson, R; Leander, JD; Parli, CJ; Potts, BD; Robertson, DW, 1987)
" Her plasma phenytoin level at the time had dropped to 2 microgram/ml despite a recent dosage increase."	1.27	Impaired phenytoin bioavailability secondary to cisplatinum, vinblastine, and bleomycin. ( Caldwell, KC; Lewis, FB; Lobell, M; Perri, R; Sawchuk, RA; Sylvester, RK, 1984)
"Compared to the preconvulsion group, the total free amino acid level increased in the ACTH group clearly."	1.27	Amino acid metabolism in the brain with convulsive disorders. Part 2: The effects of anticonvulsants on convulsions and free amino acid patterns in the brain of El mouse. ( Honda, T, 1984)
"Though the convulsions looked similar to morphine-induced seizures, naloxone failed to antagonize these effects."	1.27	Possible mechanism of digoxin-induced convulsions. ( Kulkarni, SK; Mehta, AK, 1983)
"When phenobarbital was administered for several days, a strong induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes occurred."	1.27	Anticonvulsant potency of common antiepileptic drugs in the gerbil. ( Frey, HH; Löscher, W; Reiche, R; Schultz, D, 1983)
"Most electrically induced seizures involve forebrain structures, such as the amygdala or frontal cortex, but the following studies characterized a specific anatomic site in the inferior colliculus which generated seizure-like behavior after a single, low current electrical stimulation."	1.27	Electrically elicited seizures from the inferior colliculus: a potential site for the genesis of epilepsy? ( Breese, GR; Frye, GD; Greenwood, RS; McCown, TJ, 1984)
"Diazepam treatment during the course of kindling significantly increased the number of stimulation trials required to produce stage 5 motor seizures but did not inhibit the fall in CaBP."	1.27	Hippocampal calcium-binding protein during commissural kindling-induced epileptogenesis: progressive decline and effects of anticonvulsants. ( Baimbridge, KG; Miller, JJ, 1984)
"The ED50s to inhibit seizure pattern in EEG were 30."	1.27	Effects of certain antiepileptics on cephaloridine- and cefazolin-induced seizures in rats. ( Kamei, C; Sunami, A; Tasaka, K, 1983)
"Three cases of choreoathetosis which developed during phenytoin therapy in children less than 2 years of age are described."	1.27	Phenytoin-induced choreoathetosis in infancy: case reports and a review. ( Bernad, PG; Krishnamoorthy, KS; Young, RS; Zalneraitis, EL, 1983)
" Studying the bioavailability of phenytoin in different age groups (infants, children, and adolescents) before and after ingestion of age-appropriate food showed an age-dependent absorption rate and extent, and an influence of the food upon the absorption pattern could be demonstrated."	1.27	Oral phenytoin in infancy: dose requirement, absorption, and elimination. ( Albani, M; Wernicke, I, 1983)
" To maintain a serum level above 10 micrograms per milliliter and abolish seizure activity, it was necessary to carry out repeated serum concentration measurements, administer several loading doses, and administer an unusually large maintenance dose (25 mg per kilogram per day), divided into a short dosing interval (6 hours)."	1.27	High intravenous phenytoin dosage requirement in a newborn infant. ( Haberkern, CM; Hendeles, L; Neims, AH; Whelan, HT, 1983)
"Diazepam (4 mg/kg) was completely effective in blocking GDSC 2 hr post administration."	1.27	Inhibition of pentylenetetrazol induced genetically-determined stereotypic convulsions in tottering mutant mice by diazepam. ( Syapin, PJ, 1983)
" DPH withdrawal induced a leftward displacement of the dose-response curves obtained for the convulsive effects of both picrotoxin and metrazol and decreased the latency of 3-mercaptopropionic acid-induced seizures."	1.27	Central nervous system supersensitivity and withdrawal from long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment. ( De-Lima, TC; Palermo-Neto, J, 1983)
" The dosage of anticonvulsant drug was found to modify certain test results."	1.27	Compromised hepatic function in dogs treated with anticonvulsant drugs. ( Baldwin, BH; Bunch, SE; Hornbuckle, WE; Tennant, BC, 1984)
"Seizures and delirium tremens were recorded among 292 randomly selected patients admitted to an in-patient alcoholism program."	1.27	Should alcohol withdrawal seizures be treated with anti-epileptic drugs? ( Hillbom, ME; Hjelm-Jäger, M, 1984)
" Eleven of the periods occurred after a change in PHT dosage and two after drug withdrawal."	1.27	Phenytoin: the pseudosteady-state phenomenon. ( Pitlick, W; Porter, RJ; Qu, ZP; Theodore, WH; Tsay, JY, 1984)
"During this period, partial seizures occurred."	1.27	Decreased phenytoin level during antineoplastic therapy: a case report. ( Albani, F; Baruzzi, A; Bollini, C; Bollini, P; Cacciari, L; Ida, N; Riva, R, 1983)
"Twenty-nine complications were burning pain at the IV site, and 36 were related to excessive total dose of phenytoin and resultant drug intoxication."	1.27	Complications of intravenous phenytoin for acute treatment of seizures. Recommendations for usage. ( Drury, LR; Earnest, MP; Marx, JA, 1983)
"A case of cerebral air embolism complicated by oxygen-induced seizures in the hyperbaric environment is presented."	1.27	Phenytoin sodium in oxygen-toxicity-induced seizures. ( Weaver, LK, 1983)
" Patients receiving anticonvulsant medication must make no change in drug dosage without medical guidance because of the risk of this catastrophic consequence."	1.27	Anticonvulsants and neurogenic pulmonary edema. ( Mandel, S; Paschall, R, 1983)
"However, ethosuximide must act against generalized absence seizures and against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures by a third, as yet unknown, mechanism."	1.27	Anticonvulsant drug mechanisms of action. ( Macdonald, RL; McLean, MJ; Skerritt, JH, 1985)
"Pretreatment with phenytoin, which is thought to bind to the inactivation gates of sodium, had no effect on the effects produced by lindane or kainic acid."	1.27	The effects of lindane, DDT, and chlordecone on avoidance responding and seizure activity. ( McLamb, RL; Shaw, S; Tilson, HA, 1987)
"After large numbers of pretreatment seizures (40, 100), drug response was actually enhanced."	1.27	The effect of repeated seizures on anticonvulsant drug response in the kindling model. ( Burnham, WM; Mace, JA, 1987)
"Maximal seizures were induced by electroshock (MES) and the chemical convulsants pentetrazol (PTZ), picrotoxin (PTX), bicuculline (BIC), isoniazid (INH), nicotine (NIC) and strychnine (STR)."	1.27	Etifoxine: evaluation of its anticonvulsant profile in mice in comparison with sodium valproate, phenytoin and clobazam. ( Kruse, HJ; Kuch, H, 1985)
"Lidocaine and phenytoin were relatively ineffective against convulsants that act on synaptic chloride channels via the GABA-ionophore receptor complex."	1.27	Anticonvulsive and convulsive effects of lidocaine: comparison with those of phenytoin, and implications for mechanism of action concepts. ( Javid, MJ; Stone, WE, 1988)
"QUIN seizures showed particular sensitivity to carbamazepine (5 mg/kg) but were resistant to diphenylhydantoin unless a relatively high dose was used (100 mg/kg)."	1.27	Anticonvulsant drugs effective against human temporal lobe epilepsy prevent seizures but not neurotoxicity induced in rats by quinolinic acid: electroencephalographic, behavioral and histological assessments. ( Samanin, R; Tullii, M; Vezzani, A; Wu, HQ, 1986)
" In the case of diazepam, clonazepam, ethosuximide or trimethadione, the TE/TF ratio was decreased dose-dependently, but the slope of the dose-response regression line was less steep than that obtained by the administration of PB, PNT, CBZ, VPA or primidone."	1.27	[The correlation between concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs in the brain and various parameters of maximal electroshock seizures in mice]. ( Kishita, C, 1986)
"The threshold of the generalized clonic convulsions induced by intravenous infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was significantly increased by the intraperitoneal administration of noradrenaline (NA) neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, which produced no changes in the levels of catecholamines in discrete areas of rat brain, but the effect was accompanied by spinal depletion of NA."	1.27	A possible role for spinal noradrenaline in the mechanisms of 6-hydroxydopamine against pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in rats. ( Abed, WT, 1988)
"Cerebral involvement associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is rare."	1.27	Cerebral infarction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. ( Chand, RP; Chuah, SP; Gururaj, AK, 1988)
"should be implemented for each seizure case that requires a decision on the urgent need for therapeutic anticonvulsant levels, whether by mechanical infusion, manual intravenous push, or oral loading."	1.27	Cardiopulmonary arrest following intravenous phenytoin loading. ( Coleridge, ST; York, RC, 1988)
"Choreoathetosis was induced by phenytoin therapy in an 81-year-old epileptic woman."	1.27	Choreoathetosis induced by ordinary phenytoin levels, explained by high free fraction?--A case report. ( Tomson, T, 1988)
"A majority of seizure patients with "subtherapeutic" mean plasma phenytoin levels were identified as noncompliant using our measures."	1.27	A general method of compliance assessment using centralized pharmacy records. Description and validation. ( Fihn, SD; Inui, TS; Koepsell, TD; Steiner, JF, 1988)
"The EEG during the myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures showed high-amplitude rhythmic spikes, polyspikes and spike-waves, 1 to 10 c/s, for 40 to 120 sec, often outlasting the sound stimulus."	1.27	Audiogenic seizures in Wistar rats before and after repeated auditory stimuli: clinical, pharmacological, and electroencephalographic studies. ( Depaulis, A; Kiesmann, M; Marescaux, C; Micheletti, G; Vergnes, M; Warter, JM, 1988)
"In rats aged 18 days or less ataxia of hindlimbs was also marked."	1.27	Convulsant action of diphenylhydantoin overdose in young rats. ( Lisková-Bernásková, K; Mares, P; Mudrochová, M, 1987)
"The seizures are characterized by one or two wild running fits which terminate in a tonic dorsiflexion with open mouth, followed by a catatonic state."	1.27	Kindling of audiogenic seizures in the rat. ( Depaulis, A; Kiesmann, M; Marescaux, C; Micheletti, G; Vergnes, M; Warter, JM, 1987)
"Phenytoin was discontinued after admission; however, phenytoin 1 g i."	1.27	Phenytoin-induced hypersensitivity reactions. ( Lander, RD; Prosser, TR, 1987)
"Recovery from seizures depends in part on an adequate supply of this energy source."	1.27	Role of glial cation and anion transport mechanisms in etiology and arrest of seizures. ( Chen, CF; Chow, SY; Kemp, JW; White, HS; Woodbury, DM; Yen-Chow, YC, 1986)
"To evaluate empiric dosing guidelines for aminophylline and phenytoin in the management of acute exacerbations of obstructive lung disease and seizure disorders, we utilized an emergency department (ED)-based EMIT system to measure stat plasma theophylline and phenytoin levels in patients intended to receive these drugs."	1.27	Effect of empiric dosing on blood levels of theophylline and phenytoin. ( Bederka, J; Curtis, RA; Hutchinson, RA; Troyer, WG, 1985)
"The effects of pregnancy on seizure excitability as well as antiepileptic drug disposition and efficacy were studied in the mouse during late gestation."	1.27	Effects of pregnancy on seizure threshold and the disposition and efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the mouse. ( Kuhnz, W; Löscher, W; Nau, H, 1985)
"According to our convulsion intensity scoring system, these animals have an audiogenic response score (ARS) of 3 and the colony is designated the GEPR-3 colony."	1.27	Anticonvulsant drugs and the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. ( Dailey, JW; Jobe, PC, 1985)
"To label asterixis or seizures nonspecific results of CNS disorders or results of nonspecific CNS disorders may be simply to avoid confronting our ignorance of the specific pathophysiologic mechanisms involved."	1.27	Asterixis: one type of negative myoclonus. ( Shahani, BT; Young, RR, 1986)
"No patient suffered a seizure although, in two, spike discharges were seen on a post-myelography electroencephalogram."	1.27	Protein binding and CSF penetration of phenytoin following acute oral dosing in man. ( Agnew, E; Brodie, MJ; MacPhee, GJ; MacPherson, P; Muir, SE; Teasdale, E; Volo, G, 1985)
"Until now, no evaluation of phenytoin dosing methods has been undertaken in a large group of patients, to our knowledge."	1.27	Comparison of eight phenytoin dosing methods in institutionalized patients. ( Flint, N; Lopez, LM; Robinson, JD; Salem, RB; Williams, C, 1985)
"Pretreatment with phenytoin significantly reduced the tremor and hyperresponsiveness produced by p,p'-DDT and permethrin."	1.27	Effects of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) on neurobehavioral toxicity of organochlorine insecticides and permethrin. ( Hong, JS; Mactutus, CF; Tilson, HA, 1985)
"A retrospective study of neonatal seizures in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit determined a 3."	1.27	Efficacy of phenobarbital in neonatal seizures. ( Darwish, HZ; Van Orman, CB, 1985)
"In a case of phenytoin (PHT) encephalopathy a correlation was found between rising PHT serum levels and increase in seizure frequency."	1.27	A case report of phenytoin encephalopathy. Correlation between serum levels, seizure increase and E.E.G. spike and wave activity. ( Sie, O; Zwarts, MJ, 1985)
"Epileptiform abnormalities, seizures, or both were detected in 87 patients (17."	1.27	Ambulatory cassette EEG in clinical practice. ( Bridgers, SL; Ebersole, JS, 1985)
"Sixty-three children with seizure disorders receiving phenobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin for more than 12 months had liver function tests evaluated."	1.26	The effects of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on liver function and morphology. ( Aiges, HW; Daum, F; Kahn, E; Olson, M; Teichberg, S, 1980)
"Clonic seizures occurred in all treatment groups, whether tonic seizures preceded them or not, but their duration was longer in the DPH and PHB groups than in the BZDP groups."	1.26	Comparative assessment of the anticonvulsant activity of some benzodiazepines, phenobarbitone and diphenylhydantoin against maximal electroshock seizures in rats: a time-distribution study. ( Banerjee, U; Yeoh, PN, 1981)
" The controls were comprised of naive rats (G-VI) and naive rats dosed in the same manner as the dependent rats."	1.26	Participant of serotonin turnover rate in the brain on barbital withdrawal convulsion. ( Hiramori, T; Nakao, K; Tagashira, E; Urano, T; Yanaura, S, 1982)
"Phenytoin seemed to suppress penicillin-induced epileptiform activity by decreasing synaptic transmission."	1.26	Effects of phenytoin on normal activity and on penicillin-induced bursting in the guinea pig hippocampal slice. ( Schneiderman, JH; Schwartzkroin, PA, 1982)
"Electroconvulsive seizures administered during the period of fetal benzodiazepine (BZ) binding site proliferation (days 16, 18 and 20 in gestation) significantly decreased the density of cerebral cortical benzodiazepine binding sites in exposed pups up to 21 days postnatal age."	1.26	Prenatal exposure to electroconvulsive seizures and phenytoin: development of benzodiazepine binding sites, reflex behaviors and seizure thresholds in exposed offspring. ( Gallager, DW; Wakeman, EA, 1982)
" The most probable explanation for the acquired hemophilia in this patient was an inhibitor to Factor VIII from an autoantibody induced by the long-term use of diphenylhydantoin."	1.26	Acquired hemophilia, meningioma, and diphenylhydantoin therapy. ( Hamilton, RD; O'Reilly, RA, 1980)
"This syndrome consists of sustained seizures, resembling amygdaloid kindled seizures, and acute destruction of neural elements in limbic brain regions (amygdala, olfactory cortex, hippocampus, lateral septum and several thalamic nuclei)."	1.26	Only certain anticonvulsants protect against kainate neurotoxicity. ( Fuller, TA; Olney, JW, 1981)
"Maximal seizures were induced with electroshock via corneal electrodes, and phenytoin anticonvulsant effects were determined by measuring the duration of tonic hindlimb extension (THE) and prevention of the THE."	1.26	A comparative study of the effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on electrically induced maximal seizures in frogs and mice. ( Johnson, SW; Riker, WK, 1982)
"Phenytoin was injected into the ventral lymph sac 30-45 min prior to anesthesia with tricaine."	1.26	Dose-response analysis of phenytoin on electrically induced seizures and spontaneous activity of cerebellar purkinje cells in the frog. ( Johnson, SW; Riker, WK, 1982)
"Phenobarbital was the initial drug of choice and phenytoin usually the second drug."	1.26	Neonatal seizures: a survey of current practice. ( Boer, HR; Gal, P, 1982)
"Phenytoin was found in higher concentration in gray matter, whereas phenobarbital was equally distributed between gray and white matter."	1.26	Phenobarbital and phenytoin in neonatal seizures: metabolism and tissue distribution. ( Abern, S; Barmada, M; Carter, G; Painter, MJ; Pippenger, C; Pitlick, W; Wasterlain, C, 1981)
"Animals were more sensitive to convulsions elicited by maximal electroshock and sound, respectively, at 48 and 72 h after drug removal."	1.26	Effects of withdrawal from long-term diphenylhydantoin treatment on audiogenic and maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. ( De Lima, TC; Palermo Neto, J, 1981)
" In patients with predisposing factors to postoperative seizures, anticonvulsant drugs should be administered before or immediately following craniotomy in adequate dosage to rapidly achieve and maintain effective plasma levels."	1.26	Seizures following intracranial surgery: incidence in the first post-operative week. ( Matthew, E; Odusote, K; Sherwin, AL; Stratford, JG; Welner, SA, 1980)
"The effects of long term, low dosage anticonvulsant drug therapy on the vitamin D and folacin status of young children was studied."	1.26	Folic acid and vitamin D status of young children receiving minimal anticonvulsant drug therapy. ( Bailey, LB; Enneking-Ivey, O; Gawley, L; Hananian, J; Hurd, R, 1981)
"Patients without a history of seizures preoperatively had a similar incidence of seizures postoperatively, whether anticonvulsant medications were prescribed prophylactically or not."	1.26	The role of anticonvulsant medications in the management of patients with anaplastic gliomas. ( Dudka, L; Mahaley, MS, 1981)
" A method for individualizing the dosage regimen of DPH for each patient was evaluated retrospectively."	1.26	Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics of diphenylhydantoin and application in the pediatric age patient. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Minagawa, K; Miura, H, 1980)
"The purpose of this case report is to present an example of a child with receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder."	1.26	Receptive and expressive language problems occurring in combination with a seizure disorder: a case report. ( Jordan, LS, 1980)
" In order to test the validity of FEAD as an absence seizure model, the present experiments determined dose-response relationships for the suppression of FEAD by six antiepileptic drugs with established clinical profiles."	1.26	Flash-evoked afterdischarge in rat as a model of the absence seizure: dose-response studies with therapeutic drugs. ( Burnham, WM; King, GA; Livingston, KE, 1980)
"22 patients with severe preeclampsia-eclampsia were treated in our Intensive Care Unit from 1972 to 1978."	1.26	[Intensive care of severe preeclampsia-eclampsia. A report on 22 cases (author's transl)]. ( Larsen, R; Radke, J; Turner, E, 1980)
"In 15 elderly patients who had seizure disorders, venous blood (standard venipuncture) was compared with capillary blood (finger lancet puncture) as the source of the specimen for determination of serum phenytoin concentration."	1.26	Phenytoin concentrations in venous versus capillary blood of geriatric patients. ( McKernan, T; Umstead, GS, 1981)
"Tonic seizures consisted of flexion--extension sequences; co-contraction of antagonistic muscles was the rule."	1.26	Motor and electrical signs of epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in the spinal cords of decapitate cats. ( Lothman, EW; Somjen, GG, 1976)
"Left-sided motor seizures in a patient with an operated brain tumor were controlled with 300 mg/d DPH."	1.26	Interaction of nitrofurantoin with diphenylhydantoin. ( Heipertz, R; Pilz, H, 1978)
"The treatment with phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine for 7 days decreased the basal cAMP values in CSF and partly inhibited the rise after the convulsions."	1.26	Effect of convulsions and anticonvulsive drugs on cerebrospinal fluid cyclic AMP in rabbits. ( Myllylä, VV, 1976)
"Phenytoin was less potent than apomorphine with GHBA or apomorphine given together with AOAA."	1.26	Effect of combined dopaminergic and GABA-ergic stimulation on ouabain-induced epileptiform activity. ( Kacz, D; Stach, R, 1977)
"In a certain percentage of patients seizures are abolished or diminish in frequency only on attaining such a serum level."	1.26	[The serum concentration of anticonvulsants -- pharmacokinetic findings and practical therapeutic applications (author's transl)]. ( Deisenhammer, E; Sommer, R, 1979)
"Type II (tonic) seizures are invariably associated with profound transient bradycardia, recovery from which begins about the time the tonic seizure phase ends."	1.26	Changes in heart rate associated with high-pressure convulsions in rodents. ( Beaver, RW; Brauer, RW; Fuquay, J, 1979)
"Phenytoin was in effective for most withdrawal signs and some signs were made worse."	1.26	Evaluation of anticonvulsants in barbiturate withdrawal. ( Boisse, NR; Okamoto, M; Rosenberg, HC, 1977)
"Most patients had had more than three seizures or were in status epilepticus."	1.26	Intravenous phenytoin in acute treatment of seizures. ( Anderson, CB; Cranford, RE; Kostick, B; Leppik, IE; Patrick, B, 1979)
"Phenytoin and diazepam were maximally effective at concentrations of 20 microgram/ml and 3-4 microgram/ml, respectively, in good agreement with their effective concentrations in clinical practice."	1.26	The hippocampal slice: a system for studying the pharmacology of seizures and for screening anticonvulsant drugs. ( Hoffer, BJ; Oliver, AP; Wyatt, RJ, 1977)
"Acute dose-response studies with phenytoin were conducted to determine the relationship between plasma levels and anticonvulsant effect in epileptic chickens."	1.26	Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. VII. Plasma phenytoin concentrations and anticonvulsant activity. ( Crawford, RD; Davis, HL; Johnson, DD, 1978)
" Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations."	1.26	Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy. ( Ramsay, RE; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1978)
"Generalized EEG seizures were induced in acute, conscious New Zealand albino rabbits with intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (10 or 15 mg/kg) or electrical stimulation of the frontal cerebral cortex (ELEC) (50 Hz, 1 msec pulse duration, 2 sec train duration, 4."	1.26	Elevation of seizure thresholds: a comparison of cerebellar stimulation, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. ( Brockman, WH; Strain, GM; Van Meter, WG, 1978)
"Cannabidiol was effective in blocking convulsions when given concurrently with, but not prior to delta9THC."	1.26	Anticonvulsant drug antagonism of delta9tetrahydrocannabinol-induced seizures in rabbits. ( Consroe, P; Eisenstein, D; Martin, P, 1977)
"During seizure activity there was a calcium dependent increase in ACh efflux which was related to increase EEG activity and clonic muscle movements."	1.26	Convulsant-anticonvulsant interactions on seizure activity and cortical acetylcholine release. ( Gardner, CR; Webster, RA, 1977)
"The possibility of treating status epilepticus by altering the orally administered therapy and leaving parenteral therapy for such cases with progressive impairment of consciousness and/or neuvoregetative disorders was indicated."	1.26	[Status epilepticus in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; therapeutic aspects]. ( Lison, MP; Speciali, JG, 1977)
"In these tests latency to convulsions and lethality associated with electroshock were more sensitive to THC."	1.26	Comparative activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and chlordiazepoxide on electroshcok seizure threshold in mice. ( Barry, H; Sofia, RD, 1977)
"Clinical seizures developed in about the same percentage of the animals."	1.26	EEG and clinical studies of the development of alumina cream epileptic focus in split-brain cats. ( Bilińska-Nigot, B; Karliński, A; Majkowski, J; Sobieszek, A, 1976)
"EEG changes and convulsions were elicited by 2."	1.26	[Influence of diazepam and phenytoin on penicillin-induced cerebral convulsions (author's transl)]. ( Höffler, D; Köhler, H; Krieglstein, J; Rieger, H; Voigt, R; Weihrauch, TR, 1976)
"Drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like syndromes in children are most commonly associated with the administration of ethosuximide, diphenylhydantoin, and trimethadione."	1.26	Antinuclear antibodies and lupus-like syndromes in children receiving anticonvulsants. ( Fishman, L; Hanson, V; Singsen, BH, 1976)
"A patient with hyperthyroidism is described who developed grand mal seizures when anth-thyroid medication was withdrawn."	1.26	Convulsive fits in thyrotoxicosis. ( Bechar, M; Korczyn, AD, 1976)
"Simple febrile convulsions occur in otherwise normal children, aged six months to five years, with extracranial infection."	1.26	Simple febrile convulsions. ( Mendelsohn, J; Rosen, P; Tomlanovich, MC, 1976)
"A tonic-clonic seizure occured after the infusion of 14."	1.25	Harmful effect of megadoses of vitamins: electroencephalogram abnormalities and seizures induced by intravenous folate in drug-treated epileptics. ( Butterworth, CE; Ch'ien, LT; Krumdieck, CL; Scott, CW, 1975)
"dog was presented because of a convulsion."	1.25	Astrocytoma in a dog causing convulsions. ( Berryman, FC; de Lahunta, A, 1975)
"Phenylbutazone treatment increased the potency of DPH in terms of dose and total drug concentration but did not affect the potency of unbound DPH."	1.25	Diphenylhydantoin potency and plasma protein binding. ( Azarnoff, DL; Shoeman, DW, 1975)
"Successful treatment of partial complex seizures (and the epilepsies in general) is a process of management over time and involves several factors."	1.25	Management of the difficult patient with complex partial seizures. ( Booker, HE, 1975)
"Glycogen was depleted only by amphetamine-like compounds or by bemegride-induced convulsions."	1.25	Physiological and drug-induced changes in the glycogen content of mouse brain. ( Hutchins, DA; Rogers, KJ, 1970)

Research

Studies (1,577)

Authors

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Length of Hospital Stay

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	715 (45.34)	18.7374
1990's	234 (14.84)	18.2507
2000's	237 (15.03)	29.6817
2010's	323 (20.48)	24.3611
2020's	68 (4.31)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Kohn, H	16
Kohn, BA	1
Steenberg, ML	1
Buckley, JP	1
Deák, G	1
Dóda, M	1
György, L	1
Hazai, L	1
Sterk, L	1
Edafiogho, IO	3
Hinko, CN	2
Chang, H	1
Moore, JA	2
Mulzac, D	1
Nicholson, JM	1
Scott, KR	1
Tomczuk, BE	1
Taylor, CR	1
Moses, LM	1
Sutherland, DB	1
Lo, YS	1
Johnson, DN	1
Kinnier, WB	1
Kilpatrick, BF	1
Sawhney, KN	2
LeGall, P	1
Robertson, DW	5
Leander, JD	5
Calderon, SN	1
Newman, AH	1
Tortella, FC	4
Beedle, EE	3
Krushinski, JH	1
Lawson, RR	1
Parli, CJ	2
Potts, B	1
Pavia, MR	1
Taylor, CP	2
Lobbestael, SJ	1
Wall, GM	1
Baker, JK	1
Hino, K	1
Nagai, Y	1
Uno, H	1
Masuda, Y	2
Oka, M	1
Karasawa, T	2
Chimirri, A	1
De Sarro, A	3
De Sarro, G	2
Grasso, S	1
Trimarchi, GR	2
Zappalà, M	1
Kadaba, PK	1
Kelley, JL	4
Krochmal, MP	2
Linn, JA	2
McLean, EW	3
Soroko, FE	6
Maryanoff, BE	2
Nortey, SO	2
Gardocki, JF	1
Shank, RP	2
Dodgson, SP	1
Lawson, R	2
Chapleo, CB	1
Myers, PL	1
Smith, AC	1
Tulloch, IF	1
Turner, S	1
Walter, DS	1
Clark, CR	4
Potts, BD	1
Lin, CM	2
Sansom, RT	3
Conley, JD	1
Hallot, A	1
Brodin, R	1
Merlier, J	1
Brochard, J	1
Chambon, JP	1
Biziere, K	1
Norris, GN	2
Fatmi, AA	1
Vaidya, NA	1
Iturrian, WB	1
Blanton, CD	1
Stratford, ES	1
Curley, RW	1
Kikumoto, R	1
Tobe, A	1
Fukami, H	1
Ninomiya, K	1
Egawa, M	1
Wells, MJ	1
Dockens, RC	1
Ravis, WR	1
Stanton, JL	1
Ackerman, MH	1
Mehta, NB	1
Diuguid, CA	1
Davis, RG	1
Glen, RC	1
Cooper, BR	1
Bardel, P	1
Farrar, VA	1
Ciechanowicz-Rutkowska, M	1
Grochowski, J	1
Serda, P	1
Pilati, T	1
Filippini, G	1
el-Assadi, A	1
Kane, JM	1
Staeger, MA	1
Dalton, CR	1
Miller, FP	1
Dudley, MW	1
Ogden, AM	1
Kehne, JH	1
Ketteler, HJ	1
McCloskey, TC	1
Senyah, Y	1
Dimmock, JR	1
Puthucode, RN	1
Smith, JM	1
Hetherington, M	1
Quail, JW	1
Pugazhenthi, U	1
Lechler, T	1
Stables, JP	22
Carson, JR	1
Carmosin, RJ	1
Pitis, PM	1
Vaught, JL	2
Almond, HR	1
Wolf, HH	5
Swinyard, EA	8
White, HS	4
Geurts, M	1
Poupaert, JH	6
Scriba, GK	3
Lambert, DM	4
Unverferth, K	1
Engel, J	1
Höfgen, N	1
Rostock, A	1
Günther, R	1
Lankau, HJ	1
Menzer, M	1
Rolfs, A	1
Liebscher, J	1
Müller, B	1
Hofmann, HJ	1
Pevarello, P	1
Bonsignori, A	1
Dostert, P	1
Heidempergher, F	1
Pinciroli, V	1
Colombo, M	1
McArthur, RA	1
Salvati, P	2
Post, C	1
Fariello, RG	3
Varasi, M	1
Ucar, H	1
Van derpoorten, K	1
Cacciaguerra, S	1
Spampinato, S	1
Depovere, P	1
Isa, M	1
Masereel, B	4
Delarge, J	1
Costanzo, MJ	1
Greco, MN	1
Schupsky, JJ	1
Ortegon, MP	1
Wouters, J	2
Pochet, L	1
Lambert, D	2
Vamecq, J	4
Bac, P	1
Herrenknecht, C	1
Maurois, P	1
Delcourt, P	1
Andurkar, SV	1
Béguin, C	1
LeTiran, A	2
Thenmozhiyal, JC	1
Wong, PT	1
Chui, WK	1
Xie, ZF	1
Chai, KY	2
Piao, HR	1
Kwak, KC	1
Quan, ZS	6
Yogeeswari, P	3
Sriram, D	3
Thirumurugan, R	1
Raghavendran, JV	1
Sudhan, K	1
Pavana, RK	1
Stables, J	2
Patel, HJ	1
Sarra, J	1
Caruso, F	1
Rossi, M	1
Doshi, U	1
Stephani, RA	2
Ragavendran, JV	2
Patel, SK	1
Reddy, IV	1
Bharathwajan, N	1
Sahitya, P	1
Ranganadh, V	1
Gupta, A	1
Mishra, P	2
Kashaw, SK	2
Jatav, V	1
Chen, J	2
Sun, XY	1
Lee, JS	1
Song, MS	1
Rana, A	2
Siddiqui, N	4
Khan, SA	7
Ehtaishamul Haque, S	1
Bhat, MA	1
Kamiński, K	7
Obniska, J	8
Azam, F	1
Alkskas, IA	1
Khokra, SL	1
Prakash, O	1
Thiry, A	1
Rolin, S	1
Vullo, D	1
Frankart, A	1
Scozzafava, A	1
Dogné, JM	1
Supuran, CT	1
Amin, KM	2
Rahman, DE	1
Al-Eryani, YA	1
Sharma, G	1
Park, JY	1
Park, MS	1
Marona, H	2
Pekala, E	3
Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L	1
Walczak, M	2
Szneler, E	2
Rivas, FM	1
Murphree, L	1
Edwankar, RV	1
Edwankar, CR	1
Huang, S	1
Jain, HD	1
Zhou, H	1
Majumder, S	1
Sankar, S	1
Roth, BL	1
Ramerstorfer, J	1
Furtmüller, R	1
Sieghart, W	1
Cook, JM	1
Kashaw, V	1
Jain, NK	1
Park, KD	3
Morieux, P	3
Salomé, C	7
Cotten, SW	1
Reamtong, O	1
Eyers, C	1
Gaskell, SJ	1
Liu, R	1
Salomé-Grosjean, E	4
Swendiman, R	1
DeMarco, E	1
Shingalapur, RV	1
Hosamani, KM	1
Keri, RS	1
Hugar, MH	1
Deng, XQ	4
Wei, CX	3
Li, FN	2
Sun, ZG	1
Kaushik, D	2
Chawla, G	2
Kumar, S	1
Byrtus, H	3
Pawłowski, M	2
Szczesio, M	1
Karolak-Wojciechowska, J	1
Zuliani, V	1
Fantini, M	1
Nigam, A	1
Patel, MK	2
Rivara, M	1
He, X	3
Zhong, M	3
Zhang, T	3
Wu, W	3
Wu, Z	3
Yang, J	3
Xiao, Y	5
Pan, Y	1
Qiu, G	2
Hu, X	4
Tripathi, L	2
Singh, R	2
Quan, LN	1
Song, MX	3
King, AM	4
Dinsmore, J	2
De Ryck, M	4
Kaminski, R	5
Valade, A	3
Dawidowski, M	2
Herold, F	1
Chodkowski, A	1
Kleps, J	1
Szulczyk, P	1
Wilczek, M	1
Rzepka, S	3
Waszkielewicz, AM	1
Aboul-Enein, MN	1
El-Azzouny, AA	1
Attia, MI	1
Maklad, YA	1
Abdel-Rehim, M	1
El-Behairy, MF	1
Babu, M	1
Pitchumani, K	1
Ramesh, P	2
Guo, H	1
Saravanan, G	1
Alagarsamy, V	1
Prakash, CR	1
Baruah, PK	1
Provins, L	1
Karakurt, A	2
Alagöz, MA	1
Sayoğlu, B	1
Calış, U	2
Dalkara, S	2
Hassan, MZ	1
Amir, M	1
Rajak, H	1
Singh Thakur, B	1
Singh, A	4
Raghuvanshi, K	1
Sah, AK	1
Veerasamy, R	1
Sharma, PC	1
Singh Pawar, R	1
Kharya, MD	1
Botros, S	2
Khalil, NA	2
Naguib, BH	2
El-Dash, Y	2
Pastore, V	2
Sabatier, L	1
Enrique, A	2
Marder, M	2
Bruno-Blanch, LE	2
Kumar, P	1
Harish, KP	1
Mohana, KN	1
Mallesha, L	1
Prasanna Kumar, BN	1
Malik, S	2
Bahare, RS	1
Sadek, B	2
Shehab, S	1
Więcek, M	1
Subramanian, D	1
Shafiullah, M	1
Kieć-Kononowicz, K	2
Adem, A	1
Chlebek, I	1
Wiklik, B	1
Ulloora, S	1
Shabaraya, R	1
Ranganathan, R	1
Adhikari, AV	1
Prasanthi, G	1
Prasad, KV	1
Bharathi, K	1
Zheng, Y	1
Ahuja, P	1
Sahu, K	1
Chońska, J	1
Mika, W	1
Turło, J	1
Nikalje, APG	1
Shaikh, AN	1
Shaikh, SI	1
Kalam Khan, FA	1
Sangshetti, JN	1
Shinde, DB	1
Li, J	3
Lou, J	1
Wang, Z	2
Wang, T	2
Liu, P	1
Hong, X	1
Kumari, S	1
Mishra, CB	1
Tiwari, M	1
Torregrosa, R	1
Yang, XF	1
Dustrude, ET	1
Cummins, TR	1
Khanna, R	1
Rapacz, A	3
Rybka, S	2
Powroźnik, B	1
Filipek, B	1
Żmudzki, P	2
Tanaka, T	2
Yajima, N	1
Tanitame, A	1
Kiyoshi, T	1
Miura, Y	1
Edayadulla, N	1
Góra, M	2
Sałat, K	2
Yang, C	1
Schanne, FAX	1
Yoganathan, S	1
Sari, S	1
Uslu, H	1
Kaynak, FB	1
Szczepańska, K	1
Karcz, T	1
Mogilski, S	1
Siwek, A	2
Kuder, KJ	1
Latacz, G	1
Kubacka, M	1
Hagenow, S	1
Lubelska, A	1
Olejarz, A	1
Kotańska, M	1
Stark, H	1
Czopek, A	2
Zagórska, A	2
Rychtyk, J	1
Grover, G	1
Nath, R	1
Bhatia, R	1
Akhtar, MJ	1
Tran, QK	2
Bzhilyanskaya, V	2
Lurie, T	1
Fairchild, M	1
Rehan, MA	2
Rashid, A	2
Powell, E	1
Pourmand, A	2
Chalasani, N	1
Bonkovsky, HL	1
Stine, JG	1
Gu, J	1
Barnhart, H	1
Jacobsen, E	1
Björnsson, E	1
Fontana, RJ	1
Kleiner, DE	1
Hoofnagle, JH	2
Arabacı Tamer, S	1
Koyuncuoğlu, T	1
Karagöz Köroğlu, A	1
Akakın, D	1
Yüksel, M	1
Yeğen, BÇ	1
Walker, A	1
Rupal, A	1
Jani, C	1
Al Omari, O	1
Singh, H	1
Patel, D	2
Perrino, C	1
McCannon, J	1
Wang, BC	1
Chiu, HY	1
Luh, HT	1
Lin, CJ	1
Hsieh, SH	1
Chen, TJ	1
Wu, CR	1
Chen, PY	1
Furyk, JS	1
George, S	1
Phillips, N	1
Emeto, TI	1
Watt, K	1
O'Brien, S	1
Riney, K	1
Wilson, C	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Multicenter, Randomized, Blinded, Comparative Effectiveness Study of Fosphenytoin, Valproic Acid, or Levetiracetam in the Emergency Department Treatment of Patients With Benzodiazepine-refractory Status Epilepticus.[NCT01960075]	Phase 3	478 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
The BrainDrugs-Epilepsy Study: A Prospective Open-label Cohort Precision Medicine Study in Epilepsy[NCT05450822]		550 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-02-18	Recruiting
Levetiracetam Treatment of Neonatal Seizures: A Multi-Centre Randomized Blinded Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Oral Levetiracetam as First Line Treatment for Neonatal Seizures in China[NCT02550028]	Phase 1/Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-01	Terminated (stopped due to The study was concluded as planned upon reaching its predetermined endpoint, which included the completion of data collection and achievement of the necessary sample size for statistical significance.)
A Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Levetiracetam Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury[NCT04836481]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-01-01	Recruiting
Does Short-Term Anti-Seizure Prophylaxis After Traumatic Brain Injury Decrease Seizure Rates?[NCT03054285]	Phase 4	2,300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Recruiting
Restoring Hemodynamic Stability Using Targeted Epidural Spinal Stimulation Following Spinal Cord Injury[NCT04994886]		8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-08	Recruiting
The Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Autonomic Function in People With Spinal Cord Injury[NCT03924388]		46 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-01	Not yet recruiting
Restoring Hemodynamic Stability Using Targeted Epidural Spinal Stimulation Following Spinal Cord Injury[NCT05044923]		8 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-31	Recruiting
Epidural Electrical Stimulation to Restore Hemodynamic Stability and Trunk Control in People With Spinal Cord Injury[NCT05111093]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-29	Recruiting
The Study of Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Patients Undergoing Intermittent Hemodialysis[NCT04511676]		12 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-11-01	Completed
Seizures After Cardiac Surgery -- A Prospective Study With Continuous EEG Monitoring[NCT01291992]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-09-30	Completed
Pilot Study of Seizure Prophylaxis With Levetiracetam in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage[NCT01935908]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to no funding)
A Pilot Study of NSICU Assessment of Seizure Prophylaxis With Lacosamide[NCT01110187]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to Lack of enrollement)
Assessment of Seizure Prophylaxis Protocols Using Intravenous Levetiracetam in a Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit[NCT00618436]	Phase 4	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-08-31	Completed
Verapamil as Adjunctive Seizure Therapy for Children and Young Adults With Dravet Syndrome[NCT01607073]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Effect of the Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Drug-resistant Epilepsy[NCT03475225]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Not yet recruiting
A Pharmacokinetic Study of the Interaction Between Celecoxib and Anticonvulsant Drugs in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme Undergoing Radiation Therapy[NCT00068770]	Phase 2	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to EORTC trail showed TMZ & RT conferred significant survivial in this population)
Monitoring of Seizures, EEG and Serum Antiepileptic Drug Concentrations in Patients With Uncontrolled Epilepsy[NCT00001149]		900 participants	Observational	1975-11-30	Completed
Levetiracetam for Alzheimer's Disease Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Related to Epilepsy Trial (LAPSE) - A Phase II Exploratory Study[NCT04004702]	Phase 2	65 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Hydroxychloroquine Exposure in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)[NCT03802188]		3,700 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-05-09	Recruiting
Primary Care-Based Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Use Among HIV Patients[NCT01671501]		614 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Length of hospital stay in days (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: length of hospital stay

Length of ICU Stay

Intervention	days (Median)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	3
Valproic Acid	3
Levetiracetam	3

Length of stay is determined by the number of calendar days after the day of ED arrival until hospital discharge or subject end-of-study. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: number of calendar days after the day of ED arrival until hospital discharge or subject end-of-study

Minutes From Start of Trial Drug Infusion to Termination of Seizures for Patients With Treatment Success

Intervention	days (Median)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	1
Valproic Acid	1
Levetiracetam	1

The time to termination of seizures is the interval from the start of study drug infusion to cessation of clinically apparent seizure in those who meet the primary outcome. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: start of drug infusion to seizure cessation

Number of Participants With Admission to Intensive Care Unit

Intervention	minutes (Median)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	11.7
Valproic Acid	7.0
Levetiracetam	10.5

ICU admission is recorded as occurring only if the ICU is the initial inpatient unit for the patient. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: Admission to intensive care unit after start of study drug infusion, where the ICU is the initial inpatient unit for the patient

Number of Participants With Clinical Cessation of Status Epilepticus - Adjudicated Outcomes Analysis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	70
Valproic Acid	71
Levetiracetam	87

Determined by the absence of clinically apparent seizures and improving consciousness at 1 hour without other anticonvulsant medications. The Adjudicated outcomes analysis is different from Outcome measure 1 because a central clinical phenomenology core of four neurologists adjudicated from the medical records the time to seizure cessation, the time in status epilepticus before trial-drug initiation, and the cause of the seizure. For each enrollment, two neurologists from this core group conducted independent initial reviews and then determined a consensus or consulted a third adjudicator, as needed. Adjudicators were unaware of the treatment assignments and made determinations by medical record review. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: Within 60 minutes after the start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Clinical Cessation of Status Epilepticus - Intention to Treat

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	57
Valproic Acid	60
Levetiracetam	67

Determined by the absence of clinically apparent seizures and improving consciousness at 1 hour without other anticonvulsant medications. Intention to treat (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: Within 60 minutes after the start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Clinical Cessation of Status Epilepticus - Per-protocol Analysis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	53
Valproic Acid	56
Levetiracetam	68

Determined by the absence of clinically apparent seizures and improving consciousness at 1 hour without other anticonvulsant medications. Per-protocol analysis (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: Within 60 minutes after the start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Acute Anaphylaxis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	37
Valproic Acid	43
Levetiracetam	51

Acute anaphylaxis is defined as a clinical presentation consistent with life threatening allergic reaction occurring within 6 hours of the start of study drug infusions and manifested as urticaria in combination with either (1) a systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg sustained for greater than 5 minutes, or (2) objective evidence of airway obstruction, and for which the patient was treated with antihistamines and/or steroids. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: within 6 hours of the start of study drug infusions

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Acute Respiratory Depression

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	0
Valproic Acid	0
Levetiracetam	0

Respiratory depression is defined as impairment of ventilation or oxygenation necessitating definitive endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. It is distinct from intubations performed only for airway protection in those with decreased levels of consciousness. It does not include those getting only supraglottic airways or transient bag-valve-mask support. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Acute Seizure Recurrence

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	16
Valproic Acid	10
Levetiracetam	12

acute seizure recurrence 60 minutes to 12 hours after start of study drug infusion (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: 60 minutes to 12 hours after start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Death

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Endotracheal Intubation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	14
Valproic Acid	14
Levetiracetam	16

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	3
Valproic Acid	2
Levetiracetam	7

Endotracheal intubation within 60 minutes of start of study drug infusion (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: within 60 minutes of start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Hepatic Transaminase or Ammonia Elevations

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	33
Valproic Acid	21
Levetiracetam	30

Safety outcome: Hepatic transaminase or ammonia elevations (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Life Threatening Hypotension

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	0
Valproic Acid	1
Levetiracetam	1

Life-threatening hypotension within 60 minutes of the start of study drug infusion (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: within 60 minutes of the start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Life-threatening Cardiac Arrhythmia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	4
Valproic Acid	2
Levetiracetam	1

Life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia within 60 minutes of the start of study drug infusion (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: within 60 minutes of the start of study drug infusion

Number of Participants With Safety Outcome: Purple Glove Syndrome

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	0
Valproic Acid	0
Levetiracetam	1

Purple glove syndrome is defined as the presence of all three of the findings of the objective edema: discoloration, and pain in the distal extremity in which study drug was administered, with or without known extravasation, and for which there is no other evident etiology. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Number of Participants With Seizure Cessation Within 20 Minutes for Patients With Treatment Success

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	0
Valproic Acid	0
Levetiracetam	0

Number of participants with seizure cessation within 20 minutes of study drug initiation for patients with treatment success. This outcome measure was only reported in the Supplementary materials to the Primary Paper. (NCT01960075)
Timeframe: within 20 minutes

Number of Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fosphenytoin (FOS)	43
Valproic Acid	43
Levetiracetam	53

The primary outcome measure is the incidence of clinical adverse events. These will be followed by daily clinical observations during the hospital stay. Subjects will be evaluated for e.g., seizures, fever, neurological changes, cardiovascular, hematologic and dermatologic abnormalities, liver failure, renal failure, and death; EKGs will be requested as per ICU routines through day 7. (NCT01110187)
Timeframe: baseline to 7 days

Number of Participants With Seizures

Intervention	number of events experienced (Number)
IV LCM	12
IV fPHT	21

Number of seizures in the first 72 hours based on EEG recording (NCT01110187)
Timeframe: baseline to 72 hours

Seizure Incidence

Intervention	number of participants with seizures (Number)
IV LCM	0
IV fPHT	0

This was the number of patients in each group who demonstrated seizure activity during the course of the study (NCT00618436)
Timeframe: Duration of study, up to 6 months after the injury

Disability Rating Scale (DRS)

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Levetiracetam	5
Phenytoin	3

The Disability rating scale (DRS) is frequently used in the rehabilitation literature as a measure of disability. It is a reliable, easily performed test that assesses 8 items (eye opening, verbalization, motor response, feeding, toileting, grooming, level of functioning, employability), and assigns each a numerical score ranging from 0 - 5 based on the category. The domains these 8 items are felt to assess include: alertness, cognition for self-care, dependence, and psychosocial adaptability. The scoring range is from 0-30, with increasing disability levels assigned to higher numerical values. The total DRS is then dichotomized into favorable (disability = none, mild, partial or moderate disability) and unfavorable (disability = moderately severe, severe, extremely severe, vegetative state, extreme vegetative state, death) outcomes. A DRS score of 0-6 was favorable, with any score greater than 6 categorized as unfavorable. (NCT00618436)
Timeframe: Discharge; 3 and 6 months following injury

Extended Glasgow Outcome Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	At Discharge	At 3 months	At 6 months
Levetiracetam	24	15	17
Phenytoin	23	13	9

This is an 8 point validated scale that measures disability after brain injury. It is assessed through an in person exam or by phone interview at hospital discharge, 3 months and 6 months after injury. The categories are: 1 = dead; 2 = vegetative state; 3 = severe disability, low level; 4 = severe disability, high level; 5 = moderate disability, low level; 6 = moderate disability, high level; 7 = good recovery - low level; 8 = good recovery - high level. Specific questions and activities are assessed to determine into which category the patient falls. (NCT00618436)
Timeframe: at discharge; 3 and 6 months following injury

Change in Number of Absence Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	At Discharge	At 3 months	At 6 months
Levetiracetam	2	3	3
Phenytoin	2	3	3

The secondary outcome measure is the change in number of absence seizures from Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12 (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 12

Change in Number of General Tonic-clonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) Visit to Week 12 Visit

Intervention	Abscence seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	165
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	101

The primary study endpoint is the change in number of seizures from baseline. Since we only had one participant finish the study, the endpoint was changed to Week 12 visit. Participants were on verapamil for 4 weeks at Week 12. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

Change in Number of Myoclonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	General tonic-clonic seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	39
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	14

The secondary outcome is the change in number of myoclonic seizures between baseline Week 8 visit and Week 12 visit. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

Effects of Hepatic Enzyme Inducing Drugs Such as Anticonvulsants, on the PK of Celecoxib

Intervention	Myoclonic seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	116
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	175

subjects will take one dose of celecoxib and will then have 6 hours of blood draws, day 2 subject will take 2 doses of celecoxib 8 hours apart with 2 additional blood samples, one hour apart. Subject, will continue to take 2 doses of celecoxib for 6 weeks, with a sample (PK) drawn every week prior to the first dose of the week. Comparison of Cmax of Celecoxib is reported (NCT00068770)
Timeframe: First dose of celecoxib through completion of radiation, 6 weeks.

Overall Survival

Intervention	(ng/ml) (Geometric Mean)
nonp450	1752
p450	1813

duration of survival when celecoxib is administered concurrently with radiation in pts with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (NCT00068770)
Timeframe: date pt started treatment to date pt last known alive

Intervention	months (Mean)
p450 ( +EIASD)	11.5
nonp450 (-EIASD)	16

Article	Year
Synthetic and therapeutic perspectives of nitrogen containing heterocycles as anti-convulsants. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2020, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:15 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Molecular Structure; Seizures; Structure-A	2020
Phenytoin prophylaxis and functional outcomes following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2021, 10-15, Volume: 429 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Prospective Studies; Seizures	2021
Comparative efficacy of prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Carbamazepine; Child; Humans; Levetiracetam; Network Met	2022
Comparison of Safety and Effectiveness between Levetiracetam and Phenytoin in the Treatment of Pediatric Status Epilepticus: A Meta- Analysis. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets, 2023, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures; Status Epilepticus	2023
The interplay of epilepsy with impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD): A review of therapeutic approaches. Mitochondrion, 2022, Volume: 66 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dementia; Epilepsy; Felbamate; Gabapentin; Humans; Inflammasomes; La	2022
Overview of systematic reviews: Management of common Traumatic Brain Injury-related complications. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:9 Topics: Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Fatigue; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures; Systematic Reviews a	2022
Treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus: Systematic review and network meta-analyses. Seizure, 2022, Volume: 102 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Drug Resistance; Humans; Levetiracetam; Network Meta	2022
[Paediatric status epilepticus]. Revista de neurologia, 2022, 10-16, Volume: 75, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Ketamine; Lacosamide;	2022
Use of antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis against posttraumatic seizures in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical review, 2023, Feb-07, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Child; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piraceta	2023
Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia, 2023, Volume: 64, Issue:10 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Consensus; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures	2023
Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023, 10-24, Volume: 10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Levetiracetam; Phenobarbital; P	2023
Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020, 04-28, Volume: 4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Craniotomy; Humans; Isoxazoles; Levetiracetam; Phenobarbital; Phenyt	2020
Levetiracetam vs. phenytoin as 2nd-line treatment for status epilepticus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2020, Volume: 111 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Pirac	2020
Efficacy and Safety of Phenobarbitone as First-Line Treatment for Neonatal Seizure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 2021, 01-29, Volume: 67, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Seizures	2021
Preventing seizure occurrence following spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of seizure prophylaxis. Seizure, 2021, Volume: 87 Topics: Aged; Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Female; Humans; Levetiracetam; Male; Middle Aged; Phenyt	2021
A systematic review of second line therapies in toxic seizures. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2021, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Seizures; Valproic Acid	2021
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antiepileptic Prophylaxis in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. World neurosurgery, 2021, Volume: 151 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seizures	2021
Efficacy of lacosamide and phenytoin in status epilepticus: A systematic review. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2021, Volume: 144, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenytoin; Seizures; Status Epilepticus; Treatment Outcome	2021
Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 2: treatment, monitoring, and prognosis. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001), 2017, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electroencephalography; Phenytoin;	2017
Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in brain injured patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 2017, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Post-Exposure Prophyla	2017
A critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials on intravenous phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus. European journal of neurology, 2018, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; Drug Resistance; Humans; Phenytoin; Randomized Control	2018
Seizures and Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2017, Volume: 44, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Humans; Incidence; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures; Subarachnoid	2017
Antiepileptic drug treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures: An evaluation of regulatory data and five criteria for drug selection. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2018, Volume: 82 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug-Related Side Effect	2018
Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 05-23, Volume: 5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Craniotomy; Humans; Isoxazoles; Levetiracetam; Phenobarbital; Phenyt	2018
Clobazam monotherapy for focal or generalized seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 07-11, Volume: 7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Child; Clobazam; Epilepsies, Par	2018
Phenytoin versus levetiracetam as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizure in patients with no history of seizures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurosurgery, 2019, 06-01, Volume: 130, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Craniotomy; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Postoperative Complications; Randomiz	2019
Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018, 08-09, Volume: 8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Humans; Phenytoin; Randomized Controlle	2018
Efficacy of levetiracetam compared with phenytoin in prevention of seizures in brain injured patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:48 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures	2018
Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019, 07-18, Volume: 7 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Randomized Controlled Trials as	2019
Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013, Jan-31, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Humans; I	2013
Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013, Feb-28, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Craniotomy; Humans; Isoxazoles; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Randomized	2013
Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2013, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Congenital Abnormalities; Eclampsia; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; H	2013
Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013, Aug-23, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Humans; Phenyto	2013
Analysis of seizure risk factors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a 8 case report and literature review. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Fatal Outcome; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hematopoietic Stem Cel	2013
Severe cardiomyopathy in an infant after iatrogenic fosphenytoin overdose. Clinical pediatrics, 2014, Volume: 53, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cardiomyopathies; Drug Overdose; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Heart Function	2014
Clobazam monotherapy for partial-onset or generalized-onset seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Oct-04, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Carbamazepine; Child; Clobazam; Epilepsies, Par	2014
Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Mar-04, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Craniotomy; Humans; Isoxazoles; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Randomized	2015
Nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy. CJEM, 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:4 Topics: Dysarthria; Emergency Service, Hospital; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Magnetic	2016
Lacosamide in status epilepticus: Update on the TRENdS study. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2015, Volume: 49 Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Critical Illness; Humans; Lacosamide; Phenytoin; Recurrence; Seizures;	2015
[ZONISAMIDE: FIRST CHOICE AMONG THE FIRST-LINE ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS IN FOCAL EPILEPSY]. Ideggyogyaszati szemle, 2015, May-30, Volume: 68, Issue:5-6 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Administratio	2015
Lidocaine for Status Epilepticus in Pediatrics. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2015, Volume: 42, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Humans; Lidocaine; Pediatrics; Phenytoin; Prospective Studies; Seizures; Status Epi	2015
Antiepileptic drugs for seizure control in people with neurocysticercosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015, Oct-12, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy	2015
Antiepileptic Drugs. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 2016, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Epilepsy Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam; O	2016
Efficacy and safety of prophylactic levetiracetam in supratentorial brain tumour surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2016, Volume: 82, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Craniotomy; Humans; Levetiracetam; Perioperative Care; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seizur	2016
Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures: an individual participant data review. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016, Apr-28, Volume: 4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Humans; Phenyto	2016
Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016, May-05, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Asphyxia Neonatorum; Barbiturates; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Prematu	2016
Anti-epileptic drugs in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 2016, Volume: 16, Issue:10 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Child; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seiz	2016
The safety and efficacy of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain injury, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:9 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seizures	2016
Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS drugs, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Cohort Studies; Humans; Levetiracetam; Observational Stu	2016
Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Journal of critical care, 2016, Volume: 36 Topics: Acetamides; Acute Kidney Injury; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Carbamates; Critical Illness; Cyclohexanec	2016
Should Levetiracetam or Phenytoin Be Used for Posttraumatic Seizure Prophylaxis? A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-analysis. Neurosurgery, 2016, Volume: 79, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seizures	2016
[Comparisons of efficacy and safety of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain injury: a meta analysis]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2016, Oct-25, Volume: 96, Issue:39 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Randomized Controlled	2016
Antiepileptic drugs in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Reviews in neurological diseases, 2008,Fall, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Electroencephalography; Head Injuries, Closed; Humans; Levetiracetam; Neur	2008
Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia, 2009, Volume: 50 Suppl 2 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; E	2009
Fosphenytoin. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2009, Volume: 5, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Humans; Phenytoin; Prodrugs; Seizures	2009
New antiepileptic drugs: molecular targets. Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry, 2009, Volume: 9, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic;	2009
Review article: phenytoin use and efficacy in the ED. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA, 2010, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Australia; Child; Drug Monitoring; Emergency Service,	2010
Should phenytoin or barbiturates be used as second-line anticonvulsant therapy for toxicological seizures? Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2010, Volume: 48, Issue:8 Topics: Barbiturates; Humans; Phenytoin; Seizures	2010
Antiepileptic drugs for treating seizures in adults with brain tumours. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011, Aug-10, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Drug Substitution; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Pirace	2011
Management of acute seizure and status epilepticus in pediatric emergency. Indian journal of pediatrics, 2012, Volume: 79, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modalit	2012
Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury - a meta analysis. BMC neurology, 2012, May-29, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Injuries; Causality; Comorbidity; Convulsants; Female; Humans; Levetiracetam; Mal	2012
Epilepsy meets cancer: when, why, and what to do about it? The Lancet. Oncology, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Causality; Comorbidity; Drug Inter	2012
Fosphenytoin: clinical pharmacokinetics and comparative advantages in the acute treatment of seizures. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2003, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Interactions; Humans; Phenytoin; Prodrugs; Protein Binding; Seizures	2003
Therapy with hypertonic saline in combination with anti-convulsants for hyponatremia-induced seizure: a case report and review of the literature. Hawaii medical journal, 2002, Volume: 61, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans;	2002
Neonatal seizures and their treatment. Current opinion in neurology, 2003, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Lidocaine; Neuronal Plas	2003
Erythema multiforme associated with phenytoin and cranial radiation therapy: a report of three patients and review of the literature. International journal of dermatology, 2004, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Drug Eruptions; Erythema Multiforme; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ph	2004
Phenytoin and carbamazepine cross reactivity: report of a case and review of literature. Postgraduate medical journal, 2003, Volume: 79, Issue:938 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Eruptions; Drug Interactions; Humans; Male; Oral Ulcer;	2003
Management of seizures in children with falciparum malaria. Tropical doctor, 2004, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Diazepam; Emergency Treatment; Humans; Malaria, Cerebral; Malaria, Falciparu	2004
Therapeutic drug monitoring of old and newer anti-epileptic drugs. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 2004, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Chromatography, Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy;	2004
Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2004, Volume: 79, Issue:12 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Comorbidity; Confidence Intervals; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	2004
A potentially significant interaction between efavirenz and phenytoin: a case report and review of the literature. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Jul-15, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Alkynes; Anti-HIV Agents; Anticonvulsants; Benzoxazines; Cyclopropanes; Drug Interactions; HI	2005
Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and young children in Japan. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 2007, Volume: 186 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; I	2007
[Caffeine and antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data]. Przeglad lekarski, 2007, Volume: 64, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Caffeine; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactio	2007
Changes in CNS sensitivity to cannabinoids with repeated treatment: tolerance and auxoesthesia. NIDA research monograph, 1984, Volume: 54 Topics: Animals; Brain; Cannabidiol; Cannabinoids; Dronabinol; Drug Tolerance; Electroshock; Kindling, Neuro	1984
Phenytoin: cyclic nucleotide regulation in the brain. Advances in neurology, 1980, Volume: 27 Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Humans; Phenytoin; Potassium; Seizures; Tetrodotox	1980
Seizures and seizure-like states in the child: an approach to emergency management. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 1983, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Emergencies; Humans	1983
Valproic acid: interactions with phenytoin and phenobarbital. Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy, 1982, Volume: 16, Issue:10 Topics: Binding, Competitive; Drug Interactions; Half-Life; Humans; Kinetics; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Prot	1982
Seizure disorders. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 1980, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epilepsy; Mephob	1980
Propofol and seizures. Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1994, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin	1994
Fluconazole-induced symptomatic phenytoin toxicity. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1994, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Animals; Drug Interactions; Fluconazole; Humans; Male;	1994
Reassessing the lower end of the phenytoin therapeutic range: a review of the literature. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1993, Volume: 27, Issue:11 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Phenytoin; Seizures	1993
Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: etiology, outcome, and treatment. Epilepsia, 1996, Volume: 37 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Central Nervous System Disea	1996
Possible interaction involving phenytoin, dexamethasone, and antineoplastic agents: a case report and review. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1996, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Dexamethasone; Drug Interactions; Hu	1996
The role of antiseizure prophylaxis following head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation. Journal of neurotrauma, 1996, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Craniocerebral Trauma; Glasgow Coma Scale; Humans; MEDLINE; Phenytoin; Retrospectiv	1996
New drug therapy for acute seizure management. Seminars in pediatric neurology, 1997, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants; Child; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Prodrugs; Seizures; Va	1997
Do seizures beget seizures? An assessment of the clinical evidence in humans. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 1997, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Humans; Phenytoin; Seizures; Seizures, Febri	1997
Anticonvulsant therapy in small animals. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 1998, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Amines; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bromides; Clonazepam; Clorazepate Dipotassium; Cyclohexa	1998
Do antiepileptic drugs exacerbate seizures? Epilepsia, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Seizures	1998
Antiepileptic drug-induced worsening of seizures in children. Epilepsia, 1998, Volume: 39 Suppl 3 Topics: Acute Disease; Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Overdose; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reaction	1998
Medical causes of seizures. Lancet (London, England), 1998, Aug-01, Volume: 352, Issue:9125 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anticonvulsants; Antitubercular Agents; Blood Pressure; Brain Diseases; Broncho	1998
Clinical experience with fosphenytoin in adults: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. Journal of child neurology, 1998, Volume: 13 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy; Humans; I	1998
Management approaches to prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40 Suppl 1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination;	1999
Sympathetic storms in a child with a midbrain glioma: a variant of diencephalic seizures. Pediatric neurology, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Astrocytoma; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Clonidine;	1999
Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases; Brain Injuries; Carbamazepine; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic;	2001
Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Humans; Phenytoin; Randomized Controlle	2001
Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Rando	2001
Seizures in the newborn. Indian journal of pediatrics, 2001, Volume: 68, Issue:10 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neonata	2001
New-onset seizures in HIV-infected patients. A review and guide to management. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 2001, Volume: 91, Issue:12 Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anticonvulsants; Humans; Phenytoin; Seizures	2001
Animal models of drug-resistant epilepsy. Novartis Foundation symposium, 2002, Volume: 243 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anticonvulsants; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Brain;	2002
Toxicity to the nervous system of diphenylhydantoin: a review. International journal of neurology, 1978, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebellar Ataxia; Cerebellar Diseases; C	1978
Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug. Archives of neurology, 1979, Volume: 36, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Drug Interactions; Electric Stimulation; Electroencepha	1979
New concepts on the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines. Life sciences, 1975, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepines; Cerebellum; Chlordiazepoxide; Cyclic AMP; Diazepam; gamma-Aminobutyric Aci	1975
Brain monoamines in seizure mechanism (review). Folia psychiatrica et neurologica japonica, 1977, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Brain; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Catecholamines; Child; Dextroamphetamine; Dopamine; E	1977
Febrile seizures: the treatment controversy. The Journal of pediatrics, 1979, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Recurrence; Seizures; Se	1979
Febrile convulsions: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Pediatric annals, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:3 Topics: Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Infant; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Meningitis; Phenobarbital; P	1979
Pharmacological and biochemical studies in epileptic fowl. Federation proceedings, 1979, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepinones; Brain; Chickens; Disease Models, Animal; Ethosuximide;	1979
Pharmacological prophylaxis in the kindling model of epilepsy. Archives of neurology, 1977, Volume: 34, Issue:7 Topics: Amygdala; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Atropine; Aziridines; Carba	1977
Management of seizure disorders: selected aspects. Part I. The Journal of pediatrics, 1976, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography,	1976
Neonatal seizures and their treatment. Clinics in perinatology, 1975, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypoglycemia; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Dis	1975
Neurologic disorders in renal failure (first of two parts). The New England journal of medicine, 1976, Jan-15, Volume: 294, Issue:3 Topics: Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Humans; Lidoc	1976
Rational use of antiepileptic drug levels. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 1992, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Carbamazepine; Half-Life; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Seizures; Valproic Acid	1992
Prophylaxis of eclamptic seizures: current controversies. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1992, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Phenytoin;	1992
Anticonvulsants: pharmacotherapeutic issues in the critically ill patient. AACN clinical issues in critical care nursing, 1991, Volume: 2, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Brain Injuries; Carbamazepine; Central Nervous System Diseases; Ep	1991
A continuing controversy: magnesium sulfate in the treatment of eclamptic seizures. Archives of neurology, 1990, Volume: 47, Issue:9 Topics: Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Seizures	1990
[Choreoathetosis induced by diphenylhydantoin in and infant with CHARGE syndrome]. Anales espanoles de pediatria, 1990, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Athetosis; Chorea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phenytoin; Seizures; Synd	1990
Magnesium sulfate is the ideal anticonvulsant in preeclampsia-eclampsia. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1990, Volume: 162, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Drug Evaluation; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Phenytoin; Pre-Eclam	1990
Phenytoin: mechanisms of its anticonvulsant action. Annals of neurology, 1986, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Anura; Aplysia; Brain; Calcium; Crustacea; Guinea Pigs;	1986
[The treatment of convulsions in children]. Revue medicale de Liege, 1989, Apr-01, Volume: 44, Issue:7 Topics: Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Child; Humans; Hypnotics and Se	1989
A molecular approach to the calcium signal in brain: relationship to synaptic modulation and seizure discharge. Advances in neurology, 1986, Volume: 44 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Binding, Competitive; Brain; Calcium; Calmodulin; Carbama	1986
[Therapy of brain-related minor seizures]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1988, Dec-17, Volume: 118, Issue:50 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Partial;	1988
Phenytoin syndrome developing after administration of dilantin for an enflurane-induced seizure. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 1988, Volume: 46, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Drug Hypersensitivity; Enflurane; Female; Humans; Ph	1988
Intraparenchymal cerebral cysticercosis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Pediatrics, 1988, Volume: 82, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Black People; Brain Diseases; Calcinosis; Carbamazepine;	1988
[Lymphoid neoplasms after therapy with hydantoins. Study of 5 cases and review of the literature]. Revista clinica espanola, 1987, Volume: 181, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell; Ma	1987
Role of the brain-stem reticular formation in tonic-clonic seizures: lesion and pharmacological studies. Federation proceedings, 1985, Volume: 44, Issue:8 Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Brain Stem; Electroshock; Epilepsy; Phenytoin; Reticular Formation; S	1985
Febrile seizures: emergency department diagnosis and treatment. The Journal of emergency medicine, 1985, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Blood Cell Count; Blood Glucose; Child, Preschool; Counseling; Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Dr	1985
Febrile convulsions. A reappraisal. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1973, Volume: 32 Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Temperature; Brain; Brain Damage, Chronic; Child, Presc	1973
Anticonvulsants, folic acid, and epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1973, Jun-16, Volume: 1, Issue:7816 Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Ep	1973
Congenital and acquired disturbances of histidine metabolism. Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism, 1974, Volume: 3, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Animals; Biopsy; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chil	1974
[Epilepsy in children]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1974, Aug-03, Volume: 118, Issue:31 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Fever; Humans; Infant;	1974
Relation of laboratory evaluation to clinical effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzazepines; Clinical Trials	1969
Pharmacology of the brain: the hippocampus, learning and seizures. Progress in drug research. Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung. Progres des recherches pharmaceutiques, 1972, Volume: 16 Topics: Acetylcholine; Aminobutyrates; Amphetamine; Animals; Anura; Brain Chemistry; Dronabinol; Electric St	1972
A basic approach to the understanding of seizures and the mechanism of action and metabolism of anticonvulsants. Advances in pediatrics, 1973, Volume: 20, Issue:0 Topics: Acetylcholine; Aminobutyrates; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Cell Membrane Permeability; Depression, Che	1973
Cerebrospinal folate levels in epileptics and their response to folate therapy. Nutrition reviews, 1974, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Def	1974
Systemic plant poisoning in children. Pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Albumins; Alkaloids; Atropine; Atropine Derivatives; Basidiomycota; Charcoal; Child; Digitalis; Gast	1974
Individualization of anticonvulsant therapy. The Medical clinics of North America, 1974, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Int	1974
The continuing problem of purulent meningitis in infants and children. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1974, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Bicarbonates; Brain Edema; Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Digoxin; Fever; Ga	1974
Anticonvulsant drugs. II. Clinical pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 1972, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cerebellum; Drug Interact	1972
Convulsions in children. The New England journal of medicine, 1968, Feb-08, Volume: 278, Issue:6 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Ethosuximide; Humans; Infant; M	1968
Neuropharmacology of diphenylhydantoin. International journal of neuropsychiatry, 1967, Volume: 3 Topics: Animals; Brain; Cell Membrane Permeability; Epilepsy; Feedback; Humans; Learning; Neurons; Phenytoin	1967
Laboratory evaluation of antiepileptic drugs. Review of laboratory methods. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Biological Assay; Brain Injuries; Diagnosis; Electroconvulsive Therapy; El	1969
Role of pharmacological factors in the evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Age Factors; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Body Temperature; Cats; Central Nervou	1969

Article	Year
Treatment of Toxin-Related Status Epilepticus With Levetiracetam, Fosphenytoin, or Valproate in Patients Enrolled in the Established Status Epilepticus Treatment Trial. Annals of emergency medicine, 2022, Volume: 80, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Analgesics, Opioid; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Cocaine; Female; Hum	2022
Levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin as a second-line treatment after diazepam for adult convulsive status epilepticus: a multicentre non-inferiority randomised control trial. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2023, Volume: 94, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Humans; Levetiracetam; Phenytoin; Seizures; Status Epilepticus; Tr	2023
Intravenous levetiracetam vs phenytoin for status epilepticus and cluster seizures: A prospective, randomized study. Seizure, 2017, Volume: 49 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male; Phenytoin; Pira	2017
Time-Dependent Decline in Serum Phenytoin Concentration With Heightened Convulsive Seizure Risk by Prolonged Administration of Fosphenytoin in Japanese: A Retrospective Study. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2018, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Bayes Theorem; Drug Dosage Ca	2018
AntiEpileptic drug Monitoring in PREgnancy (EMPiRE): a double-blind randomised trial on effectiveness and acceptability of monitoring strategies. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2018, Volume: 22, Issue:23 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lamo	2018
Analysis of phenytoin drug concentration for evaluation of clinical response, uncontrolled seizures and toxicity. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2018, Volume: 31, Issue:4(Special) Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Seizur	2018
Association of Antiepileptic Medications with Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation with Busulfan/Cyclophosphamide Conditioning. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Allografts; Anticonvulsants; Busulfan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyclophosph	2019
A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Dose-Response Relations	2013
A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Dose-Response Relations	2013
A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Dose-Response Relations	2013
A prospective multicenter comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 2013, Volume: 74, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Dose-Response Relations	2013
Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin for treatment of neonatal seizures: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Indian pediatrics, 2013, Volume: 50, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Di	2013
Phenotypic interaction of simultaneously administered isoniazid and phenytoin in patients with tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma having seizures. European journal of pharmacology, 2013, Aug-15, Volume: 714, Issue:1-3 Topics: Acetylation; Adult; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Phenotype; Phenytoin; Seizur	2013
Fosphenytoin for seizure prevention in childhood coma in Africa: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of critical care, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Coma; Double-Blind Method; Electroencephalogra	2013
Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis during and early after craniotomy for brain tumours: a phase II prospective, randomised study. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2015, Volume: 86, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Cohort Studies; Cranio	2015
Population Pharmacokinetics of Phenytoin Based on NONMEM in Patients with Intracranial Tumor During the First Week of Post-Craniotomy. Current drug metabolism, 2016, Volume: 17, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Asian People; Craniotomy; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 C	2016
Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in the management of seizures in neonates. Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), 2016, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Iran; Levetiracetam; Ma	2016
Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy: a randomized phase II pilot study. Journal of neuro-oncology, 2009, Volume: 93, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Craniotomy; Female; Glioma; Humans	2009
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded comparative trial of intravenous levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis. Neurocritical care, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Levetiracetam; Male;	2010
Influence on Busilvex pharmacokinetics of clonazepam compared to previous phenytoin historical data. Anticancer research, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkylating Agents; Anticonvulsants; Busulfan; Clonazepam; Cyclophosphamide; Drug	2010
Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in children. Pediatric neurology, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infusions, In	2011
Tolerability, safety, and side effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen among craniotomy patients: a prospective randomized study. Epilepsia, 2013, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Craniotomy; Female; Hu	2013
Interaction profile of Zizyphus jujuba with phenytoin, phenobarbitone, and carbamazepine in maximal electroshock-induced seizures in rats. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2012, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Avoidance Learning; Brain; Carbamazepine; Chi-Square Distribution; Chromat	2012
A prospective randomized trial of perioperative seizure prophylaxis in patients with intraparenchymal brain tumors. Journal of neurosurgery, 2013, Volume: 118, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Bayes Theorem; Brain Neoplasms; Craniot	2013
Acute symptomatic seizures due to single CT lesions: how long to treat with antiepileptic drugs? Neurology India, 2002, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Pres	2002
Apparent increase in type I 5'-deiodinase activity induced by antiepileptic medication in mentally retarded subjects. Hormone research, 2002, Volume: 58, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Female; Hormones; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Iodide Per	2002
Phenytoin pharmacokinetics and clinical effects in African children following fosphenytoin and chloramphenicol coadministration. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2002, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anticonvulsants; Area Under Curve; Cefotaxime; Child, Preschool; Chlorampheni	2002
Prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with brain tumour. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2003, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged;	2003
Efficacy of albendazole and short-course dexamethasone treatment in children with 1 or 2 ring-enhancing lesions of neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of pediatrics, 2003, Volume: 143, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Brain Edem	2003
Phenytoin and phenobarbital stable isotope studies in neonates. Pediatric neurology, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbon Isotopes; Epilepsy; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Infant; In	2003
A comparison of phenytoin-loading techniques in the emergency department. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2004, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Area Under Curve; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Em	2004
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of phenytoin for the prevention of early posttraumatic seizures in children with moderate to severe blunt head injury. Annals of emergency medicine, 2004, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Bayes Theorem; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool;	2004
Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and phenytoin results in two-way drug interaction through cytochrome P-450 induction. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2004, Aug-15, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Drug Interactions; Female; HIV Infections; H	2004
Levetiracetam for seizures after liver transplantation. Neurology, 2005, Mar-22, Volume: 64, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions	2005
Intravenous valproate as an innovative therapy in seizure emergency situations including status epilepticus--experience in 102 adult patients. Seizure, 2005, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Female; Humans; Inject	2005
Safety and efficacy of clobazam versus phenytoin-sodium in the antiepileptic drug treatment of solitary cysticercus granulomas. Neurology India, 2006, Volume: 54, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child, Preschool; Clobazam; Double-Blind	2006
Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2008, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child, Prescho	2008
Effect of phenytoin on celecoxib pharmacokinetics in patients with glioblastoma. Neuro-oncology, 2008, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Antineoplastic Agents; Area Under Curve; Brain Neoplasms;	2008
Historical perspective on the choice of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of seizures in adults. Neurology, 1983, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; History, 20th Century; Hu	1983
Emergency phenytoin loading by constant intravenous infusion. Annals of emergency medicine, 1984, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parent	1984
A double-blind study comparing carbamazepine with phenytoin as initial seizure therapy in adults. Neurology, 1983, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Tonic-Cl	1983
Interference of oral phenytoin absorption by continuous nasogastric feedings. Neurology, 1982, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Phenytoin; Seizures	1982
Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures. Journal of neurosurgery, 1983, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Brain Injuries; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Placebos; Random Allocation; S	1983
Failure of prophylactically administered phenytoin to prevent late posttraumatic seizures. Journal of neurosurgery, 1983, Volume: 58, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Injuries; Child; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Mal	1983
Does magnesium sulfate affect the length of labor induction in women with pregnancy-associated hypertension? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1995, Volume: 173, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cesarean Section; Chi-Square Distribution; Chronic Disease; Fema	1995
The feasibility of a control population for a randomized control trial of seizure prophylaxis in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1995, Volume: 173, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antihypertensive Agents; Diazepam; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Magnesium S	1995
Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet (London, England), 1995, Jun-10, Volume: 345, Issue:8963 Topics: Adult; Diazepam; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Magnesium Sulfate; Phenytoin; Pregnancy	1995
Neonatal phenobarbital and phenytoin binding profiles. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 1994, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Prot	1994
Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients recovering from brain trauma: a comparative study. Archives of neurology, 1994, Volume: 51, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Attention; Brain Injuries; Carbamazepine; Cognition; Double-Blind Method; Emotions; Female; H	1994
The lack of efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of recurrent alcohol-related seizures. Annals of emergency medicine, 1994, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Chi-Square Distribution; Double-Blind Method; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Male; Phen	1994
Peri-operative prophylaxis with phenytoin: dosage and therapeutic plasma levels. Acta neurochirurgica, 1996, Volume: 138, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Cefazolin; Dexamethasone; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination	1996
Revised Winter-Tozer equation for normalized phenytoin concentrations in trauma and elderly patients with hypoalbuminemia. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1997, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Craniocerebral Trauma; Evaluation Studi	1997
Efficacy of phenytoin in eclampsia. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1997, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Eclampsia; Female; Humans; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Seizures; Treat	1997
Use of antiepileptic drugs in nontraumatic neurosurgical procedures. Is there any best route and time of administration? Clinical neuropharmacology, 1997, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aneurysm; Anticonvulsants; Arteriovenous Malformations; Brain Neo	1997
Comparison of phenytoin serum concentrations in premature neonates following intravenous and oral administration. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1998, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Anticonvulsants; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Infant; Infant, Prematur	1998
Clinical experience with fosphenytoin in children. Journal of child neurology, 1998, Volume: 13 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infus	1998
Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. Brain : a journal of neurology, 1999, Volume: 122 ( Pt 3) Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Combinations; Epilepsy; Female; Human	1999
Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interactions between tiagabine and carbamazepine or phenytoin. American journal of therapeutics, 1998, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dizziness; Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Dr	1998
A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. Journal of the neurological sciences, 1999, May-01, Volume: 165, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Case-Control Studies; Child; Craniocerebral Trauma; Developmenta	1999
Phenobarbital compared with phenytoin for the treatment of neonatal seizures. The New England journal of medicine, 1999, Aug-12, Volume: 341, Issue:7 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phenobarbital; Ph	1999
Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. Journal of neurosurgery, 1999, Volume: 91, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Double-Blind Method; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Incidence; Phen	1999
Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial. Journal of neurosurgery, 1999, Volume: 91, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Brain Injuries; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver	1999
Efficacy of magnesium sulphate and phenytoin in the management of eclampsia. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 1999, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Birth Weight; Blood Pressure; Eclampsia; Female; Gestational Age; Hospitaliz	1999
Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between grapefruit juice and phenytoin in healthy male volunteers and epileptic patients. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Fruit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Se	1999
Single small enhancing CT lesion in Thai patients with acute symptomatic seizures: a clinico-radiological study. Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2000, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Seiz	2000
Subclinical seizure activity and prophylactic phenytoin infusion in acute liver failure: a controlled clinical trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2000, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infusi	2000
Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: a randomized controlled study. Epilepsia, 2002, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Craniotomy; Female; H	2002
Test performance characteristics of the serum phenytoin concentration (SPC): the relationship between SPC and patient response. The Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1991, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Double-Blind Method; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Monitoring, Physiol	1991
Magnesium sulfate versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in pregnancy-induced hypertension. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1991, Volume: 165, Issue:4 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Magnesium Sulfate; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complication	1991
Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures. JAMA, 1991, Mar-13, Volume: 265, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Behavior; Cognition; Craniocerebral Trauma; Double-Blind Method; Female; Follow-Up Studies; H	1991
Phenytoin administration by constant intravenous infusion: selective rates of administration. Annals of emergency medicine, 1991, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; H	1991
Emergency department treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin. Annals of emergency medicine, 1991, Volume: 20, Issue:5 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Emergencies; Ethanol; Humans; Phenytoin; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Seizu	1991
Prophylactic anticonvulsants for prevention of immediate and early postcraniotomy seizures. Surgical neurology, 1989, Volume: 31, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Craniotomy; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Phenytoin; Postoperative Complicat	1989
The impact of a therapeutic drug monitoring program for phenytoin. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1989, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: Costs and Cost Analysis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Phenytoin; Prospective Studies; Random	1989
A controlled study of progabide in partial seizures: methodology and results. Neurology, 1987, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans;	1987
Effect of progabide on serum phenytoin and carbamazepine concentrations. Clinical neuropharmacology, 1987, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Convulsants; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric	1987
[Preventive treatment of convulsions in perinatal asphyxia]. Anales espanoles de pediatria, 1987, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phenobarbital; Phen	1987
Single-dose oral phenytoin loading. Annals of emergency medicine, 1987, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Capsules; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy; Female; Humans;	1987
Impairment of intestinal deconjugation of dietary folate. A possible explanation of megaloblastic anaemia associated with phenytoin therapy. Lancet (London, England), 1968, Sep-07, Volume: 2, Issue:7567 Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Biological Assay; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gastrointestinal Hormones;	1968
Relation of laboratory evaluation to clinical effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzazepines; Clinical Trials	1969
Painful tonic seizure in multiple sclerosis. Archives of neurology, 1974, Volume: 30, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Animals; Brain Stem; Carbamazepine; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Clinical Trials as Topic; De	1974
Cerebrospinal folate levels in epileptics and their response to folate therapy. Nutrition reviews, 1974, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Def	1974
Diphenylhydantoin control of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Results of a controlled study. JAMA, 1974, Dec-04, Volume: 230, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alcoholism; Chlordiazepoxide; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Elect	1974
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndromes. The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics, 1971, Mar-05, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Chloral Hydrate; Chlordiazepoxide; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diazepam; Drug Synergism; Ethanol; Huma	1971
Evaluation of folic acid supplements in children taking phenytoin. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1971, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epile	1971
Oxazepam in the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Neurology, 1968, Volume: 18, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy, Temporal	1968

phenytoin and Seizures