phenytoin and Aura studies

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"We sought to determine the effect of changing phenytoin therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with epilepsy."	9.17	Effect of switching hepatic enzyme-inducer antiepileptic drug to levetiracetam on bone mineral density, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in young adult patients with epilepsy. ( Geater, A; Leelawattana, R; Limapichat, K; Phabphal, K; Sathirapanya, P; Setthawatcharawanich, S, 2013)
"To evaluate the safety and tolerability of treatment with levetiracetam and determine the trough levels of levetiracetam in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are at high risk for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE)."	9.16	Results of phase 2 safety and feasibility study of treatment with levetiracetam for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy. ( Atabaki, SM; He, J; Herr, D; Klein, P; Levine, Z; McCarter, R; Natale, J; Nogay, C; Pearl, PL; Sandoval, F; Soldin, SJ; Trzcinski, S; Tsuchida, T; van den Anker, J, 2012)
"To evaluate topiramate (TPM) and phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy following rapid oral initiation in new-onset epilepsy."	9.14	Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ( Faught, E; Hulihan, J; Krumholz, A; Mao, L; Naritoku, D; Privitera, M; Ramsay, E; Schwarzman, L; Wiegand, F, 2010)
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment with valproic acid (VPA) in patients with status epilepticus (SE) or acute repetitive seizures (ARS) comparing it with phenytoin (PHT) treatment."	9.13	Treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures with i.v. valproic acid vs phenytoin. ( Dabby, R; Gilad, R; Izkovitz, N; Lampl, Y; Rapoport, A; Sadeh, M; Weller, B, 2008)
"To evaluate the response to albendazole treatment in patients who had SSECTL and new onset seizures treated with antiepileptic drugs (AED) in a prospective clinical trial."	9.13	Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. ( Chattopadhyay, A; Khandelwal, N; Sawhney, IM; Thussu, A, 2008)
" This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive review regarding the possible risks of four classical (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproate) and two newer (lamotrigine and levetiracetam) AEDs during pregnancy."	9.12	Use of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam Lamotrigine and Valproate in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Risk of Major Malformations, Dose-dependency, Monotherapy vs Polytherapy, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications. ( Demir, O; Kaplan, YC, 2021)
"The role of folic acid (5mg/day) in combination with oral hygiene measures (group II) vis-a-vis oral hygiene measures alone (group I) in prevention of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth was investigated in a one-year follow-up study on sixty, 8-13-year-old epileptic children receiving phenytoin."	9.11	Folic acid and phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth--is there a preventive effect. ( Chawla, HS; Gauba, K; Goyal, A; Prasad, VN; Singhi, P, 2004)
"This study was designed to measure the effect of the addition of zonisamide on phenytoin pharmacokinetics under steady-state conditions in patients with epilepsy."	9.11	Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy. ( Garnett, WR; Levy, RH; Pan, WJ; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Schmerler, M; Shah, J, 2004)
"Remacemide hydrochloride is a low-affinity, non-competitive NMDA receptor channel blocker under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy."	9.10	Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 800 mg/day) in a B.I.D. regimen. ( Blume, WT; Guberman, A; Holdich, TA; Jones, MW; Lee, MA; Pillay, N; Veloso, F; Weaver, DF, 2002)
"Remacemide hydrochloride is a low-affinity, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor channel blocker, under investigation in epilepsy."	9.10	Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 1200 mg/day) in a Q.I.D. regimen. ( Betts, TA; Boddie, HG; Chadwick, DW; Crawford, PM; Holdich, TA; Lindstrom, P; Newman, PK; Soryal, I; Wroe, S, 2002)
"The authors assessed the effect of concomitant antiepileptic therapy on steady-state plasma concentrations of the new antiepileptic drug (AED) topiramate and the potential relation between topiramate plasma levels and side effects in a cohort of 116 patients with epilepsy."	9.10	Topiramate therapeutic monitoring in patients with epilepsy: effect of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Albani, F; Avoni, P; Baruzzi, A; Contin, M; Riva, R, 2002)
"To assess the extent to which adults with epilepsy were optimized and individualized on phenytoin monotherapy in the Western Cape, South Africa and to estimate the average optimized dose and serum phenytoin concentration, and the therapeutic range for this patient group."	9.09	Optimization of phenytoin therapy in adults with epilepsy in the Western Cape, South Africa. ( Folb, PI; Kies, BM; Seymour, MA; Valodia, PN, 1999)
"Changes in body weight were evaluated in 349 patients from a study comparing efficacy of add-on therapy with tiagabine (TGB), carbamazepine (CBZ) or phenytoin (PHT)."	9.09	Total percentage body weight changes during add-on therapy with tiagabine, carbamazepine and phenytoin. ( Bertrand, ME; Deaton, RL; Hogan, RE; Sommerville, KW, 2000)
"This prospective observational study explored the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate (TPM) in patients with refractory epilepsy attending a single outpatient clinic."	9.09	Topiramate in refractory epilepsy: a prospective observational study. ( Brodie, MJ; Sills, GJ; Stephen, LJ, 2000)
"The effects of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins were determined in adult patients with epilepsy."	9.09	Effect of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in monotherapy adult patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 2000)
"Fifty-four out-patients with epilepsy who had been taking phenytoin for more than one year were examined for gingival hyperplasia."	9.08	Phenytoin as a risk factor in gingival hyperplasia. ( Kolínová, M; Patzelová, V; Perlík, F; Zvárová, J, 1995)
"Our objective was to evaluate the patterns of malformations in children exposed in utero to phenytoin (DPH) and carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy, and to compare them prospectively with matched mother-child pairs exposed to nonteratogens, and to separate the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) from those of epilepsy by collecting groups of untreated epileptics and those treated with DPH and CBZ for conditions other than epilepsy."	9.08	Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. ( Chitayat, D; Farkas, LD; Koren, G; Nulman, I; Scolnik, D, 1997)
"To examine the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin among 44 Japanese patients with epilepsy."	9.08	Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Inui, K; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Uwai, Y, 1997)
"To compare the effectiveness of monotherapy clobazam (CLB) to carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) in children with epilepsy."	9.08	Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. ( , 1998)
"We measured the levels of estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) in 24 male patients with epilepsy receiving phenytoin (DPH), 21 male patients with epilepsy receiving cabamazepine (CBZ), 23 male epileptics receiving no treatment, and in 10 healthy age-matched male controls."	9.07	[Effects of phenytoin and cabamazepine on sex hormones in male patients with epilepsy: a controlled study]. ( Ma, S; Zhou, S, 1994)
"Sixty-four new cases of childhood epilepsy were randomly assigned to either carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate, and were assessed with behavioural measures before medication and after one and six months of treatment."	9.07	Psychiatric aspects of epilepsy in childhood treated with carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate: a random trial. ( Berg, I; Butler, A; Ellis, M; Foster, J, 1993)
"Twenty severely retarded institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia were divided into two groups and received a daily 3 mg capsule of either folic acid or lactose for 16 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, parallel study."	9.07	The administration of folic acid to institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. ( Beaver, WT; Bottomley, WK; Brown, RS; Di Stanislao, PT, 1991)
"Sixty-four new cases of childhood epilepsy were randomly assigned to either carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate, and were assessed with cognitive tests before medication and three subsequent times over a year."	9.07	Cognitive impairment in new cases of epilepsy randomly assigned to carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate. ( Berg, I; Butler, R; Forsythe, I; McGuire, R, 1991)
"Progabide, an experimental GABA-ergic antiepileptic drug, was given in a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial to 19 adult patients with chronic partial epilepsy refractory to previous high-dose antiepileptic drug therapy."	9.06	Progabide for refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled add-on trial. ( Schmidt, D; Utech, K, 1986)
"In a double-blind trial of phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative epilepsy in craniotomy patients, epilepsy was observed in 7."	9.05	Postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind trial of phenytoin after craniotomy. ( Challen, RG; Frewin, DB; Hanieh, A; Hann, CS; North, JB; Penhall, RK, 1980)
"A double-blind trial of phenytoin therapy following craniotomy was performed to test the hypothesis that phenytoin is effective in reducing postoperative epilepsy."	9.05	Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy. A double-blind study. ( Frewin, DB; Hanieh, A; North, JB; Penhall, RK; Taylor, WB, 1983)
"A double-blind cross-over trial between pheneturide and phenytoin in ninety-four outpatients with epilepsy is described."	9.05	A comparison of phenytoin and pheneturide in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind cross-over trial. ( Engler, C; English, JR; Fry, DE; Gawel, MJ; Gibberd, FB; Page, NG; Park, DM; Rose, FC; Scott, G, 1982)
"Despite the widespread use of phenytoin in the treatment of epilepsy, few studies have examined its effects on cognitive functioning."	9.05	Phenytoin and cognitive function: effects on normal volunteers and implications for epilepsy. ( Huppert, FA; Thompson, P; Trimble, M, 1981)
"To determine the influence of phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy on the serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate and vitamin B12 in patients with epilepsy."	9.01	Effects of phenytoin on serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA-compliant article). ( Chen, S; Xia, Z; Xu, H; Xu, S; Xu, Y; Zhang, N, 2019)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure with carbamazepine compared with phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures (simple or complex focal and secondarily generalised), or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	9.01	Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C, 2019)
"Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are fatal adverse cutaneous drug reactions which may be induced by phenytoin (PHT) or lamotrigine (LTG)."	8.91	HLA-B*1502 increases the risk of phenytoin or lamotrigine induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: evidence from a meta-analysis of nine case-control studies. ( Huo, J; Li, X; Mei, S; Wang, J; Yu, K; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2015)
"Small sample size, poor methodological quality and lack of data on important outcome measures prevent any meaningful conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of sulthiame as monotherapy in epilepsy."	8.90	Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy. ( Marson, AG; Milburn-McNulty, P; Powell, G; Sills, GJ, 2014)
"To review the best evidence comparing oxcarbazepine and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in patients with epilepsy."	8.83	Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy. ( Marson, AG; Muller, M; Williamson, PR, 2006)
"Side effects of certain drugs such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and phenytoin may induce gingival overgrowth which in some instances become unacceptable to the patient because esthetic, functional, and other effects."	8.80	Reduction of severe gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient by replacing cyclosporin A with tacrolimus. ( Arriba, L; de Andrés, A; Hernández, G; Lucas, M, 2000)
" In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i."	8.02	Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)
"There was higher frequency of breakthrough seizures during immediate-release phenytoin capsule usage than during extended-release phenytoin capsule usage by epilepsy patients."	7.96	Budget Impact Analysis of Extended-Release Phenytoin Capsules Compared With Immediate-Release Phenytoin Capsules for Patients With Epilepsy in Thailand. ( Suthipinijtham, P; Tiamkao, S, 2020)
"To examine the influence of obesity and sex on phenytoin LDs."	7.91	Evaluation of Intravenous Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin Loading Doses: Influence of Obesity and Sex. ( Alaniz, C; Burghardt, D; DasGupta, R, 2019)
"Cerebellar ataxia is present in 40% of patients with epilepsy and chronic exposure to phenytoin."	7.88	Phenytoin-related ataxia in patients with epilepsy: clinical and radiological characteristics. ( Aeschlimann, DP; Aeschlimann, PC; Dennis, GJ; Grünewald, RA; Hadjivassiliou, M; Hoggard, N; Howell, SJ; Reuber, M; Shanmugarajah, PD, 2018)
"The goal of our study was to investigate the incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), the frequency of SJS diagnosis, and the association between SJS and prior use of allopurinol, carbamazepine or phenytoin."	7.88	Incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome following combination drug use of allopurinol, carbamazepine and phenytoin in Taiwan: A case-control study. ( Cheng, CY; Cheng, FJ; Chuang, PC; Huang, YS; Pan, HY; Syu, FK, 2018)
" Phenytoin induced dystonia."	7.88	Phenytoin induced dystonia. ( Acar, T; Alkan, G; Çaksen, H; Cander, B; Ergin, M; Ertekin, B; Koçak, S, 2018)
"Phenytoin (PHE) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are first rank causative drugs that can induce drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN)."	7.88	Evaluation of a lymphocyte transformation test and cytokine detection assay to identify phenytoin and carbamazepine provoked DRESS or SJS/TEN in epilepsy patients. ( Kumkamthornkul, P; Srinoulprasert, Y; Tansit, T; Tuchinda, P; Udnaen, S, 2018)
" He had been administered phenytoin and gabapentin for the treatment of symptomatic traumatic epilepsy 8 years before."	7.88	Hypothyroidism induced by phenytoin and gabapentin: A Case Report. ( Ishii, K; Miyake, Z; Tamaoka, A, 2018)
"We selected and screened for mutations a group of 24 epileptic patients who experienced significant gingival overgrowth following phenytoin therapy."	7.85	Lack of pathogenic mutations in SOS1 gene in phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth patients. ( Consoli, F; De Luca, A; Di Bonaventura, C; Giallonardo, AT; Guida, V; Margiotti, K; Pascolini, G; Pizzuti, A, 2017)
"Recent adverse event reports have raised the question of increased angioedema risk associated with exposure to levetiracetam."	7.85	Risk of angioedema associated with levetiracetam compared with phenytoin: Findings of the observational health data sciences and informatics research network. ( Banda, JM; Duke, JD; Hripcsak, G; Jin, P; Khoma, Y; Reich, C; Ryan, PB; Schuemie, MJ; Schwalm, MS; Shah, NH; Suchard, MA; Wu, Y; Xu, H, 2017)
"The PPK model, using the power scaling of body weight, effectively elucidated the topiramate serum concentration profile ranging from pediatric to adult patients."	7.85	Population Pharmacokinetics of Topiramate in Japanese Pediatric and Adult Patients With Epilepsy Using Routinely Monitored Data. ( Ikeda, A; Ito, S; Matsubara, K; Sugimoto, M; Takeuchi, M; Yamamoto, S; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2017)
"We aimed to explore the possible influence of CYP2C9 (2, 3 and IVS8-109 A>T), CYP2C19 (2, 3 and 17) and ABCB1 (1236C>T, 2677G>A/T and 3435C>T) on phenytoin* (PHT) plasma concentrations in 64 Mexican Mestizo (MM) patients with epilepsy currently treated with PHT in mono- (n=25) and polytherapy (n=39)."	7.83	CYP2C9, CYP2C19, ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms and phenytoin plasma concentrations in Mexican-Mestizo patients with epilepsy. ( Dorado, P; Familiar-López, I; Fricke-Galindo, I; Jung-Cook, H; LLerena, A; López-López, M; Martínez-Juárez, IE; Monroy-Jaramillo, N; Ortega-Vázquez, A; Peñas-Lledó, E, 2016)
"To identify the factors influencing topiramate pharmacokinetics (PK) in a large population of adult patients with epilepsy using population PK analysis."	7.83	Factors influencing topiramate clearance in adult patients with epilepsy: A population pharmacokinetic analysis. ( Bae, EK; Jang, IJ; Kim, TJ; Lee, J; Lee, KJ; Lee, SK; Moon, J; Shin, D; Shin, JW; Shin, YW, 2016)
"Although it has been reported that some antiepileptic drugs have inducing or inhibiting effects on lamotrigine (LTG) clearance, whether they have the same effects in Asian epilepsy patients as in those in other countries has not been clarified, especially in children."	7.83	The effects of co-medications on lamotrigine clearance in Japanese children with epilepsy. ( Abe, S; Azuma, Y; Ishihara, N; Ito, Y; Itomi, K; Kidokoro, H; Kojima, S; Kurahashi, H; Kurahashi, N; Maruyama, K; Natsume, J; Negoro, T; Okumura, A; Suzuki, M; Takeuchi, T; Tsuji, T; Watanabe, K; Yamada, K; Yamamoto, H, 2016)
"Lamotrigine (LTG) is a widely used antiepileptic-drug (AED) for the treatment of epilepsy."	7.81	Effect of comedication on lamotrigine clearance in Korean epilepsy patients. ( Hong, SB; Joo, EY; Kim, HJ; Kim, TE; Lee, SY; Seo, DW, 2015)
"To examine the effects of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) genetic polymorphisms on carbamazepine (CBZ) plasma concentrations in Chinese patients with epilepsy using CBZ as monotherapy and bitherapy with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), or valproic acid (VPA)."	7.81	Effects of CYP3A4/5 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms on carbamazepine metabolism and transport in Chinese patients with epilepsy treated with carbamazepine in monotherapy and bitherapy. ( Liu, DQ; Ma, HY; Sheng, YH; Wang, C; Wang, P; Yin, T; Zhou, BT, 2015)
"Valproic acid (VPA), which is widely used to treat epilepsy, migraine, and bipolar disorder, can causes severe hyperammonemia."	7.81	Influence of glutamine synthetase gene polymorphisms on the development of hyperammonemia during valproic acid-based therapy. ( Hirai, K; Imai, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, Y; Itoh, K; Suzuki, E; Takahashi, T; Takahashi, Y; Tsuji, D; Yamamoto, Y, 2015)
"A 12-year-old patient with refractory epilepsy syndrome presented with phenytoin toxicity, following a concomitant treatment with phenytoin, valproic acid, and lamotrigine."	7.80	Drug interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid in a child with refractory epilepsy: a case report. ( Carnevale, RC; Carvalho, IV; de Fátima Lopes Ambrósio, R; de Queiroz, RA; dos Reis, MC; Mazzola, PG; Moriel, P; Visacri, MB, 2014)
"Lacosamide (LCM), a new antiepileptic drug (AED) approved as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with partial-onset seizures, has limited pharmacokinetic and drug interaction data."	7.80	Lacosamide serum concentrations in adult patients with epilepsy: the influence of gender, age, dose, and concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Duncan, JS; Markoula, S; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sander, JW; Teotonio, R, 2014)
"Valproic acid, which is widely used to treat various types of epilepsy, may cause severe hyperammonemia."	7.80	4217C>A polymorphism in carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 gene may not associate with hyperammonemia development during valproic acid-based therapy. ( Hayashi, H; Imai, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, Y; Itoh, K; Miyakawa, K; Suzuki, E; Takahashi, T; Takahashi, Y; Tsuji, D; Yamamoto, Y; Yazawa, R, 2014)
" Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled and spontaneous model of epilepsy (EL) mice were used as models of chemically induced and spontaneous epilepsy, respectively."	7.80	Pharmacoproteomics-based reconstruction of in vivo P-glycoprotein function at blood-brain barrier and brain distribution of substrate verapamil in pentylenetetrazole-kindled epilepsy, spontaneous epilepsy, and phenytoin treatment models. ( Ohtsuki, S; Terasaki, T; Uchida, Y, 2014)
"To facilitate therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by healthcare professionals for patients with epilepsy (PWE), we applied a GC-MS assay to measure three AEDs: carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT) and valproic acid (VPA) levels concurrently in one dried blood spot (DBS), and validated the DBS-measured levels to their plasma levels."	7.80	Clinical validation and implications of dried blood spot sampling of carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. ( Ho, PC; Kong, ST; Kumar, PK; Lee, WB; Lim, SH; Ng, YL; Wang, HY; Wong, PS, 2014)
" Adults with a history of epilepsy who used a generic phenytoin and whose therapy was switched to another generic phenytoin between January 2012 and June 2013 were included (n = 80)."	7.80	Switching between phenytoin generics in patients with epilepsy may lead to increased risk of breakthrough seizure: chart analysis and practice recommendations. ( Chu, K; Jung, KH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Moon, J; Shin, JW, 2014)
"Cognitive impairment implicates many factors beyond phenytoin monotherapy in patients with epilepsy."	7.79	Association of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele with cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy and interaction with phenytoin monotherapy. ( Ganesvaran, RA; Narmadha, MP; Palanisamy, A; Rajendran, NN, 2013)
"We recruited ambulatory young adults with epilepsy who were taking phenytoin."	7.79	The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin. ( Geater, A; Leelawattana, R; Limapichart, K; Phabphal, K; Sathirapanya, P; Setthawatcharawanich, S; Thammakumpee, N; Witeerungrot, N, 2013)
"Phenytoin is known to be able to induce cerebellar atrophy in patients with epilepsy."	7.79	The role of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in phenytoin-related cerebellar atrophy. ( Borgio, JG; De Paola, L; Scola, RH; Silvado, C; Twardowschy, CA; Werneck, LC, 2013)
" The distribution of variant CYP2C9 alleles and prevalence of phenytoin adverse reactions were hereby investigated in a population of patients diagnosed with epilepsy."	7.77	CYP2C9 polymorphism in patients with epilepsy: genotypic frequency analyzes and phenytoin adverse reactions correlation. ( De Paola, L; Scola, RH; Silvado, CE; Twardowschy, CA; Werneck, LC, 2011)
" She was receiving phenytoin for epilepsy for 2 years."	7.76	Phenytoin induced vitamin D deficiency presenting as proximal muscle weakness. ( Aggarwal, A; Faridi, MM, 2010)
"Phenytoin, one of the most common antiepileptic drugs, is a major cause of antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), which is a rare but potentially fatal complication."	7.75	Agranulocytosis following phenytoin-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. ( Imai, K; Ito, S; Oguni, H; Osawa, M; Sasaki, K; Shioda, M, 2009)
"To determine the utility and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV) compared to phenytoin (PHT) in preventing clinical seizures in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)."	7.75	Utility of levetiracetam in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Husain, AM; Shah, D, 2009)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is widely used to treat epilepsy in elderly patients, but information on its pharmacokinetics in this population is limited."	7.74	Phenytoin half-life and clearance during maintenance therapy in adults and elderly patients with epilepsy. ( Ahn, JE; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Cloyd, JC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Musib, LC; Ramsay, RE; Rarick, JO; White, JR, 2008)
"Previous studies found a strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) in Han Chinese, but not in Caucasian populations."	7.74	Carbamazepine and phenytoin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome is associated with HLA-B*1502 allele in Thai population. ( Desudchit, T; Hirankarn, N; Kangwanshiratada, O; Korkij, W; Limotai, C; Locharernkul, C; Loplumlert, J; Shotelersuk, V; Suphapeetiporn, K; Tongkobpetch, S, 2008)
"Ecto-nucleotidases, one of the main mechanisms involved in the control of adenosine levels in the synaptic cleft, have shown increased activities after the pilocarpine model of epilepsy."	7.74	Antiepileptic drugs prevent changes induced by pilocarpine model of epilepsy in brain ecto-nucleotidases. ( Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Bruno, AN; Cognato, Gde P; da Silva, RS; Sarkis, JJ, 2007)
"To compare the temporal pattern of seizures after acute withdrawal of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU)."	7.74	Temporal pattern of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin withdrawal seizures during epilepsy monitoring. ( Abou-Khalil, BW; Azar, NJ; Song, Y; Wang, L, 2008)
"This is the first report demonstrating an association between the SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine-resistant epilepsy."	7.74	Association between SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine-resistant epilepsy. ( Abe, T; Hori, M; Ishitsu, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakagawa, T; Seo, T, 2008)
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the afferent fiber system to the cerebellum in patients with phenytoin (PHT)-induced cerebellar atrophy in comparison with cerebellar atrophy of other etiologies by using DT-MRI."	7.72	Diffusion tensor MRI and fiber tractography of cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin users. ( Chu, M; Heo, K; Kim, DI; Kim, DJ; Kim, SY; Lee, BI; Lee, SK; Mori, S, 2003)
"Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth is a well-known and frequently reported gingival lesion, which was first detected in 1939."	7.72	Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in un-cooperated epilepsy patients. ( Cakmak, H; Gursoy, UK; Marakoglu, I; Marakoglu, K, 2004)
"The effects of phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB) on EEG activity and behavior was studied in the model of epilepsy induced by intracerebroventricular (i."	7.72	The effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on seizures induced by imipenem/cilastatin in rats. ( Stanojlovic, O; Stojanovic, J; Susic, V; Zivanovic, D, 2004)
"To search for the optimal dosage of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy based on the metabolic activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms, a total of 169 patients receiving phenytoin treatment for more than 1 month were recruited."	7.72	Dosage recommendation of phenytoin for patients with epilepsy with different CYP2C9/CYP2C19 polymorphisms. ( Chang, CJ; Chen, CC; Hung, CC; Lin, CJ; Liou, HH, 2004)
" The boy was exposed to phenytoin, in combination with carbamazepine, during pregnancy."	7.71	Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) with features of the tibia-metacarpal type and maternal phenytoin treatment during pregnancy. ( Annerén, G; Brandberg, G; Larsson, M; Lönnerholm, T; Wester, U, 2002)
"We report the case of a 24-y-old woman who presented with repeated episodes of otitis due to panhypogammaglobulinemia and low levels of mature CD19 + B cells (84 cells/microl) associated with phenytoin treatment."	7.71	Reversible panhypogammaglobulinemia associated with phenytoin treatment. ( Pereira, LF; Sanchez, JF, 2002)
"To determine the effects of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in paediatric patients with epilepsy."	7.71	Effect of temperature on serum protein binding characteristics of phenytoin in monotherapy paediatric patients with epilepsy. ( Itokazu, N; Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Sugimoto, T, 2001)
"To elucidate the involvement of bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) in the pathogenesis of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth, we measured the concentration of bFGF in the serum of 36 epileptic patients taking phenytoin and in 94 normal volunteers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique."	7.70	Increased bFGF level in the serum of patients with phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. ( Maita, E; Sasaki, T, 1998)
"The last premortem serum concentrations of phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ) and its CBZ-10,11-epoxide metabolite (CE) were compared with the corresponding postmortem serum concentrations in 16 adult patients of an epilepsy centre."	7.70	Comparison between premortem and postmortem serum concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite in institutionalized patients with epilepsy. ( Jürgens, U; May, T; Rambeck, B; Schnabel, R, 1999)
"A 30-year-old man was given high doses of phenytoin together with 4 antituberculous drugs for a seizure associated with a probable brain tuberculoma."	7.70	[Residual cerebellar ataxia following acute phenytoin intoxication]. ( al Beladi, K; al Jumah, M; Amene, P; Awada, A, 1999)
"The effects of temperature on the binding kinetics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins were determined in patients with epilepsy."	7.70	Temperature effect on serum protein binding kinetics of phenytoin in monotherapy patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 1999)
"The potential effect of co-medication with phenobarbitone, primidone and carbamazepine on plasma and saliva concentrations of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (4-HPPH), the major metabolite of phenytoin in man and on the incidence of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth was investigated in a group of 36 adult epileptic patients."	7.70	The effect of multiple anticonvulsant therapy on the expression of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. ( Ball, DE; Kamali, F; McLaughlin, WS; Seymour, RA, 1999)
"The chronic treatment with phenytoin or the acute intoxication by this drug may cause permanent cerebellar injury with atrophy of cerebellum vermis and hemispheres, which can be detected by neuroimaging studies."	7.70	[Dose-dependent relationship of chronic use of phenytoin and cerebellar atrophy in patients with epilepsy]. ( Cendes, F; Dantas, CD; Del Negro, A; Montenegro, MA; Zanardi, V, 2000)
"The aim of the present study was to determine the gender-related binding characteristics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins in adult patients with epilepsy."	7.70	No gender effect on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in monotherapy for adult patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 2000)
"We evaluated the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on serum androgen levels and sexual function prospectively for 5 years in 11 men with epilepsy and in 25 patients receiving either CBZ (14 patients) or phenytoin (PHT) (11) monotherapy for > 5 years."	7.69	Carbamazepine, phenytoin, sex hormones, and sexual function in men with epilepsy. ( Isojärvi, JI; Lukkarinen, O; Myllylä, VV; Pakarinen, AJ; Repo, M, 1995)
"Urinary excretions of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, carbamazepine-10,11-trans-diol, 9-hydroxyacridan and 2- and 3-hydroxycarbamazepine were measured at various stages of pregnancy, and in the post-natal period, in ten epileptic women, six of whom took no other enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant and four of whom took such co-medication."	7.69	Metabolism of carbamazepine and co-administered anticonvulsants during pregnancy. ( Bernus, I; Dickinson, RG; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD, 1995)
"Cerebellar atrophy has been noted in patients with phenytoin exposure."	7.69	Cerebellar atrophy in patients with long-term phenytoin exposure and epilepsy. ( Barr, WB; Lantos, G; Ney, GC; Schaul, N, 1994)
"Phenytoin serum concentrations were evaluated in 88 epileptic women at different stages of pregnancy and 40 women during postnatal periods."	7.69	Phenytoin serum concentration monitoring during pregnancy and puerperium in Mexican epileptic women. ( Amancio-Chassin, O; Belmont-Gómez, A; Estrada-Altamirano, A; Hernández-Serrano, M; Herrerías-Cunedo, T; Rodríguez-Palomares, C, 1995)
"Topiramate, a structurally novel anticonvulsant, and phenytoin were evaluated in a rat model of ischemia-induced epilepsy."	7.69	Anticonvulsant activity of topiramate and phenytoin in a rat model of ischemia-induced epilepsy. ( Edmonds, HL; Jiang, YD; Shank, RP; Zhang, PY, 1996)
"The interaction between clearance of phenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, and changes in body weight was determined in a 19-year-old obese woman with epilepsy (body weight 93 kg, BMI 36."	7.69	Clearance of phenytoin and valproic acid is affected by a small body weight reduction in an epileptic obese patient: a case study. ( Ashikari, Y; Chiba, S; Kodama, Y; Kuranari, M; Sakata, T; Takeyama, M, 1996)
"We examined the effect of CYP2C9/19 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in 17 Japanese patients with epilepsy."	7.69	Effect of CYP2C polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Iui, K; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Takano, M, 1996)
"Twelve patients with epilepsy receiving chronic phenytoin therapy and 12 healthy control subjects matched for age and gender received a single oral dose of nisoldipine (40 and 20 mg, respectively)."	7.69	Reduced plasma nisoldipine concentrations in phenytoin-treated patients with epilepsy. ( Cipolla, G; Gatti, G; Heinig, R; Michelucci, R; Ochan, M; Passarelli, D; Perucca, E; Tassinari, CA, 1996)
"We examined the anticonvulsant effects of BW1003C87 (5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine ethane sulphonic acid), which is structurally related to the new antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, and compared its effects to those of the conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and carbamazopine, using the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy."	7.69	BW1003C87, phenytoin and carbamazepine elevate seizure threshold in the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. ( Morimoto, K; Sato, H; Sato, K; Sato, S; Yamada, N, 1997)
"Sound-induced seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats were used to compare the anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin and diazepam with compounds which decrease glutamatergic neurotransmission including excitatory amino acid antagonists acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors: D(-)CPPene, CGP 37849 and MK 801 or at the glycine/NMDA site: ACPC (1-aminocyclopropane-dicarboxylic acid) (partial agonist) or non-NMDA receptors: NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]-quinoxaline."	7.68	Excitatory amino acid antagonists, lamotrigine and BW 1003C87 as anticonvulsants in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. ( al-Zubaidy, ZA; Chapman, AG; Meldrum, BS; Smith, SE, 1993)
"The steady-state 72 h urinary excretion of various phenytoin metabolites has been measured in 10 epileptic women, whose plasma phenytoin concentrations relative to the phenytoin dose fell during pregnancy and rose again post-partum."	7.68	Phenytoin metabolism during pregnancy. ( Dickinson, RG; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; Lander, CM; McKinnon, GE, 1992)
"We retrospectively collected plasma level assessments performed in 96 adult patients with epilepsy on stable monotherapy, including 9 patients on clobazam (CLB), 34 on carbamazepine (CBZ), 24 on phenobarbital (PB), 9 on phenytoin (PHT), and 20 on valproate (VPA); these results were compared to those obtained in 54 adult patients on stable bitherapy with the association of CLB with either CBZ (n = 17), PB (n = 17), PHT (n = 5), or VPA (n = 15)."	7.68	Interactions between clobazam and standard antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. ( Bonneton, J; Dravet, C; Genton, P; Mesdjian, E; Roger, J; Sennoune, S, 1992)
"We report the cases of four patients who were taking the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin or carbamazepine and in whom skin lesions developed that showed histologic features suggestive of mycosis fungoides."	7.68	Mycosis fungoides-like lesions associated with phenytoin and carbamazepine therapy. ( Kruyswijk, MR; Meijer, CJ; Rijlaarsdam, U; Scheffer, E; Willemze, R, 1991)
"Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug."	7.67	Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin during pregnancy. ( Chalk, JB; de Wytt, C; Eadie, MJ; Lander, CM; Livingstone, I; Smith, MT; Symoniw, P, 1984)
"To assess the most efficient means of monitoring thyroid status in an epilepsy clinic, total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in 71 adult patients treated long-term with either phenytoin (DPH), carbamazepine (CBZ) or sodium valproate (VAL)."	7.67	The effective evaluation of thyroid status in patients on phenytoin, carbamazepine or sodium valproate attending an epilepsy clinic. ( Borsey, DQ; Browning, MC; Connacher, AA; Davidson, DL; Jung, RT, 1987)
"We report the occurrence of bilateral cataracts in a young adult which developed shortly after documented high serum levels of phenytoin."	7.67	Development of presenile cataracts in association with high serum levels of phenytoin. ( Earll, J; Kattan, H; Lemp, M; Mathers, W, 1987)
"Report on a prospective longitudinal study of alterations in polygraphic sleep by phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy."	7.67	Response of polygraphic sleep to phenytoin treatment for epilepsy. A longitudinal study of immediate, short- and long-term effects. ( Noachtar, S; Röder-Wanner, UU; Wolf, P, 1987)
"Reversible chronic cerebellar ataxia followed phenytoin treatment in two epileptic women."	7.67	Reversible chronic cerebellar ataxia after phenytoin intoxication: possible role of cerebellum in cognitive thought. ( Attig, E; Botez, MI; Gravel, J; Vézina, JL, 1985)
"Among 50 patients with phenytoin intoxication, 14 had seizures during the episode."	7.67	Incidence of seizures with phenytoin toxicity. ( Masdeu, JC; Stilman, N, 1985)
"Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered."	7.66	Gynecomastia in epileptics treated with phenobarbital, phenytoin and fluoresone: two case reports. ( Arena, R; Bindi, A; Bonuccelli, U; De Scisciolo, G; Marcacci, G; Rossi, L, 1983)
"The problem of phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia is dicussed within the context of consultative planning between oral care practitioners and the physician managing the epilepsy."	7.66	Therapeutic alternatives in phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A case report and discussion. ( Kirkham, DB; Reynolds, NC, 1980)
"Sodium valproate is often used with phenytoin when epilepsy cannot be controlled by a single drug."	7.66	Phenytoin-valproate interaction: importance of saliva monitoring in epilepsy. ( Hamshaw-Thomas, A; Knott, C; Reynolds, F, 1982)
"The authors studied antipyrine disposition before and after delivery in 4 epileptic women whose anticonvulsant plasma level per dosage ratio was lowered during pregnancy, and compared the results to those found in nonpregnant women undergoing antiepileptic treatment (N = 6) and healthy women (N = 6)."	7.66	Antipyrine disposition in relation to lowered anticonvulsant plasma level during pregnancy. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Nakazawa, Y; Tabuchi, T; Wagatsuma, T, 1982)
"Cataracts developed in two young adults who were receiving prolonged antiepileptic treatment with phenobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium."	7.66	Presenile cataracts in phenytoin-treated epileptic patients. ( Bar, S; Feller, N; Savir, H, 1983)
"Analysis of plasma phenytoin in a group of patients treated for epilepsy showed that only 36% had values in the therapeutic range."	7.66	Prediction of phenytoin dosage in epilepsy using multiple linear regression. ( Gray, SP, 1982)
" Using accepted CT criteria for the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, the films were analyzed in a blind, unbiased fashion to evaluate possible relationship between cerebellar atrophy and phenytoin use or epilepsy itself."	7.66	Cerebellar atrophy in epilepsy and headache: lack of relationship to phenytoin. ( Ballenger, CE; Brooks, BS; El Gammal, T; Green, JB; King, DW; Lucke, JF, 1982)
"1 Patients with poorly controlled epilepsy were cautiously transferred from multiple drug therapy to treatment with phenytoin sodium alone."	7.66	Serum phenytoin concentration and clinical response in patients with epilepsy. ( Gannaway, DJ; Mawer, GE, 1981)
"We describe a procedure for determining 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide (I) in serum of epilepsy patients dosed with primidone (II) for seizure control, by extracting the sample with chloroform under basic conditions, with use of an internal standard, 2-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)malonamide, and without derivative formation."	7.66	Monitoring 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide in serum by gas-liquid chromatography: application to retrospective study in epilepsy patients dosed with primidone. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1980)
"Nine cases of childhood epilepsy manifesting motor convulsions uncontrolled despite high levels of phenytoin (PHT) were studied clinically and electroencephalographically."	7.66	Childhood epilepsy uncontrolled by phenytoin: clinical and electroencephalographic study. ( Iinuma, K; Onuma, A; Tada, K; Takamatsu, N, 1979)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	7.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
"The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in 20 patients with epilepsy was investigated."	7.66	Changes in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels during long-term phenytoin treatment for epilepsy. ( Luoma, PV; Reunanen, MI; Sotaniemi, EA, 1979)
"Malignant mesenchymoma developed in an 18-year-old patient with phenytoin-associated cleft lip and palate."	7.65	Malignant mesenchymoma and birth defects. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin. ( Blattner, WA; Fraumeni, JF; Henson, DE; Young, RC, 1977)
"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and probenecid were examined in 14 children with epilepsy (ages 6 months to 17 years) and 17 controls (ages 14 months to 16 years)."	7.65	Reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in children with epilepsy. ( Bowers, MB; Cohen, DJ; Shaywitz, BA, 1975)
"In vitro and in vivo immunologic studies were performed on a 28-year-old woman with phenytoin sodium-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome."	7.65	Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome: an immunologic study. ( Charlesworth, EN, 1977)
"Severe osteomalacia was present in two epileptic patients who were under long-term treatment with congeners of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and acetazolamide."	7.65	Acetazolamide-accelerated anticonvulsant osteomalacia. ( Mallette, LE, 1977)
"The relationship among the serum concentration of phenytoin, pneumoencephalographic measurements describing, in particular, cerebellar atrophy, and various other clinical variables was analyzed statistically in a series of 131 phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics."	7.65	Cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics. ( Helle, EP; Iivanainen, M; Viukari, M, 1977)
" Thirteen ambulant patients suffering from partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology, who were already being treated with phenytoin in optimal doses (plasma level 14-20 mug/ml) were also given carbamazepine."	7.65	Plasma levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide during treatment of epilepsy. ( Bertilsson, L; Eichelbaum, M; Lund, L; Palmér, L; Sjöqvist, F, 1976)
"Lamotrigine is an effective add-on therapy against a range of epileptic seizure types."	6.69	Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. ( Abbott, R; Dellaportas, CI; Findley, LJ; Gibberd, FB; Gross, M; Park, DM; Perkin, GD; Steiner, TJ, 1999)
"Fosphenytoin was as well tolerated as intramuscular placebo at the injection site."	6.68	Safety and tolerance of multiple doses of intramuscular fosphenytoin substituted for oral phenytoin in epilepsy or neurosurgery. ( Campbell, K; Garnett, WR; Henkin, SA; Kugler, AR; Pellock, JM; Ramsay, RE; Wilder, BJ, 1996)
"The population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin were estimated using routine therapeutic drug monitoring data from 116 epileptic patients."	6.68	Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy: analysis with a dose-dependent clearance model. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Inui, K; Koue, T; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Takano, M; Takayanagi, K; Yasuhara, M, 1996)
"1."	6.66	A multicentre study of vigabatrin for drug-resistant epilepsy. ( Ben-Menachem, E; Browne, TR; Mattson, RH; Miketta, RM; Penry, JK; Sherry, KM; Smith, DB; Szabo, GK; Treiman, DM; Wilder, BJ, 1989)
"Phenytoin has been widely prescribed alone; our results indicate that sodium valproate may also be used as a single drug in the treatment of several types of epilepsy."	6.65	Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in epilepsy. ( Johnson, RH; Lambie, DG; Melville, ID; Nanda, RN; Shakir, RA, 1981)
"Phenytoin has been explored in over 100 different disorders; the last two promising indications tested in the clinic are breast cancer and optic neuritis."	6.55	Phenytoin: 80 years young, from epilepsy to breast cancer, a remarkable molecule with multiple modes of action. ( Keppel Hesselink, JM; Kopsky, DJ, 2017)
"Phenobarbital was associated with a higher rate of drug withdrawal although there was no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital caused more adverse events compared to carbamazepine, valproic acid or phenytoin."	6.47	Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review. ( Li, YP; Zeng, LN; Zhang, LL, 2011)
" The long-term use of phenytoin is not recommended for patients with loss of locomotion, marked cognitive impairment, or symptoms and signs of cerebellar disease."	6.40	Phenytoin: effective but insidious therapy for epilepsy in people with intellectual disability. ( Iivanainen, M, 1998)
"Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug obtained in three adult controlled clinical trials conducted in the United States were pooled and analyzed using NONMEM, a population pharmacokinetic computer program, to facilitate development of dosing guidelines."	6.40	Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in adults with epilepsy. ( Chen, C; Cox, E; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Grasela, TH; Risner, ME; Womble, GP, 1999)
"Valproic acid has become a regular component of antiepileptic therapy."	6.36	[Valproic acid in the treatment of epilepsy with special emphasis on serum level determination (author's transl)]. ( Fröscher, W; Gugler, R; Schulz, HU, 1978)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a first-line antiepileptic drug in clinics, which could decrease neuronal bioelectric activity by blocking the voltage-operated sodium channels."	5.91	Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoformulation Selectively Abolishes Phenytoin Resistance in Epileptic Neurons for Ceasing Seizures. ( Cao, D; Guan, Q; Li, M; Luo, Z; Mao, X; Wang, X, 2023)
"Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that is characterized by episodes of seizure."	5.72	Clinical Evaluation of Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Epilepsy. ( Guan, S; Liu, J; Qian, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Yang, J, 2022)
"Lacosamide is a novel anticonvulsant that acts by enhancing sodium channel slow inactivation."	5.56	Therapeutic Monitoring of Lacosamide in Japanese Patients With Epilepsy: Clinical Response, Tolerability, and Optimal Therapeutic Range. ( Araki, Y; Fukushima, Y; Imai, K; Kagawa, Y; Takahashi, Y; Terada, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2020)
"Phenytoin has been decreasingly used because of the high interindividual variability in drug concentration and the narrow therapeutic window."	5.51	Optimal Dosing Regimen of Phenytoin for Korean Epilepsy Patients: From Premature Babies to the Elderly. ( Chae, D; Guk, J; Kim, JH; Lee, SG; Park, K, 2019)
" Phenobarbital versus levetiracetam as first-line ASM in EEG-confirmed neonatal seizures (one trial) Phenobarbital is probably more effective than levetiracetam in achieving seizure control after first loading dose (RR 2."	5.41	Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures. ( Abiramalatha, T; Brigo, F; Hartmann, H; Pressler, R; Ramaswamy, VV; Thanigainathan, S, 2023)
"Tamoxifen is a prodrug, requiring cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated metabolism to form the active metabolite endoxifen."	5.40	Profound reduction in the tamoxifen active metabolite endoxifen in a patient on phenytoin for epilepsy compared with a CYP2D6 genotype matched cohort. ( Gryn, SE; Kim, RB; Teft, WA, 2014)
" P-gp polymorphisms may also affect phenytoin efficacy by altering its bioavailability (F)."	5.39	Studies on pharmacokinetic mechanism of phenytoin resistance in refractory epilepsy. ( Huang, JD; Huang, YS; Lai, ML; Tien, YE, 2013)
" Nevertheless, although the association of these genes with PTH-induced adverse effects has been well-documented in adult populations, this is the first report examining the influence of these genetic polymorphisms on PTH plasma levels and toxicity in a pediatric patient."	5.39	Neurological toxicity after phenytoin infusion in a pediatric patient with epilepsy: influence of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms. ( Dorado, P; Llerena, A; López-Torres, E; Martínez-Antón, J; Peñas-Lledó, EM, 2013)
"We determined PHT bioavailability during steady-state therapy by 1) measurement of the two principal deconjugated PHT urinary metabolites, 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) and 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (DHD); and 2) direct determination of absolute bioavailability after simultaneous administration of an oral formulation and parenteral stable-labeled PHT (SL-PHT)."	5.37	Excretion of the principal urinary metabolites of phenytoin and absolute oral bioavailability determined by use of a stable isotope in patients with epilepsy. ( Aliwarga, T; Brundage, RC; Cloyd, JC; Goel, V; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Remmel, RP, 2011)
" The drug combination elevated the plasma level of PHT in a patient on chemotherapy with capecitabine for colorectal cancer."	5.37	[A case of toxicity caused by drug interaction between capecitabine and phenytoin in patient with colorectal cancer]. ( Fukui, E; Kawahara, K; Sakurai, M; Ueda, R; Yamada, R, 2011)
"Curcumin was co-administered with sub-therapeutic dose of valproate 60min before PTZ injection."	5.37	Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of valproate, phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine with curcumin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Gupta, YK; Mehla, J; Pahuja, M; Reeta, KH, 2011)
"Phenytoin is a widely used anti-seizure agent, and a good correlation is observed between its concentration in plasma and the clinical effect."	5.36	Determination of free and total levels of phenytoin in human plasma from patients with epilepsy by MEKC: an adequate alternative to HPLC. ( Chen, SH; Hsieh, YH; Liao, FF; Lin, PC, 2010)
" The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine administration were compared by Student's t-test."	5.33	Effect of piperine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. ( Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2006)
"Oxcarbazepine was generally well tolerated during monotherapy and adjunctive therapy; 2."	5.32	Spotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy. ( Bang, LM; Goa, KL, 2004)
"Levetiracetam has recently been approved as an adjunctive medication for partial seizures and frequently will be added to phenytoin."	5.31	Absence of pharmacokinetic drug interaction of levetiracetam with phenytoin in patients with epilepsy determined by new technique. ( Baltes, E; Browne, TR; Jensen, CM; Josephs, E; Leppik, IE; Paz, J; Szabo, GK, 2000)
" In addition, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	5.30	The effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on phenytoin metabolism in Japanese adult patients with epilepsy: studies in stereoselective hydroxylation and population pharmacokinetics. ( Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Imai, J; Mamiya, K; Ninomiya, H; Otsubo, K; Shimamoto, J; Tashiro, N; Yamada, H; Yukawa, E, 1998)
" PB was also the most toxic drug, followed by CBZ and by PHT."	5.30	Anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injection of phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine in an amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy in the rat. ( Alós, M; Barcia, JA; Belda, V; Rubio, P; Serralta, A, 1999)
"Phenytoin toxicity is an uncommon problem seen in clinical practice."	5.30	Paradoxical seizures in phenytoin toxicity. ( Chua, HC; Tan, CB; Tjia, H; Venketasubramanian, N, 1999)
"Pregnant women with epilepsy on one or more of the following AEDs: lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin or levetiracetam."	5.27	AntiEpileptic drug Monitoring in PREgnancy (EMPiRE): a double-blind randomised trial on effectiveness and acceptability of monitoring strategies. ( Bagary, M; Coleman, J; D'Amico, M; Denny, E; Dodds, J; Eldridge, S; Greenhill, L; Hard, K; Kelso, A; Khan, KS; Marlin, N; McCorry, D; Middleton, L; Moss, N; Newton, S; Pirie, A; Pullen, A; Rikunenko, R; Roberts, T; Rogozińska, E; Thangaratinam, S; Weckesser, A, 2018)
"Phenobarbital may cause hyperactivity, behavioral problems, sedation, and even dementia; these effects are dose related to some extent."	5.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
"Oxazepam was more than 93% bound to serum proteins, but the extent of binding was not significantly different between the two groups."	5.27	Oxazepam pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy treated long-term with phenytoin alone or in combination with phenobarbitone. ( Hawksworth, GM; Khir, AS; Petrie, JC; Scott, AK; Steele, WH, 1983)
"Phenytoin treatment prevented the occurrence of convulsive and EEG seizures; however, lipid peroxidation was unaffected (16."	5.27	Effect of phenytoin and corticosteroids on seizures and lipid peroxidation in experimental posttraumatic epilepsy. ( Triggs, WJ; Willmore, LJ, 1984)
" Further, for dogs given phenobarbital, there was a sixfold variation between dosage and achieved serum concentration, whereas dogs given primidone manifested even greater variability between dosage and serum concentration."	5.27	Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy. ( Farnbach, GC, 1984)
" In 48% of the patients the drug dosage had to be increased to combat the increased seizure frequency."	5.27	Serum phenytoin during pregnancy, labor and puerperium. ( Bardy, AH; Hiilesmaa, VK; Teramo, KA, 1987)
" Reducing the dosage by 19 mg/kg (A to B) decreased VPA plasma levels by 6."	5.26	Monitoring free valproic acid in epilepsy patients medicated with coanticonvulsants. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1982)
"Carbamazepine was given to 152 patients who were receiving multiple drug therapy for uncontrolled seizures."	5.26	Role of carbamazepine in reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy. ( Maheshwari, MC; Padmini, R, 1981)
" Within the therapeutic range, small increments in dosage resulted in large increments in plasma DPH levels, and in the postpartum period high levels of DPH were encountered if the dosage was not reduced."	5.26	Phenytoin metabolism in pregnancy. ( Emery, MG; Kochenour, NK; Sawchuk, RJ, 1980)
"Patients with chronic renal failure had low plasma total, but disproportionately high plasma free, drug concentrations indicating impaired protein binding."	5.26	Salivary phenytoin concentrations in epilepsy and in chronic renal failure. ( Jones, NF; Reynolds, F; Smith, SE; Ziroyanis, PN, 1976)
" Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations."	5.26	Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy. ( Ramsay, RE; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1978)
" When clinically indicated the daily dosage rate was adjusted by 50 mg steps until a serum concentration of 10--20 mg/l was produced."	5.26	Individual variation in daily dosage requirements for phenytoin sodium in patients with epilepsy. ( Barot, MH; Grant, RH; Maheendran, KK; Mawer, GE; Woodcock, BG, 1978)
"Steady-state serum-phenytoin levels were measured in five patients whose phenytoin dosage was changed three or more times for therapeutic purposes."	5.25	Serum-phenytoin levels in management of epilepsy. ( Dunlop, A; Richens, A, 1975)
"Phenytoin produced a lower serum level than the same dose of its sodium salt."	5.25	Systematic determination of the serum phenytoin level as an aid in the management of children with epilepsy. ( Gamstorp, I; Lilienberg, G; Norell, E, 1975)
"This article will review the different therapeutic options for status, from early treatment at home to the different first-line (benzodiazepines), second-line (phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, levetiracetam and lacosamide) or third-line treatments, which include both pharmacological (anaesthetics, propofol, ketamine, lidocaine, topiramate, brivaracetam or perampanel) and non-pharmacological (ketogenic diet, immunomodulatory treatments or epilepsy surgery) therapies."	5.22	[Paediatric status epilepticus]. ( García-Peñas, JJ; González-Alguacil, E; Soto-Insuga, V, 2022)
" Three groups of patients were studied: (A) epileptic under phenytoin monotherapy (n = 31); (B) with bipolar disorder under valproic acid treatment (n = 28); (C) elderly (n = 41)."	5.22	Carnitine and/or Acetylcarnitine Deficiency as a Cause of Higher Levels of Ammonia. ( Fagiolino, P; González, R; Guevara, N; Maldonado, C; Queijo, C; Vázquez, M, 2016)
"We sought to determine the effect of changing phenytoin therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with epilepsy."	5.17	Effect of switching hepatic enzyme-inducer antiepileptic drug to levetiracetam on bone mineral density, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in young adult patients with epilepsy. ( Geater, A; Leelawattana, R; Limapichat, K; Phabphal, K; Sathirapanya, P; Setthawatcharawanich, S, 2013)
"In this prospective, observational, assessor-masked, multicentre study, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) between October, 1999, and February, 2004, at 25 epilepsy centres in the UK and the USA."	5.17	Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. ( Baker, GA; Bromley, RL; Browning, N; Clayton-Smith, J; Cohen, MJ; Kalayjian, LA; Kanner, A; Liporace, JD; Loring, DW; Meador, KJ; Pennell, PB; Privitera, M, 2013)
"Carbamazepine clearance was not associated with body weight or any parameterization of body size nor was age or race or any marker of hepatic or renal function in community dwelling elderly patients."	5.16	Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in elderly patients. ( Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Collins, JF; Macias, FM; Punyawudho, B; Ramsay, ER, 2012)
"To evaluate the safety and tolerability of treatment with levetiracetam and determine the trough levels of levetiracetam in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are at high risk for posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE)."	5.16	Results of phase 2 safety and feasibility study of treatment with levetiracetam for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy. ( Atabaki, SM; He, J; Herr, D; Klein, P; Levine, Z; McCarter, R; Natale, J; Nogay, C; Pearl, PL; Sandoval, F; Soldin, SJ; Trzcinski, S; Tsuchida, T; van den Anker, J, 2012)
"Phenytoin was associated with more fever and worse outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage."	5.14	Anticonvulsant use and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. ( Batjer, HH; Garg, RK; Levasseur, K; Liebling, S; Macken, MP; Naidech, AM; Schuele, SU, 2009)
"To evaluate topiramate (TPM) and phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy following rapid oral initiation in new-onset epilepsy."	5.14	Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. ( Faught, E; Hulihan, J; Krumholz, A; Mao, L; Naritoku, D; Privitera, M; Ramsay, E; Schwarzman, L; Wiegand, F, 2010)
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment with valproic acid (VPA) in patients with status epilepticus (SE) or acute repetitive seizures (ARS) comparing it with phenytoin (PHT) treatment."	5.13	Treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures with i.v. valproic acid vs phenytoin. ( Dabby, R; Gilad, R; Izkovitz, N; Lampl, Y; Rapoport, A; Sadeh, M; Weller, B, 2008)
"To evaluate the response to albendazole treatment in patients who had SSECTL and new onset seizures treated with antiepileptic drugs (AED) in a prospective clinical trial."	5.13	Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. ( Chattopadhyay, A; Khandelwal, N; Sawhney, IM; Thussu, A, 2008)
" This paper aims to undertake a comprehensive review regarding the possible risks of four classical (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproate) and two newer (lamotrigine and levetiracetam) AEDs during pregnancy."	5.12	Use of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam Lamotrigine and Valproate in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Risk of Major Malformations, Dose-dependency, Monotherapy vs Polytherapy, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications. ( Demir, O; Kaplan, YC, 2021)
"The role of folic acid (5mg/day) in combination with oral hygiene measures (group II) vis-a-vis oral hygiene measures alone (group I) in prevention of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth was investigated in a one-year follow-up study on sixty, 8-13-year-old epileptic children receiving phenytoin."	5.11	Folic acid and phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth--is there a preventive effect. ( Chawla, HS; Gauba, K; Goyal, A; Prasad, VN; Singhi, P, 2004)
"This study was designed to measure the effect of the addition of zonisamide on phenytoin pharmacokinetics under steady-state conditions in patients with epilepsy."	5.11	Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy. ( Garnett, WR; Levy, RH; Pan, WJ; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Rosenfeld, W; Schmerler, M; Shah, J, 2004)
"Subjects were 85 men with localization-related epilepsy (25 on carbamazepine [CBZ], 25 on phenytoin [PHT], 25 on lamotrigine [LTG], and 10 untreated for at least 6 months [no AED]) and 25 controls."	5.11	Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on sexual function and hormones in men with epilepsy. ( Bromfield, EB; Drislane, FW; Dworetzky, BA; Farina, EL; Frye, CA; Herzog, AG; Pennell, PB; Schomer, DL, 2005)
"Remacemide hydrochloride is a low-affinity, non-competitive NMDA receptor channel blocker under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy."	5.10	Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 800 mg/day) in a B.I.D. regimen. ( Blume, WT; Guberman, A; Holdich, TA; Jones, MW; Lee, MA; Pillay, N; Veloso, F; Weaver, DF, 2002)
"Remacemide hydrochloride is a low-affinity, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor channel blocker, under investigation in epilepsy."	5.10	Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 1200 mg/day) in a Q.I.D. regimen. ( Betts, TA; Boddie, HG; Chadwick, DW; Crawford, PM; Holdich, TA; Lindstrom, P; Newman, PK; Soryal, I; Wroe, S, 2002)
"The authors assessed the effect of concomitant antiepileptic therapy on steady-state plasma concentrations of the new antiepileptic drug (AED) topiramate and the potential relation between topiramate plasma levels and side effects in a cohort of 116 patients with epilepsy."	5.10	Topiramate therapeutic monitoring in patients with epilepsy: effect of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Albani, F; Avoni, P; Baruzzi, A; Contin, M; Riva, R, 2002)
"To determine whether biological maturation influences the kinetics of carbamazepine-serum protein binding, the carbamazepine free fraction (%) was investigated in the serum of 66 patients, ranging from 4 to 83 years, with epilepsy or trigeminal neuralgia, treated with carbamazepine alone or carbamazepine in combination with phenytoin, phenobarbital, and/or valproic acid, over a relatively long period."	5.09	Age-related alteration of carbamazepine-serum protein binding in man. ( Koyama, H; Mori, S; Nakajima, K; Sugioka, N; Uno, A, 1999)
"To assess the extent to which adults with epilepsy were optimized and individualized on phenytoin monotherapy in the Western Cape, South Africa and to estimate the average optimized dose and serum phenytoin concentration, and the therapeutic range for this patient group."	5.09	Optimization of phenytoin therapy in adults with epilepsy in the Western Cape, South Africa. ( Folb, PI; Kies, BM; Seymour, MA; Valodia, PN, 1999)
"Changes in body weight were evaluated in 349 patients from a study comparing efficacy of add-on therapy with tiagabine (TGB), carbamazepine (CBZ) or phenytoin (PHT)."	5.09	Total percentage body weight changes during add-on therapy with tiagabine, carbamazepine and phenytoin. ( Bertrand, ME; Deaton, RL; Hogan, RE; Sommerville, KW, 2000)
"This prospective observational study explored the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate (TPM) in patients with refractory epilepsy attending a single outpatient clinic."	5.09	Topiramate in refractory epilepsy: a prospective observational study. ( Brodie, MJ; Sills, GJ; Stephen, LJ, 2000)
"The effects of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins were determined in adult patients with epilepsy."	5.09	Effect of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in monotherapy adult patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 2000)
"We compared the cognitive effects of randomly prescribed phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy on newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy in a 2-year parallel group follow-up study."	5.08	Comparing the cognitive effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in long-term monotherapy: a two-year follow-up. ( Jokelainen, M; Pulliainen, V, 1995)
"Fifty-four out-patients with epilepsy who had been taking phenytoin for more than one year were examined for gingival hyperplasia."	5.08	Phenytoin as a risk factor in gingival hyperplasia. ( Kolínová, M; Patzelová, V; Perlík, F; Zvárová, J, 1995)
"Our objective was to evaluate the patterns of malformations in children exposed in utero to phenytoin (DPH) and carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy, and to compare them prospectively with matched mother-child pairs exposed to nonteratogens, and to separate the effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) from those of epilepsy by collecting groups of untreated epileptics and those treated with DPH and CBZ for conditions other than epilepsy."	5.08	Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. ( Chitayat, D; Farkas, LD; Koren, G; Nulman, I; Scolnik, D, 1997)
"To examine the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin among 44 Japanese patients with epilepsy."	5.08	Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Inui, K; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Uwai, Y, 1997)
"To compare the effectiveness of monotherapy clobazam (CLB) to carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) in children with epilepsy."	5.08	Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. ( , 1998)
"We measured the levels of estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) in 24 male patients with epilepsy receiving phenytoin (DPH), 21 male patients with epilepsy receiving cabamazepine (CBZ), 23 male epileptics receiving no treatment, and in 10 healthy age-matched male controls."	5.07	[Effects of phenytoin and cabamazepine on sex hormones in male patients with epilepsy: a controlled study]. ( Ma, S; Zhou, S, 1994)
"A group of 51 patients with chronic cryptogenic or symptomatic localized epilepsy refractory to therapy with barbiturates underwent progressive substitution with phenytoin or carbamazepine, in standardized and randomized fashion."	5.07	Carbamazepine and phenytoin in epilepsies refractory to barbiturates: efficacy, toxicity and mental function. ( Antoniuk, SA; Bigarella, MM; Bittencourt, PR; da Costa, JC; Doro, MP; Ferreira, AS; Fonseca, LC; Gonçalves e Silva, GE; Gorz, AM; Marcourakis, T, 1993)
"Sixty-four new cases of childhood epilepsy were randomly assigned to either carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate, and were assessed with behavioural measures before medication and after one and six months of treatment."	5.07	Psychiatric aspects of epilepsy in childhood treated with carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate: a random trial. ( Berg, I; Butler, A; Ellis, M; Foster, J, 1993)
"The effects of the withdrawal of phenytoin (PT) on cognitive and psychomotor functions of long-term patients in an epilepsy centre were studied."	5.07	Effects of withdrawal of phenytoin on cognitive and psychomotor functions in hospitalized epileptic patients on polytherapy. ( Bulmahn, A; May, TW; Rambeck, B; Wohlhüter, M, 1992)
"A comparative study of the bioavailability of seven formulations of phenytoin was carried out on 17 patients with epilepsy who were taking phenytoin regularly as part of their drug therapy."	5.07	Bioavailability and dissolution of proprietary and generic formulations of phenytoin. ( Richens, A; Soryal, I, 1992)
"Twenty severely retarded institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia were divided into two groups and received a daily 3 mg capsule of either folic acid or lactose for 16 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, parallel study."	5.07	The administration of folic acid to institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. ( Beaver, WT; Bottomley, WK; Brown, RS; Di Stanislao, PT, 1991)
"Sixty-four new cases of childhood epilepsy were randomly assigned to either carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate, and were assessed with cognitive tests before medication and three subsequent times over a year."	5.07	Cognitive impairment in new cases of epilepsy randomly assigned to carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate. ( Berg, I; Butler, R; Forsythe, I; McGuire, R, 1991)
"We investigated the neuropsychological effects of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin in 15 partial complex epilepsy patients treated with each drug for 3 months, using a randomized double-blind, triple crossover design."	5.06	Comparative cognitive effects of anticonvulsants. ( Gallagher, BB; Huh, K; King, DW; Loring, DW; Meador, KJ, 1990)
"It has recently been reported that folic acid supplementation reduced DPH-induced gingival hyperplasia in cat and in a pilot study also in man."	5.06	Folate treatment of diphenylhydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. ( Bäckman, N; Blomquist, HK; Hänström, L; Heijbel, J; Holm, AK; Säfström, G, 1989)
" All the patients had epilepsy that had previously been untreated, and had been randomly assigned to receive carbamazepine, phenytoin, or sodium valproate."	5.06	Withdrawal of anticonvulsant drugs in patients free of seizures for two years. A prospective study. ( Callaghan, N; Garrett, A; Goggin, T, 1988)
"A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of possible withdrawal symptoms from phenytoin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate is reported in patients with active epilepsy, on combination therapy."	5.06	Withdrawal symptoms from phenytoin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate. ( Duncan, JS; Shorvon, SD; Trimble, MR, 1988)
"Progabide, an experimental GABA-ergic antiepileptic drug, was given in a placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial to 19 adult patients with chronic partial epilepsy refractory to previous high-dose antiepileptic drug therapy."	5.06	Progabide for refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled add-on trial. ( Schmidt, D; Utech, K, 1986)
"Introduction Phenytoin is a frequently used drug treatment for epilepsy."	5.05	An update on CYP2C9 polymorphisms and phenytoin metabolism: implications for adverse effects. ( Carleton, BC; Chang, WC; Chung, WH; Hung, SI, 2020)
"In a double-blind trial of phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative epilepsy in craniotomy patients, epilepsy was observed in 7."	5.05	Postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind trial of phenytoin after craniotomy. ( Challen, RG; Frewin, DB; Hanieh, A; Hann, CS; North, JB; Penhall, RK, 1980)
"A double-blind trial of phenytoin therapy following craniotomy was performed to test the hypothesis that phenytoin is effective in reducing postoperative epilepsy."	5.05	Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy. A double-blind study. ( Frewin, DB; Hanieh, A; North, JB; Penhall, RK; Taylor, WB, 1983)
"Eighty-eight patients with the onset of epilepsy in adult life were randomly allocated to treatment with sodium valproate (600 mg/day), or phenytoin (300 mg/day), and followed up for at least 12 months."	5.05	A comparison of phenytoin and valproate in previously untreated adult epileptic patients. ( Chadwick, DW; Rawlins, MD; Turnbull, DM; Weightman, D, 1982)
"A double-blind cross-over trial between pheneturide and phenytoin in ninety-four outpatients with epilepsy is described."	5.05	A comparison of phenytoin and pheneturide in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind cross-over trial. ( Engler, C; English, JR; Fry, DE; Gawel, MJ; Gibberd, FB; Page, NG; Park, DM; Rose, FC; Scott, G, 1982)
"A double blind trial of folic acid against placebo was carried out on out-patients with epilepsy treated with Phenytoin."	5.05	The influence of folic acid on the frequency of epileptic attacks. ( Gibberd, FB; Nicholls, A; Wright, MG, 1981)
"Despite the widespread use of phenytoin in the treatment of epilepsy, few studies have examined its effects on cognitive functioning."	5.05	Phenytoin and cognitive function: effects on normal volunteers and implications for epilepsy. ( Huppert, FA; Thompson, P; Trimble, M, 1981)
"The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a 3-min daily toothbrushing with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia in 30 mentally retarded epileptic children treated with phenytoin."	5.04	Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children. ( Bay, LM; Russell, BG, 1978)
"In double blind crossover 4 month trials, carbamazepine was compared to phenytoin as sole treatment for 45 patients with uncontrolled partial and generalized epilepsy."	5.04	Carbamazepine and the electroencephalogram of epileptics: a double blind study in comparison to phenytoin. ( Dodrill, CB; Troupin, AS; Wilkus, RJ, 1978)
"To determine the influence of phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy on the serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), folate and vitamin B12 in patients with epilepsy."	5.01	Effects of phenytoin on serum levels of homocysteine, vitamin B12, folate in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA-compliant article). ( Chen, S; Xia, Z; Xu, H; Xu, S; Xu, Y; Zhang, N, 2019)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure with carbamazepine compared with phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures (simple or complex focal and secondarily generalised), or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	5.01	Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C, 2019)
"Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are fatal adverse cutaneous drug reactions which may be induced by phenytoin (PHT) or lamotrigine (LTG)."	4.91	HLA-B*1502 increases the risk of phenytoin or lamotrigine induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: evidence from a meta-analysis of nine case-control studies. ( Huo, J; Li, X; Mei, S; Wang, J; Yu, K; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2015)
" Antiepileptic drugs (AED) such as phenytoin are often used in clinical practice with the hopes of preventing post-traumatic epilepsy."	4.91	Pharmacological treatments for preventing epilepsy following traumatic head injury. ( Abel, H; Campbell, LA; Pohlmann-Eden, B; Thompson, K, 2015)
"Small sample size, poor methodological quality and lack of data on important outcome measures prevent any meaningful conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of sulthiame as monotherapy in epilepsy."	4.90	Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy. ( Marson, AG; Milburn-McNulty, P; Powell, G; Sills, GJ, 2014)
"In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: monotherapy using carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, or topiramate; addition of second-line drugs (lamotrigine or levetiracetam) for drug-resistant epilepsy; and hemispherectomy for drug-resistant epilepsy."	4.88	Epilepsy (generalised). ( Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Ramaratnam, S, 2012)
"In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antiepileptic drugs after a single seizure; monotherapy for partial epilepsy using carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, or topiramate; addition of second-line drugs for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (allopurinol, eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, losigamone, oxcarbazepine, retigabine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, or zonisamide); antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with partial or generalised epilepsy who are in remission; behavioural and psychological treatments for partial or generalised epilepsy (biofeedback, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), educational programmes, family counselling, relaxation therapy (alone or plus behavioural modification therapy, yoga); and surgery for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy ( lesionectomy, temporal lobectomy, vagus nerve stimulation as adjunctive therapy)."	4.87	Epilepsy (partial). ( Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Ramaratnam, S, 2011)
"Long-term use of phenytoin (PHT) causes gingival hyperplasia; however, little is known about the oral side effects of other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)."	4.87	The effects of antiepileptic drugs on oral health. ( Aragon, CE; Burneo, JG; Cornacchio, AL, 2011)
"In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: monotherapy using carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, or topiramate; addition of second-line drugs (lamotrigine or levetiracetam) for drug-resistant epilepsy; and hemispherectomy for drug-resistant epilepsy."	4.86	Epilepsy (generalised). ( Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Ramaratnam, S, 2010)
"In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antiepileptic drugs after a single seizure; monotherapy for partial epilepsy using carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, sodium valproate, or topiramate; addition of second-line drugs for drug-resistant partial epilepsy (allopurinol, eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, losigamone, oxcarbazepine, retigabine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, or zonisamide); antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with partial or generalised epilepsy who are in remission; behavioural and psychological treatments for partial or generalised epilepsy (biofeedback, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), educational programmes, family counselling, relaxation therapy (alone or plus behavioural modification therapy, yoga); and surgery for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy ( lesionectomy, temporal lobectomy, vagus nerve stimulation as adjunctive therapy)."	4.86	Epilepsy (partial). ( Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Ramaratnam, S, 2010)
"To review the best evidence comparing oxcarbazepine and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in patients with epilepsy."	4.83	Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy. ( Marson, AG; Muller, M; Williamson, PR, 2006)
"The introduction of these new antiepileptic drugs, from felbamate to levetiracetam, raised hope of control of epilepsy with fewer adverse effects and improved quality of life."	4.81	New antiepileptic drug therapies. ( Bergin, AM; Connolly, M, 2002)
"The antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is an adverse drug reaction associated with the aromatic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), and primidone."	4.80	Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. ( Schlienger, RG; Shear, NH, 1998)
"Side effects of certain drugs such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and phenytoin may induce gingival overgrowth which in some instances become unacceptable to the patient because esthetic, functional, and other effects."	4.80	Reduction of severe gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient by replacing cyclosporin A with tacrolimus. ( Arriba, L; de Andrés, A; Hernández, G; Lucas, M, 2000)
" Phenytoin has been used with much clinical success against all types of epileptiform seizures, except petit mal epilepsy, for over 50 years."	4.79	Basis of the antiseizure action of phenytoin. ( Tunnicliff, G, 1996)
"The major established drugs used in the management of epilepsy are carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, ethosuximide and benzodiazepine drugs."	4.79	Established antiepileptic drugs. ( Perucca, E, 1996)
"This article provides an analysis of the degree of agreement between in vivo interaction studies performed in patients with epilepsy and healthy individuals, and in vitro studies which identified the cytochromes P450 (CYP) inhibited by felbamate and those involved in its metabolism."	4.79	Pharmacokinetic interactions with felbamate. In vitro-in vivo correlation. ( Banfield, CR; Glue, P; Levy, RH; Mather, GG; Perhach, JL; Racha, JK, 1997)
"We present a case of a 29-year-old female with a history of epilepsy who was admitted for convulsive status epilepticus (CSE), which was controlled by intravenous VPA, as well as oral VPA and phenytoin."	4.31	Valproate-related hyperammonemic encephalopathy with generalized suppression EEG: a case report. ( Liu, X; Peng, X, 2023)
"This study was conducted to examine and verify the use of saliva as an alternative matrix for monitoring phenytoin drug levels in patients with epilepsy."	4.02	Use of Saliva as an Alternative Matrix to Serum/Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Reverse-Phase HPLC. ( Ashraf, Z; Farhat, S; Rather, MY, 2021)
"The active drugs lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, and phenobarbital were significantly associated with gingival overgrowth in 61%, 71%, and 53% of cases, respectively, and phenytoin, valproic acid, and carbamazepine in 50%, 44%, and 32% of cases, respectively."	4.02	Gingival overgrowth induced by anticonvulsant drugs: A cross-sectional study on epileptic patients. ( Bonvento, G; Gallo, C; Mucignat-Caretta, C; Zagotto, G, 2021)
" In the pharmacodynamic interaction study, seizures were induced using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg, i."	4.02	Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Centella asiatica with valproate and phenytoin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Agarwal, A; Arora, R; Ganeshan N, S; Gupta, YK; Kaleekal, T; Kumar, R; Sarangi, SC, 2021)
" In this study, we examined the effect of both acute and chronic treatment with moclobemide on seizures and the action of first-generation antiepileptic drugs: valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin."	4.02	Acute and chronic treatment with moclobemide, a reversible MAO-inhibitor, potentiates the antielectroshock activity of conventional antiepileptic drugs in mice. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, KK, 2021)
"There was higher frequency of breakthrough seizures during immediate-release phenytoin capsule usage than during extended-release phenytoin capsule usage by epilepsy patients."	3.96	Budget Impact Analysis of Extended-Release Phenytoin Capsules Compared With Immediate-Release Phenytoin Capsules for Patients With Epilepsy in Thailand. ( Suthipinijtham, P; Tiamkao, S, 2020)
" Epilepsy-associated comorbid depression was evaluated by tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, and plasma corticosterone levels, whereas epilepsy-associated memory deficit condition was assessed by step-through paradigm, Morris water maze, and nitrite levels."	3.96	Exploring the ameliorative role of α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation in epilepsy and associated comorbidities in post-PTZ-kindled mice. ( Goel, RK; Kaur, S; Sharma, NK, 2020)
" She had a history of symptomatic epilepsy, which was successfully treated with phenytoin and phenobarbital."	3.91	Drug-drug interactions among drugs prescribed for nontuberculous mycobacterial infection and epilepsy: A case report. ( Hatanaka, M; Ikeda, R; Matsumoto, N; Oda, Y; Sonoda, J; Tazaki, T; Yoshikawa, N, 2019)
"To examine the influence of obesity and sex on phenytoin LDs."	3.91	Evaluation of Intravenous Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin Loading Doses: Influence of Obesity and Sex. ( Alaniz, C; Burghardt, D; DasGupta, R, 2019)
" As first-line drug phenobarbital was the most common choice, it was used in 79% of cases of acute symptomatic seizures, in 63% of structural epilepsy, in 42% of genetic epilepsies."	3.91	Influence of etiology on treatment choices for neonatal seizures: A survey among pediatric neurologists. ( Capovilla, G; Consonni, D; De Liso, P; Di Capua, M; Dilena, R; Falsaperla, R; Pisani, F; Pruna, D; Suppiej, A; Vitaliti, G, 2019)
" Pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ) and pilocarpine-induced seizures are well-established models of human epilepsy."	3.91	The effect of co-administration of pentylenetetrazole with pilocarpine: New modified PTZ models of kindling and seizure. ( Jand, A; Mousavi-Hasanzadeh, M; Palizvan, MR; Rezaeian-Varmaziar, H; Shafaat, O, 2019)
"Cerebellar ataxia is present in 40% of patients with epilepsy and chronic exposure to phenytoin."	3.88	Phenytoin-related ataxia in patients with epilepsy: clinical and radiological characteristics. ( Aeschlimann, DP; Aeschlimann, PC; Dennis, GJ; Grünewald, RA; Hadjivassiliou, M; Hoggard, N; Howell, SJ; Reuber, M; Shanmugarajah, PD, 2018)
"The goal of our study was to investigate the incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), the frequency of SJS diagnosis, and the association between SJS and prior use of allopurinol, carbamazepine or phenytoin."	3.88	Incidence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome following combination drug use of allopurinol, carbamazepine and phenytoin in Taiwan: A case-control study. ( Cheng, CY; Cheng, FJ; Chuang, PC; Huang, YS; Pan, HY; Syu, FK, 2018)
" Phenytoin induced dystonia."	3.88	Phenytoin induced dystonia. ( Acar, T; Alkan, G; Çaksen, H; Cander, B; Ergin, M; Ertekin, B; Koçak, S, 2018)
"Phenytoin (PHE) and carbamazepine (CBZ) are first rank causative drugs that can induce drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN)."	3.88	Evaluation of a lymphocyte transformation test and cytokine detection assay to identify phenytoin and carbamazepine provoked DRESS or SJS/TEN in epilepsy patients. ( Kumkamthornkul, P; Srinoulprasert, Y; Tansit, T; Tuchinda, P; Udnaen, S, 2018)
" He had been administered phenytoin and gabapentin for the treatment of symptomatic traumatic epilepsy 8 years before."	3.88	Hypothyroidism induced by phenytoin and gabapentin: A Case Report. ( Ishii, K; Miyake, Z; Tamaoka, A, 2018)
"We selected and screened for mutations a group of 24 epileptic patients who experienced significant gingival overgrowth following phenytoin therapy."	3.85	Lack of pathogenic mutations in SOS1 gene in phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth patients. ( Consoli, F; De Luca, A; Di Bonaventura, C; Giallonardo, AT; Guida, V; Margiotti, K; Pascolini, G; Pizzuti, A, 2017)
"A 71-year-old male with history of epilepsy was admitted for seizures and traumatic brain injury and intravenous fosphenytoin and levetiracetam were initiated."	3.85	Fosphenytoin-induced purple glove syndrome: A case report. ( Blunck, JR; Croom, JE; Fields, RK; Newman, JW, 2017)
"Recent adverse event reports have raised the question of increased angioedema risk associated with exposure to levetiracetam."	3.85	Risk of angioedema associated with levetiracetam compared with phenytoin: Findings of the observational health data sciences and informatics research network. ( Banda, JM; Duke, JD; Hripcsak, G; Jin, P; Khoma, Y; Reich, C; Ryan, PB; Schuemie, MJ; Schwalm, MS; Shah, NH; Suchard, MA; Wu, Y; Xu, H, 2017)
"Phenytoin monotherapy may cause a significant increase in the levels of serum homocysteine and a significant decrease in the serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in children with epilepsy, and the significant changes in above mentioned parameters occur early in the course of treatment."	3.85	Homocysteine Metabolism and Hematological Parameters in Early Stage of Phenytoin Treated Epileptic Children. ( Sharma, TK; Sitaraman, S; Vardey, SK, 2017)
"Sotalol as a drug blocking β-receptors and potassium KCNH2 channels may interact with different substances that affect seizures."	3.85	Sotalol enhances the anticonvulsant action of valproate and diphenylhydantoin in the mouse maximal electroshock model. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, KK; Popławska, M, 2017)
"5 times lower than the currently available enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) for measurement of phenytoin in epilepsy patients."	3.85	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Phenytoin by Simple, Rapid, Accurate, Highly Sensitive and Novel Method and Its Clinical Applications. ( Guo, R; Shaikh, AS, 2017)
"In this cross-sectional observational study we enrolled consecutive children aged 2-12 years with epilepsy who had received phenytoin or carbamazepine monotherapy for >6 months."	3.85	Hyperhomocysteinaemia in children receiving phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: a cross-sectional observational study. ( Attri, SV; Chandrasekaran, S; Patil, S; Sahu, JK; Sankhyan, N; Singhi, P; Suthar, R; Tageja, M, 2017)
"The PPK model, using the power scaling of body weight, effectively elucidated the topiramate serum concentration profile ranging from pediatric to adult patients."	3.85	Population Pharmacokinetics of Topiramate in Japanese Pediatric and Adult Patients With Epilepsy Using Routinely Monitored Data. ( Ikeda, A; Ito, S; Matsubara, K; Sugimoto, M; Takeuchi, M; Yamamoto, S; Yano, I; Yonezawa, A, 2017)
"After excluding patients in the monotherapy group with vascular etiology or previous cardiovascular events, in the remaining 400 patients, enzyme-inducer AEDs (EIAEDs), especially phenytoin (PHT), were associated with higher prevalence of dyslipidemia (PRa 1."	3.85	Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in people with epilepsy. ( Díez, L; Elosua, R; Gomez, A; Moreira, A; Roquer, J; Vivanco-Hidalgo, RM, 2017)
"We aimed to explore the possible influence of CYP2C9 (2, 3 and IVS8-109 A>T), CYP2C19 (2, 3 and 17) and ABCB1 (1236C>T, 2677G>A/T and 3435C>T) on phenytoin* (PHT) plasma concentrations in 64 Mexican Mestizo (MM) patients with epilepsy currently treated with PHT in mono- (n=25) and polytherapy (n=39)."	3.83	CYP2C9, CYP2C19, ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms and phenytoin plasma concentrations in Mexican-Mestizo patients with epilepsy. ( Dorado, P; Familiar-López, I; Fricke-Galindo, I; Jung-Cook, H; LLerena, A; López-López, M; Martínez-Juárez, IE; Monroy-Jaramillo, N; Ortega-Vázquez, A; Peñas-Lledó, E, 2016)
"To identify the factors influencing topiramate pharmacokinetics (PK) in a large population of adult patients with epilepsy using population PK analysis."	3.83	Factors influencing topiramate clearance in adult patients with epilepsy: A population pharmacokinetic analysis. ( Bae, EK; Jang, IJ; Kim, TJ; Lee, J; Lee, KJ; Lee, SK; Moon, J; Shin, D; Shin, JW; Shin, YW, 2016)
"Although it has been reported that some antiepileptic drugs have inducing or inhibiting effects on lamotrigine (LTG) clearance, whether they have the same effects in Asian epilepsy patients as in those in other countries has not been clarified, especially in children."	3.83	The effects of co-medications on lamotrigine clearance in Japanese children with epilepsy. ( Abe, S; Azuma, Y; Ishihara, N; Ito, Y; Itomi, K; Kidokoro, H; Kojima, S; Kurahashi, H; Kurahashi, N; Maruyama, K; Natsume, J; Negoro, T; Okumura, A; Suzuki, M; Takeuchi, T; Tsuji, T; Watanabe, K; Yamada, K; Yamamoto, H, 2016)
"We compared persistence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) including carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, valproic acid, and phenytoin in an Asian population with epilepsy."	3.83	Comparative persistence of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy: A STROBE-compliant retrospective cohort study. ( Hsieh, CY; Huang, CW; Lai, EC; Lin, SJ; Setoguchi, S; Su, CC; Yang, YK, 2016)
" This compound was effective in delaying onset of PTZ-evoked seizures at the dose of 5mg/kg in kindled animals and significantly reduced oxidative stress better than standard drug phenobarbital (PB)."	3.81	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-[4-(4-(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl)-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester derivatives as novel anticonvulsant agents. ( Kumari, S; Mishra, CB; Tiwari, M, 2015)
"Lamotrigine (LTG) is a widely used antiepileptic-drug (AED) for the treatment of epilepsy."	3.81	Effect of comedication on lamotrigine clearance in Korean epilepsy patients. ( Hong, SB; Joo, EY; Kim, HJ; Kim, TE; Lee, SY; Seo, DW, 2015)
"Phenytoin has a widespread use in epilepsy treatment and is mainly metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)."	3.81	The effect of polymorphic metabolism enzymes on serum phenytoin level. ( Ergeç, D; Gulcebi, MI; Guney, I; Onat, FY; Ozkara, C; Ozkaynakci, A; Ulucan, K; Uzan, M, 2015)
" We genotyped normal and epileptic patient cohorts of monoethnic population of Kashmir valley for CYP2C9 gene and allelic polymorphism and investigated the effect of CYP2C92 and 3 polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetic and therapeutic and/or adverse pharmacodynamic responses to Phenytoin in the idiopathic epilepsy patients."	3.81	Clinical relevance of genetic polymorphism in CYP2C9 gene to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in epileptic patients: validatory pharmacogenomic approach to pharmacovigilance. ( Andrabi, KI; Jan, TR; Kousar, S; Wafai, ZA; Wani, MA, 2015)
" We evaluated influence of DHA on anticonvulsant activity of AEDs phenytoin, valproate, and lamotrigine in maximal electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and kindling models of epilepsy."	3.81	Synergistic effect of docosahexaenoic acid on anticonvulsant activity of valproic acid and lamotrigine in animal seizure models. ( Babapour, V; Gavzan, H; Sardari, S; Sayyah, M, 2015)
"Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic window and seizures can occur at both ends of the spectrum."	3.81	Paradoxical Seizure Response to Phenytoin in an Epileptic Heroin Addict. ( Dewberry, RG; Pula, T; Vasagar, B; Verma, BR, 2015)
"A 49-year-old-male has been treated with phenytoin for epilepsy for more than ten years."	3.81	Potentially Unsafe Herb-drug Interactions Between a Commercial Product of Noni Juice and Phenytoin- A Case Report. ( Chen, MH; Kang, YC; Lai, SL, 2015)
"To examine the effects of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) genetic polymorphisms on carbamazepine (CBZ) plasma concentrations in Chinese patients with epilepsy using CBZ as monotherapy and bitherapy with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), or valproic acid (VPA)."	3.81	Effects of CYP3A4/5 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms on carbamazepine metabolism and transport in Chinese patients with epilepsy treated with carbamazepine in monotherapy and bitherapy. ( Liu, DQ; Ma, HY; Sheng, YH; Wang, C; Wang, P; Yin, T; Zhou, BT, 2015)
"Valproic acid (VPA), which is widely used to treat epilepsy, migraine, and bipolar disorder, can causes severe hyperammonemia."	3.81	Influence of glutamine synthetase gene polymorphisms on the development of hyperammonemia during valproic acid-based therapy. ( Hirai, K; Imai, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, Y; Itoh, K; Suzuki, E; Takahashi, T; Takahashi, Y; Tsuji, D; Yamamoto, Y, 2015)
"A 12-year-old patient with refractory epilepsy syndrome presented with phenytoin toxicity, following a concomitant treatment with phenytoin, valproic acid, and lamotrigine."	3.80	Drug interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid in a child with refractory epilepsy: a case report. ( Carnevale, RC; Carvalho, IV; de Fátima Lopes Ambrósio, R; de Queiroz, RA; dos Reis, MC; Mazzola, PG; Moriel, P; Visacri, MB, 2014)
"Lacosamide (LCM), a new antiepileptic drug (AED) approved as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of patients with partial-onset seizures, has limited pharmacokinetic and drug interaction data."	3.80	Lacosamide serum concentrations in adult patients with epilepsy: the influence of gender, age, dose, and concomitant antiepileptic drugs. ( Duncan, JS; Markoula, S; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sander, JW; Teotonio, R, 2014)
"The "anticonvulsant face," with a short nose, broad nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, and wide mouth, was described in the 1970s in children who had been exposed during pregnancy to the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin and phenobarbital."	3.80	Laser light scan analysis of the "anticonvulsant face". ( Deutsch, CK; Holmes, LB; Orup, HI, 2014)
"Valproic acid, which is widely used to treat various types of epilepsy, may cause severe hyperammonemia."	3.80	4217C>A polymorphism in carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 gene may not associate with hyperammonemia development during valproic acid-based therapy. ( Hayashi, H; Imai, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, Y; Itoh, K; Miyakawa, K; Suzuki, E; Takahashi, T; Takahashi, Y; Tsuji, D; Yamamoto, Y; Yazawa, R, 2014)
" Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled and spontaneous model of epilepsy (EL) mice were used as models of chemically induced and spontaneous epilepsy, respectively."	3.80	Pharmacoproteomics-based reconstruction of in vivo P-glycoprotein function at blood-brain barrier and brain distribution of substrate verapamil in pentylenetetrazole-kindled epilepsy, spontaneous epilepsy, and phenytoin treatment models. ( Ohtsuki, S; Terasaki, T; Uchida, Y, 2014)
"To facilitate therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by healthcare professionals for patients with epilepsy (PWE), we applied a GC-MS assay to measure three AEDs: carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT) and valproic acid (VPA) levels concurrently in one dried blood spot (DBS), and validated the DBS-measured levels to their plasma levels."	3.80	Clinical validation and implications of dried blood spot sampling of carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. ( Ho, PC; Kong, ST; Kumar, PK; Lee, WB; Lim, SH; Ng, YL; Wang, HY; Wong, PS, 2014)
" Adults with a history of epilepsy who used a generic phenytoin and whose therapy was switched to another generic phenytoin between January 2012 and June 2013 were included (n = 80)."	3.80	Switching between phenytoin generics in patients with epilepsy may lead to increased risk of breakthrough seizure: chart analysis and practice recommendations. ( Chu, K; Jung, KH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Moon, J; Shin, JW, 2014)
" He had a complex medical history including epilepsy controlled with long-term phenytoin."	3.79	When less is more: a case of phenytoin toxicity. ( Arnold, I; Robertson, K; von Stempel, CB, 2013)
"We report two cases of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) associated with the use of carbamazepine and phenytoin in Brazilian boys tested for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II alleles."	3.79	HLA typing in Brazilian boys with aromatic antiepileptic drug-induced DRESS. ( Cuman, RK; Gaeti, WP; Moliterno, RA; Obreli-Neto, PR; Schiavon, GB, 2013)
"The results indicated an increased risk of hypothyroidism among patients using AEDs, especially phenytoin, valproate, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine."	3.79	Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of hypothyroidism. ( Hsieh, CY; Lai, EC; Lin, SJ; Yang, YH, 2013)
"Cognitive impairment implicates many factors beyond phenytoin monotherapy in patients with epilepsy."	3.79	Association of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele with cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy and interaction with phenytoin monotherapy. ( Ganesvaran, RA; Narmadha, MP; Palanisamy, A; Rajendran, NN, 2013)
"We recruited ambulatory young adults with epilepsy who were taking phenytoin."	3.79	The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin. ( Geater, A; Leelawattana, R; Limapichart, K; Phabphal, K; Sathirapanya, P; Setthawatcharawanich, S; Thammakumpee, N; Witeerungrot, N, 2013)
"Phenytoin is known to be able to induce cerebellar atrophy in patients with epilepsy."	3.79	The role of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in phenytoin-related cerebellar atrophy. ( Borgio, JG; De Paola, L; Scola, RH; Silvado, C; Twardowschy, CA; Werneck, LC, 2013)
"Clinical studies indicate that phenytoin prevents acute post-traumatic seizures but not subsequent post-traumatic epilepsy."	3.78	Interictal spikes, seizures and ictal cell death are not necessary for post-traumatic epileptogenesis in vitro. ( Berdichevsky, Y; Dzhala, V; Mail, M; Staley, KJ, 2012)
"We recruited 98 patients with epilepsy (45 taking phenytoin, 27 taking valproate, and 26 not taking any AED)."	3.78	Characterization of glucose homeostasis and lipid profile in adult, seizure-free, epileptic patients in Asian population. ( Geater, A; Limapichat, K; Phabphal, K; Sathirapanya, P; Setthawatcharawanich, S, 2012)
"Asians who carry the HLA-B1502 allele have an elevated risk of developing Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) when treated with the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin* (PHT)."	3.78	Cost-effectiveness of HLA-B*1502 genotyping in adult patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy in Singapore. ( Dong, D; Finkelstein, EA; Sung, C, 2012)
" Using this assay, we examined polymorphisms in 20 Japanese pediatric patients prescribed phenytoin for the treatment of epilepsy, and classified their polymorphisms into four groups: group I, CYP2C91/1 and CYP2C191/1; group II, CYP2C91/1 and CYP2C191/2 or 1/3; group III, CYP2C91/1 and CYP2C192/2; and group IV, CYP2C91/3 and CYP2C191/2 or 1/3."	3.77	[Development of rapid genotyping methods for single nucleotide polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and their clinical application in pediatric patients with epilepsy]. ( Ikumi, Y; Kagawa, Y; Mishima, N; Nishimura, S; Takahashi, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 2011)
" The distribution of variant CYP2C9 alleles and prevalence of phenytoin adverse reactions were hereby investigated in a population of patients diagnosed with epilepsy."	3.77	CYP2C9 polymorphism in patients with epilepsy: genotypic frequency analyzes and phenytoin adverse reactions correlation. ( De Paola, L; Scola, RH; Silvado, CE; Twardowschy, CA; Werneck, LC, 2011)
"A retrospective cohort study using a large health insurance plan claims database comparing patients with epilepsy who switched from brand to generic equivalent phenytoin, lamotrigine, or divalproex after 6 months (switch cohorts) to matched patients who remained on the brand (nonswitch cohorts)."	3.77	Clinical and pharmacy utilization outcomes with brand to generic antiepileptic switches in patients with epilepsy. ( Curtis, B; Erickson, SC; Harada, AS; Le, L; Ramsey, SD; Solow, BK; Stockl, KM; Zakharyan, A, 2011)
"Relationships between reproductive hormone levels, bone turnover marker levels, bone mineral density, and rates of bone loss were evaluated in premenopausal women with epilepsy taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs: phenytoin or carbamazepine) or lamotrigine."	3.77	Normal vitamin D and low free estradiol levels in women on enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. ( McMahon, DJ; Morrell, MJ; Pack, AM; Shane, E, 2011)
"Children aged 5 to 12 years with diagnosed epilepsy who received phenytoin monotherapy seen in the neurological clinic at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health were studied."	3.77	Correlation between serum and salivary phenytoin concentrations in Thai epileptic children. ( Jaiweerawattana, U; Liamsuwan, S, 2011)
"Fosphenytoin was developed to eliminate the poor aqueous solubility and irritant properties of intravenous phenytoin."	3.77	New anticonvulsant drugs. Focus on flunarizine, fosphenytoin, midazolam and stiripentol. ( Bebin, M; Bleck, TP, 1994)
"The DNS II acetone fraction of Delphinium nordhagenii has exhibited the anticonvulsant actions by preventing the seizures against PTZ- and picrotoxin-induced seizure as well as 100% seizure protection in MES test."	3.76	Anticonvulsant activity of DNS II fraction in the acute seizure models. ( Ahmad, M; Raza, ML; Shaheen, F; Simjee, SU; Zeeshan, M, 2010)
"In this study of older adults with epilepsy, lamotrigine was the most effective AED as measured by 12-month retention and seizure freedom, with levetiracetam a close second."	3.76	Comparative effectiveness of 10 antiepileptic drugs in older adults with epilepsy. ( Arif, H; Bazil, CW; Buchsbaum, R; Hirsch, LJ; Pierro, J; Resor, SR; Sims, J; Whalen, M, 2010)
" The purpose of this study was to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of such genetic variants in patients with epilepsy from North India administered first-line antiepileptic drugs, such as phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid, and compare them with worldwide epilepsy populations."	3.76	Genetic profile of patients with epilepsy on first-line antiepileptic drugs and potential directions for personalized treatment. ( Baghel, R; Bala, K; Brahmachari, SK; Giddaluru, S; Gourie-Devi, M; Grover, S; Gupta, M; Kaur, H; Kaur, K; Kukreti, R; Narayanasamy, K; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Talwar, P; Varma, B, 2010)
" She was receiving phenytoin for epilepsy for 2 years."	3.76	Phenytoin induced vitamin D deficiency presenting as proximal muscle weakness. ( Aggarwal, A; Faridi, MM, 2010)
" The influence of age and concomitant medications on the dose/concentration ratio of levetiracetam was examined in 103 children with epilepsy."	3.76	Age and comedications influence levetiracetam pharmacokinetics in children. ( Dahlin, MG; Ohman, I; Wide, K, 2010)
"Phenytoin, one of the most common antiepileptic drugs, is a major cause of antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), which is a rare but potentially fatal complication."	3.75	Agranulocytosis following phenytoin-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. ( Imai, K; Ito, S; Oguni, H; Osawa, M; Sasaki, K; Shioda, M, 2009)
"Between 1999 and 2004, we enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy who were taking a single antiepileptic agent (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, or valproate) in a prospective, observational, multicenter study in the United States and the United Kingdom."	3.75	Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. ( Baker, GA; Browning, N; Clayton-Smith, J; Cohen, M; Combs-Cantrell, DT; Kalayjian, LA; Kanner, A; Liporace, JD; Loring, DW; Meador, KJ; Pennell, PB; Privitera, M, 2009)
"To determine the utility and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV) compared to phenytoin (PHT) in preventing clinical seizures in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)."	3.75	Utility of levetiracetam in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. ( Husain, AM; Shah, D, 2009)
"(1) Numerous follow-up studies of pregnancies in women with epilepsy show that valproic acid is more teratogenic than other antiepileptics."	3.75	Valproic acid: long-term effects on children exposed in utero. ( , 2009)
"Phenytoin has a wide range of pharmacologic effects other than its anticonvulsant activity."	3.75	Phenytoin revisited. ( Finkel, MJ, 1984)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is widely used to treat epilepsy in elderly patients, but information on its pharmacokinetics in this population is limited."	3.74	Phenytoin half-life and clearance during maintenance therapy in adults and elderly patients with epilepsy. ( Ahn, JE; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Cloyd, JC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Musib, LC; Ramsay, RE; Rarick, JO; White, JR, 2008)
"Previous studies found a strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) in Han Chinese, but not in Caucasian populations."	3.74	Carbamazepine and phenytoin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome is associated with HLA-B*1502 allele in Thai population. ( Desudchit, T; Hirankarn, N; Kangwanshiratada, O; Korkij, W; Limotai, C; Locharernkul, C; Loplumlert, J; Shotelersuk, V; Suphapeetiporn, K; Tongkobpetch, S, 2008)
" Hyperhomocysteinemia was defined as fasting total Hcy above 12 micromol/L and/or post-methionine load concentrations above 38 micromol/L."	3.74	Drug-induced pertubation of the aminothiol redox-status in patients with epilepsy: improvement by B-vitamins. ( Apeland, T; Frøyland, ES; Kristensen, O; Mansoor, MA; Strandjord, RE, 2008)
"Both levetiracetam (LEV) and phenytoin (PHT) were associated with a low risk of early postoperative seizures and a moderate risk of later epilepsy."	3.74	Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after supratentorial neurosurgery. ( Bromfield, EB; Hurwitz, S; Milligan, TA, 2008)
"The present work was undertaken to examine the central pharmacokinetics of phenytoin (PHT) in an experimental model of epilepsy, induced by administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP), and possible participation of P-glycoprotein in this model of epilepsy."	3.74	Nimodipine restores the altered hippocampal phenytoin pharmacokinetics in a refractory epileptic model. ( Auzmendi, J; Bramuglia, GF; Girardi, E; Gonzalez, NN; Höcht, C; Lazarowski, A; Opezzo, JA; Taira, CA, 2007)
"Ecto-nucleotidases, one of the main mechanisms involved in the control of adenosine levels in the synaptic cleft, have shown increased activities after the pilocarpine model of epilepsy."	3.74	Antiepileptic drugs prevent changes induced by pilocarpine model of epilepsy in brain ecto-nucleotidases. ( Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Bruno, AN; Cognato, Gde P; da Silva, RS; Sarkis, JJ, 2007)
"A previous study conducted in Taiwan found a 100% association between HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) in Han Chinese subjects, with an extremely high odds ratio compared with carbamazepine-tolerant subjects (odds ratio = 2,504)."	3.74	Association between HLA-B*1502 allele and antiepileptic drug-induced cutaneous reactions in Han Chinese. ( Baum, L; Cheng, AS; Kwan, P; Lau, KM; Man, CB; Ng, MH; Yu, E, 2007)
"Using the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model, indicative of tonic-clonic seizures in humans, the present study was aimed at characterizing the interaction between remacemide and valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital."	3.74	Isobolographic analysis of interactions between remacemide and conventional antiepileptic drugs in the mouse model of maximal electroshock. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Malek, R; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N, 2007)
"Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) have been associated with some drugs, particularly anticonvulsants such as phenytoin."	3.74	[Toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by phenytoin and whole brain radiotherapy]. ( Fernández, FA; Garcés, FJ; Pintor, E; Quesada, R, 2007)
"On the basis of epileptic model induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), cognitive impairment model was induced by kindling epilepsy with PTZ everyday, which were then di-vided into the model-1 group, the CZD-1 group, the nimodipine-1 group, and those by injecting large dosage phenytoin sodium were divided into the model-2 group, the CZD-2 group and the nimodipine-2 group."	3.74	[Influence of repeated seizures and large dosage anti-epileptic drug on phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein in rat's hippocampus and effect of Caoguo Zhimu Decoction]. ( He, J; Ma, SL, 2007)
"To compare the temporal pattern of seizures after acute withdrawal of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU)."	3.74	Temporal pattern of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin withdrawal seizures during epilepsy monitoring. ( Abou-Khalil, BW; Azar, NJ; Song, Y; Wang, L, 2008)
" We previously reported biochemical evidence of increased bone turnover in premenopausal women with epilepsy on phenytoin monotherapy compared with those on carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproate."	3.74	Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy. ( McMahon, DJ; Morrell, MJ; Pack, AM; Randall, A; Shane, E, 2008)
"This is the first report demonstrating an association between the SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine-resistant epilepsy."	3.74	Association between SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine-resistant epilepsy. ( Abe, T; Hori, M; Ishitsu, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakagawa, T; Seo, T, 2008)
" We studied premenopausal women with epilepsy receiving antiepileptic drug monotherapy (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, and lamotrigine)."	3.73	Bone mass and turnover in women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. ( Doñe, S; Flaster, E; Holloway, L; Marcus, R; Morrell, MJ; Pack, AM; Randall, A; Seale, C; Shane, E, 2005)
"Across a range of assumptions used, the risk of hospitalization for Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users is low for carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and valproic acid."	3.73	Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptics. ( Messenheimer, J; Mockenhaupt, M; Schlingmann, J; Tennis, P, 2005)
"3 in a fetus exposed to phenytoin during pregnancy."	3.73	A fragile site at 10q23 (FRA10A) in a phenytoin-exposed fetus: a case report and review of the literature. ( Désilets, V; Duncan, AM; Morel, CF, 2005)
" In this study the anticonvulsant actions of norfluoxetine and fluoxetine were studied and compared to those of phenytoin and clonazepam in pentylenetetrazol-induced mouse epilepsy models."	3.73	Norfluoxetine and fluoxetine have similar anticonvulsant and Ca2+ channel blocking potencies. ( Harasztosi, C; Kecskeméti, V; Nánási, PP; Pál, B; Riba, P; Rusznák, Z; Szûcs, G; Wagner, R, 2005)
"We report a patient with epilepsy who presented with acute onset of left hemiparesis associated with phenytoin intoxication due to interaction with clobazam."	3.73	Benign angiopathy of the central nervous system associated with phenytoin intoxication. ( Kume, A; Nagao, H; Nakano, N; Wakamoto, H, 2006)
" The AEDs received by the mothers with epilepsy were Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, and Sodium valproate."	3.73	Physical growth and psychomotor development of infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero. ( Arulmozhi, T; Dhanaraj, M; Rangaraj, R; Vengatesan, A, 2006)
"From 100 consecutive epilepsy patients we selected those with phenytoin use for more than 2 months and with MRI scan available for volumetric studies."	3.72	Cerebellar volume and long-term use of phenytoin. ( Cendes, F; De Marcos, FA; Ghizoni, E; Kobayashi, E; Li, LM, 2003)
" She had been diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and was given phenytoin 2 months before admission to our hospital."	3.72	Use of biperiden hydrochloride in a child with severe dyskinesia induced by phenytoin. ( Anlar, O; Caksen, H; Odabaş, D, 2003)
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the afferent fiber system to the cerebellum in patients with phenytoin (PHT)-induced cerebellar atrophy in comparison with cerebellar atrophy of other etiologies by using DT-MRI."	3.72	Diffusion tensor MRI and fiber tractography of cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin users. ( Chu, M; Heo, K; Kim, DI; Kim, DJ; Kim, SY; Lee, BI; Lee, SK; Mori, S, 2003)
"An infant who was exposed to phenytoin as monotherapy throughout pregnancy was born with the following abnormalities: midface hypoplasia, digit hypoplasia with syndactyly in the hands and feet, meningomyelocele, talipes equinovarus, and a long skin pedicle on the back."	3.72	Multiple congenital anomalies associated with in utero exposure of phenytoin: possible hypoxic ischemic mechanism? ( Holmes, LB; Huang, T; Lyon, HM, 2003)
" Hence, the standard of care for older patients with epilepsy should be reevaluated, although the vast use of phenytoin in this population suggests that change in practice patterns may be difficult."	3.72	Potentially inappropriate antiepileptic drugs for elderly patients with epilepsy. ( Berlowitz, D; Charbonneau, A; Cramer, J; Kazis, L; Knoefel, J; Mandell, A; Pugh, MJ, 2004)
"A 19-year old man with cryptogenic simple partial and secondary generalized epilepsy developed blurred vision and xanthopsia after phenytoin loading for status epilepticus."	3.72	Acute visual dysfunction following phenytoin-induced toxicity. ( Deleu, D; Shenoy, R; Thakral, A, 2003)
" This clinical policy focuses on 6 critical questions: What laboratory tests are indicated in the otherwise healthy adult patient with a new-onset seizure who has returned to a baseline normal neurologic status?Which new-onset seizure patients who have returned to a normal baseline require a head computed tomography (CT) scan in the emergency department (ED)?Which new-onset seizure patients who have returned to normal baseline need to be admitted to the hospital and/or started on an antiepileptic drug?What are effective phenytoin or fosphenytoin dosing strategies for preventing seizure recurrence in patients who present to the ED after having had a seizure with a subtherapeutic serum phenytoin level?What agent(s) should be administered to a patient in status epilepticus who continues to seize after having received benzodiazepine and phenytoin?When should electroencephalographic (EEG) testing be performed in the ED? Recommendations for patient management are provided for each 1 of these topics on the basis of strength of evidence (Level A, B, or C)."	3.72	Clinical policy: Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with seizures. ( , 2004)
"Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth is a well-known and frequently reported gingival lesion, which was first detected in 1939."	3.72	Phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in un-cooperated epilepsy patients. ( Cakmak, H; Gursoy, UK; Marakoglu, I; Marakoglu, K, 2004)
"The effects of phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB) on EEG activity and behavior was studied in the model of epilepsy induced by intracerebroventricular (i."	3.72	The effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital on seizures induced by imipenem/cilastatin in rats. ( Stanojlovic, O; Stojanovic, J; Susic, V; Zivanovic, D, 2004)
"The nootropic drug piracetam was investigated in various experimental models of epilepsy."	3.72	Effects of piracetam alone and in combination with antiepileptic drugs in rodent seizure models. ( De Sarro, G; Fischer, W; Kittner, H; Regenthal, R; Russo, E, 2004)
"To search for the optimal dosage of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy based on the metabolic activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms, a total of 169 patients receiving phenytoin treatment for more than 1 month were recruited."	3.72	Dosage recommendation of phenytoin for patients with epilepsy with different CYP2C9/CYP2C19 polymorphisms. ( Chang, CJ; Chen, CC; Hung, CC; Lin, CJ; Liou, HH, 2004)
"To investigate the relationship between the genetic polymorphism of cytochrome CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 and the serum concentration of phenytoin (PHT) in patients with epilepsy."	3.72	[Association between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 and phenytoin serum concentration]. ( Chen, B; Huang, Y; Qi, XL; Wang, WZ; Wang, YQ; Yang, JF, 2004)
" The boy was exposed to phenytoin, in combination with carbamazepine, during pregnancy."	3.71	Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) with features of the tibia-metacarpal type and maternal phenytoin treatment during pregnancy. ( Annerén, G; Brandberg, G; Larsson, M; Lönnerholm, T; Wester, U, 2002)
"We report the case of a 24-y-old woman who presented with repeated episodes of otitis due to panhypogammaglobulinemia and low levels of mature CD19 + B cells (84 cells/microl) associated with phenytoin treatment."	3.71	Reversible panhypogammaglobulinemia associated with phenytoin treatment. ( Pereira, LF; Sanchez, JF, 2002)
"To determine the effects of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in paediatric patients with epilepsy."	3.71	Effect of temperature on serum protein binding characteristics of phenytoin in monotherapy paediatric patients with epilepsy. ( Itokazu, N; Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Sugimoto, T, 2001)
"To evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between topiramate (TPM) and phenytoin (PHT) in patients with epilepsy by studying their pharmacokinetics (PK) after monotherapy and concomitant TPM/PHT treatment."	3.71	Topiramate and phenytoin pharmacokinetics during repetitive monotherapy and combination therapy to epileptic patients. ( Bialer, M; Bishop, FE; Curtin, CR; Doose, DR; Gisclon, LG; Kunze, KL; Levy, RH; Mather, GG; Roskos, LK; Sachdeo, RC; Sachdeo, SK; Shen, DD; Streeter, AJ; Thummel, KE; Trager, WF, 2002)
"To elucidate the involvement of bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) in the pathogenesis of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth, we measured the concentration of bFGF in the serum of 36 epileptic patients taking phenytoin and in 94 normal volunteers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique."	3.70	Increased bFGF level in the serum of patients with phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. ( Maita, E; Sasaki, T, 1998)
"To evaluate the interictal autonomic nervous system function in 84 patients with epilepsy: 37 with newly diagnosed, previously untreated epilepsy, and 47 patients receiving long-term carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA) monotherapy, or CBZ plus PHT, or CBZ plus VPA for their seizure disorder."	3.70	Interictal cardiovascular autonomic responses in patients with epilepsy. ( Ansakorpi, H; Isojärvi, JI; Myllylä, VV; Repo, M; Suominen, K; Tolonen, U, 1998)
"One hundred and ninety-five (113 black and 82 coloured) compliant people with epilepsy receiving generic phenytoin monotherapy."	3.70	Benefits of a clinical pharmacokinetic service in optimising phenytoin use in the western Cape. ( Folb, PI; Kies, BM; Seymour, MA; Valodia, P, 1998)
"The last premortem serum concentrations of phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ) and its CBZ-10,11-epoxide metabolite (CE) were compared with the corresponding postmortem serum concentrations in 16 adult patients of an epilepsy centre."	3.70	Comparison between premortem and postmortem serum concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite in institutionalized patients with epilepsy. ( Jürgens, U; May, T; Rambeck, B; Schnabel, R, 1999)
"A 30-year-old man was given high doses of phenytoin together with 4 antituberculous drugs for a seizure associated with a probable brain tuberculoma."	3.70	[Residual cerebellar ataxia following acute phenytoin intoxication]. ( al Beladi, K; al Jumah, M; Amene, P; Awada, A, 1999)
"The effects of temperature on the binding kinetics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins were determined in patients with epilepsy."	3.70	Temperature effect on serum protein binding kinetics of phenytoin in monotherapy patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 1999)
" We report a patient with familial hypercholesterolaemia and epilepsy in whom the introduction and subsequent discontinuation of phenytoin were associated with marked changes in the lipid response to treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin."	3.70	Efficacy of statin therapy: possible effect of phenytoin. ( Dominiczak, MH; Murphy, MJ, 1999)
"The potential effect of co-medication with phenobarbitone, primidone and carbamazepine on plasma and saliva concentrations of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (4-HPPH), the major metabolite of phenytoin in man and on the incidence of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth was investigated in a group of 36 adult epileptic patients."	3.70	The effect of multiple anticonvulsant therapy on the expression of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. ( Ball, DE; Kamali, F; McLaughlin, WS; Seymour, RA, 1999)
" In PHT nonresponders, TPM significantly increased ADT, which is in line with its proven efficacy in patients with refractory partial epilepsy in whom phenytoin has failed."	3.70	Anticonvulsant efficacy of topiramate in phenytoin-resistant kindled rats. ( Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Reissmüller, E, 2000)
"Our data indicate that not only fasting but also 6h-PML tHcy levels should be determined in order to identify hyperhomocysteinemia among patients on AEDs."	3.70	Homocysteine concentrations and methionine loading in patients on antiepileptic drugs. ( Apeland, T; Kristensen, O; Mansoor, MA; Strandjord, RE, 2000)
"The chronic treatment with phenytoin or the acute intoxication by this drug may cause permanent cerebellar injury with atrophy of cerebellum vermis and hemispheres, which can be detected by neuroimaging studies."	3.70	[Dose-dependent relationship of chronic use of phenytoin and cerebellar atrophy in patients with epilepsy]. ( Cendes, F; Dantas, CD; Del Negro, A; Montenegro, MA; Zanardi, V, 2000)
"The aim of the present study was to determine the gender-related binding characteristics of phenytoin (PHT) to serum proteins in adult patients with epilepsy."	3.70	No gender effect on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in monotherapy for adult patients with epilepsy. ( Kanemaru, R; Kodama, H; Kodama, Y; Mitsuyama, Y; Shinozawa, S; Todaka, K, 2000)
"We evaluated the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on serum androgen levels and sexual function prospectively for 5 years in 11 men with epilepsy and in 25 patients receiving either CBZ (14 patients) or phenytoin (PHT) (11) monotherapy for > 5 years."	3.69	Carbamazepine, phenytoin, sex hormones, and sexual function in men with epilepsy. ( Isojärvi, JI; Lukkarinen, O; Myllylä, VV; Pakarinen, AJ; Repo, M, 1995)
"Urinary excretions of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, carbamazepine-10,11-trans-diol, 9-hydroxyacridan and 2- and 3-hydroxycarbamazepine were measured at various stages of pregnancy, and in the post-natal period, in ten epileptic women, six of whom took no other enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant and four of whom took such co-medication."	3.69	Metabolism of carbamazepine and co-administered anticonvulsants during pregnancy. ( Bernus, I; Dickinson, RG; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD, 1995)
"Cerebellar atrophy has been noted in patients with phenytoin exposure."	3.69	Cerebellar atrophy in patients with long-term phenytoin exposure and epilepsy. ( Barr, WB; Lantos, G; Ney, GC; Schaul, N, 1994)
"Phenytoin serum concentrations were evaluated in 88 epileptic women at different stages of pregnancy and 40 women during postnatal periods."	3.69	Phenytoin serum concentration monitoring during pregnancy and puerperium in Mexican epileptic women. ( Amancio-Chassin, O; Belmont-Gómez, A; Estrada-Altamirano, A; Hernández-Serrano, M; Herrerías-Cunedo, T; Rodríguez-Palomares, C, 1995)
"To evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in children, 97 steady-state serum valproate concentration measurements were gathered during normal, routine, outpatient care of 52 children with epilepsy (1."	3.69	A model for estimating individualized valproate clearance values in children. ( Botha, JH; Gray, AL; Miller, R, 1995)
" We studied the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of an oral 15-mg dose of midazolam in 6 patients with epilepsy who are also taking carbamazepine (CBZ) or phenytoin (PHT)."	3.69	Concentrations and effects of oral midazolam are greatly reduced in patients treated with carbamazepine or phenytoin. ( Backman, JT; Laaksovirta, H; Neuvonen, PJ; Ojala, M; Olkkola, KT, 1996)
"Topiramate, a structurally novel anticonvulsant, and phenytoin were evaluated in a rat model of ischemia-induced epilepsy."	3.69	Anticonvulsant activity of topiramate and phenytoin in a rat model of ischemia-induced epilepsy. ( Edmonds, HL; Jiang, YD; Shank, RP; Zhang, PY, 1996)
"The interaction between clearance of phenytoin, valproic acid, phenobarbital and carbamazepine, and changes in body weight was determined in a 19-year-old obese woman with epilepsy (body weight 93 kg, BMI 36."	3.69	Clearance of phenytoin and valproic acid is affected by a small body weight reduction in an epileptic obese patient: a case study. ( Ashikari, Y; Chiba, S; Kodama, Y; Kuranari, M; Sakata, T; Takeyama, M, 1996)
"The cobalt model of epilepsy, in combination with the C-14 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique, was used to assess the effects of phenytoin (PHT) and ethosuximide (ESM), two antiepileptic drugs, and ketamine (KET), a drug with anticonvulsant properties, on brain activity."	3.69	A combined cobalt and C-14 2-deoxyglucose approach to antiepileptic drug assessment. ( Cooper, RM; Krenz, NR, 1996)
"We examined the effect of CYP2C9/19 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in 17 Japanese patients with epilepsy."	3.69	Effect of CYP2C polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Iui, K; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Takano, M, 1996)
" Available history is that he is a 20-year-old student with well-controlled epilepsy for which he takes phenytoin."	3.69	Drugs and brain death. ( Chivell, W; Fearnside, M; Kennedy, MC; Moran, JL; Morris, RG; Tobin, B; Upton, RN, 1996)
"We report the first case of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurring 20 years after continuous phenytoin therapy for idiopathic epilepsy."	3.69	EBV-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developing after phenytoin therapy. ( Del Campo, F; Dominguez-Franjo, P; Garcia-Suarez, J; Herrero, B; Munoz, MA; Pardo, A; Piris, MA, 1996)
"Twelve patients with epilepsy receiving chronic phenytoin therapy and 12 healthy control subjects matched for age and gender received a single oral dose of nisoldipine (40 and 20 mg, respectively)."	3.69	Reduced plasma nisoldipine concentrations in phenytoin-treated patients with epilepsy. ( Cipolla, G; Gatti, G; Heinig, R; Michelucci, R; Ochan, M; Passarelli, D; Perucca, E; Tassinari, CA, 1996)
"We report the effects of two new dihydropyridine derivatives, isradipine (4-(4'-benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedic arboxylic acid methylisopropylester) and niguldipine (1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid 3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl methyl ester hydrochloride), and of dantrolene (1-[(5-[p-nitrophenyl]furfurylidene)-amino]hydantoin sodium, an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores) on the protective efficacy of antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock-induced seizures."	3.69	Influence of isradipine, niguldipine and dantrolene on the anticonvulsive action of conventional antiepileptics in mice. ( Borowicz, KK; Czuczwar, SJ; Gasior, M; Kleinrok, Z, 1997)
" Eighty patients presenting with epilepsy received monotherapies of valproic acid, phenytoin, or carbamazepine; 18 patients did not receive antiepileptic drug therapy."	3.69	Color vision tests for early detection of antiepileptic drug toxicity. ( Bayer, AU; Dichgans, J; Kuehn, M; Paulus, W; Ried, S; Schmidt, D; Thiel, HJ; Zrenner, E, 1997)
"We examined the anticonvulsant effects of BW1003C87 (5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine ethane sulphonic acid), which is structurally related to the new antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine, and compared its effects to those of the conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin and carbamazopine, using the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy."	3.69	BW1003C87, phenytoin and carbamazepine elevate seizure threshold in the rat amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy. ( Morimoto, K; Sato, H; Sato, K; Sato, S; Yamada, N, 1997)
" We studied the changes in arrhythmia profile and heart-rate variability, during abrupt withdrawal of carbamazepine and phenytoin treatment in 10 patients with side effects on these drugs."	3.69	Changes in arrhythmia profile and heart rate variability during abrupt withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Implications for sudden death. ( Bergfeldt, L; Ericson, M; Kennebäck, G; Tomson, T, 1997)
"The possibility that vigabatrin (VGB) decreases serum phenytoin (PHT) concentration by lowering the oral bioavailability of PHT was investigated in 21 patients with epilepsy."	3.68	Vigabatrin-induced decrease in serum phenytoin concentration does not involve a change in phenytoin bioavailability. ( Bartoli, A; Gatti, G; Marchiselli, R; Michelucci, R; Perucca, E; Pisani, F; Richens, A; Tassinari, CA; Timmings, P; Zaccara, G, 1993)
"Sound-induced seizures in genetically epilepsy-prone rats were used to compare the anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin and diazepam with compounds which decrease glutamatergic neurotransmission including excitatory amino acid antagonists acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors: D(-)CPPene, CGP 37849 and MK 801 or at the glycine/NMDA site: ACPC (1-aminocyclopropane-dicarboxylic acid) (partial agonist) or non-NMDA receptors: NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo[f]-quinoxaline."	3.68	Excitatory amino acid antagonists, lamotrigine and BW 1003C87 as anticonvulsants in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. ( al-Zubaidy, ZA; Chapman, AG; Meldrum, BS; Smith, SE, 1993)
"The anticonvulsant activity of U-54494A was studied in a 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) epilepsy model using extracellular recordings in in vitro hippocampal slices."	3.68	U-54494A reduces 4-AP-induced afterdischarges of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampal slice of the rat. ( Camacho-Ochoa, M; Hoffmann, WE; Piercey, MP; VonVoigtlander, PF, 1992)
"This investigation examines the incidence of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in a population of epileptic patients who attend General Medical Practices for treatment of their epilepsy and compares the gingival changes with an otherwise healthy group of patients."	3.68	Incidence and severity of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in epileptic patients in general medical practice. ( Rawlins, MD; Seymour, RA; Thomason, JM, 1992)
"The steady-state 72 h urinary excretion of various phenytoin metabolites has been measured in 10 epileptic women, whose plasma phenytoin concentrations relative to the phenytoin dose fell during pregnancy and rose again post-partum."	3.68	Phenytoin metabolism during pregnancy. ( Dickinson, RG; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; Lander, CM; McKinnon, GE, 1992)
"We retrospectively collected plasma level assessments performed in 96 adult patients with epilepsy on stable monotherapy, including 9 patients on clobazam (CLB), 34 on carbamazepine (CBZ), 24 on phenobarbital (PB), 9 on phenytoin (PHT), and 20 on valproate (VPA); these results were compared to those obtained in 54 adult patients on stable bitherapy with the association of CLB with either CBZ (n = 17), PB (n = 17), PHT (n = 5), or VPA (n = 15)."	3.68	Interactions between clobazam and standard antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. ( Bonneton, J; Dravet, C; Genton, P; Mesdjian, E; Roger, J; Sennoune, S, 1992)
"A single case of IgA nephropathy with a concomitant tubulointerstitial nephritis, developing during a long-term phenytoin therapy is reported."	3.68	[Long-term phenytoin (Diphedan) therapy leading to IgA nephropathy]. ( Deák, G; Háber, A; Nagy, J; Süle, T, 1992)
"We report the case of a young man suffering from epilepsy who developed chronic calcified pancreatitis after ten years of therapy with the anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin."	3.68	Anticonvulsant-induced chronic pancreatitis. A case report. ( Billi, P; Broccoli, PL; Fontana, G; Melandri, R; Pezzilli, R, 1992)
" We report here the occurrence of crusted scabies in a 40-year-old man with acquired selective IgA deficiency suspected to be caused by long-term medication with phenytoin for epilepsy."	3.68	Crusted scabies in acquired selective IgA deficiency. ( Hamada, T; Kitajima, J; Kono, T; Shindo, K, 1991)
"We report the cases of four patients who were taking the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin or carbamazepine and in whom skin lesions developed that showed histologic features suggestive of mycosis fungoides."	3.68	Mycosis fungoides-like lesions associated with phenytoin and carbamazepine therapy. ( Kruyswijk, MR; Meijer, CJ; Rijlaarsdam, U; Scheffer, E; Willemze, R, 1991)
"In newly diagnosed adult patients with epilepsy followed prospectively on monotherapy, carbamazepine and phenytoin were associated with a fall in plasma uric acid, but sodium valproate and phenobarbitone were associated with a rise in plasma uric acid."	3.68	Plasma uric acid in patients receiving anticonvulsant monotherapy. ( Heller, AJ; Johnson, AL; Marshall, WJ; Reynolds, EH; Ring, HA, 1991)
"The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AED) on infants during pregnancy and delivery were studied in a total of 82 epileptic mothers on various monotherapies; 29 cases receiving valproic acid (VPA), 20 receiving phenytoin (PHT), 18 on carbamazepine (CBZ) and 15 on phenobarbital (PB)."	3.68	[Effects of antiepileptic drugs on delivery and early childhood--comparison among mono-therapies of valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital]. ( Ishikawa, S; Izumi, M; Okada, H; Takeda, A; Tanaka, H, 1991)
"Methsuximide was added to the therapeutic regimens of 25 children with intractable epilepsy."	3.68	Methsuximide for intractable childhood seizures. ( Greenwood, RS; Miles, MV; Tennison, MB, 1991)
"The case of a mentally handicapped female patient is presented who developed typical pellagra with dermatitis, diarrhoea and mental alteration following a long-term antiepileptic treatment with phenytoin, ethosuximide and valproic acid."	3.68	[Pellagra in anticonvulsive therapy]. ( Bartels, H; Hebestreit, H; Mingers, AM; Pannenbecker, J, 1990)
" This is a syndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy that responds to treatment with valproic acid."	3.68	Eyelid twitching seizures and generalized tonic-clonic convulsions: a syndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. ( Ferrendelli, JA; Miller, JW, 1990)
"Free and total carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-epoxide (CBZ-EP) plasma levels were obtained on 113 patients with epilepsy (18-61 years old) controlled on either monotherapy or coadministration with either phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), valproic acid (VPA), or all three."	3.68	Carbamazepine metabolism in humans: effect of concurrent anticonvulsant therapy. ( Briggle, TV; Guterman, A; McManus, DQ; Perchalski, R; Ramsay, RE; Vazquez, D; Wong, P; Yost, RA, 1990)
"39 adult patients with intractable epilepsy were successfully treated with high-dose monotherapy, using carbamazepine or phenytoin."	3.68	[High-dose monotherapy in intractable epilepsy]. ( Peng, SM; Wu, JZ, 1990)
"An infant with dysmorphic features was born to an epileptic mother who had taken phenytoin and sodium valproate throughout pregnancy."	3.68	Neocerebellar hypoplasia in a neonate following intra-uterine exposure to anticonvulsants. ( Hope, PL; Lindenbaum, RH; Squier, W, 1990)
"A man developed acne keloidalis-like lesions in the scalp during treatment with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine for epilepsy."	3.68	Acne keloidalis-like lesions on the scalp associated with antiepileptic drugs. ( Ben-Dor, D; Grunwald, MH; Halevy, S; Livni, E, 1990)
" Fifty-two children had been exposed to phenytoin monotherapy, 19 to carbamazepine monotherapy, 27 to drug combinations including barbiturates, 29 to other drug combinations, and 17 children had not been exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy."	3.68	Head circumference in children of epileptic mothers: contributions of drug exposure and genetic background. ( Bardy, AH; Gaily, EK; Granström, ML; Hiilesmaa, VK, 1990)
"Serum concentrations of the main vitamin D metabolites and of calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were determined in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy and in simultaneously obtained maternal and cord blood at delivery in 22 epileptic women treated with diphenylhydantoin or carbamazepine alone or with a combination with one other drug."	3.67	Anticonvulsant drug therapy in human pregnancy: effects on serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in maternal and cord blood. ( Aarskog, D; Aksnes, L; Markestad, T; Strandjord, RE; Ulstein, M, 1984)
"To evaluate the effect of anticonvulsants on serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), 32 patients with epilepsy receiving long-term anticonvulsant treatment (mean duration 81."	3.67	Lowering effect of diphenylhydantoin on serum free thyroxine and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG). ( Hiraiwa, M; Miyasaka, M; Mori, K; Shimoda, S; Suzuki, H; Suzuki, Y; Yamazaki, N, 1984)
"Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug."	3.67	Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin during pregnancy. ( Chalk, JB; de Wytt, C; Eadie, MJ; Lander, CM; Livingstone, I; Smith, MT; Symoniw, P, 1984)
"We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of high-dose monotherapy, using carbamazepine or phenytoin, in patients with previously uncontrolled seizures."	3.67	High-dose monotherapy in treatment of intractable seizures. ( Dinner, DS; Lesser, RP; Lüders, H; Pippenger, CE, 1984)
"Chromosome studies were carried out on the peripheral blood of 26 epilepsy patients treated with phenobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin, on ten healthy controls and on eight untreated epileptic controls."	3.67	Chromosomal studies of peripheral blood from epileptic patients treated with phenobarbital and/or diphenylhydantoin. ( Ambani, LM; Kulkarni, PS; Mondkar, VP; Sonawalla, AB, 1984)
"In a cross-sectional, epidemiological study of phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth in 77 institutionalized persons with epilepsy, the severity of the gum lesions was quantified by means of a precise new technique."	3.67	Phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth in institutionalized epileptics. ( Best, H; Hassell, T; Murphy, T; O'Donnell, J; Pearlman, J; Tesini, D, 1984)
"A patient with epilepsy and psoriasis in phenytoin therapy was treated with PUVA with no effect at all."	3.67	Interaction between 8-methoxypsoralen and phenytoin. Consequence for PUVA therapy. ( Hueg, B; Staberg, B, 1985)
"The peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, C3 and C4 complement protein concentrations of 20 patients with idiopathic epilepsy who were receiving phenytoin were examined and compared with 30 healthy controls in order to obtain a detailed profile of the effects of the drug on the humoral and cellular immune systems."	3.67	Serum immunoglobulins, complement levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in phenytoin-treated epileptic patients. ( Başaran, N; Hincal, F; Kansu, E, 1989)
"The estimation of Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with epilepsy receiving phenytoin continues to be a vexing problem."	3.67	Determination of enzyme or binding constants using generalized linear models, with particular reference to Michaelis-Menten models. ( Friel, P; Guo, SW; Leurgans, S; van Belle, G; Yerby, M, 1989)
" Statistical analyses showed that group 2 had a longer history of epilepsy with a consequently longer duration of phenytoin (PHT) consumption."	3.67	Role of the cerebellum in complex human behavior. ( Attig, E; Botez, MI; Botez, T; Elie, R, 1989)
"We have identified ten children who developed gastritis after prolonged anticonvulsant therapy that included either valproic acid or divalproex sodium."	3.67	Gastritis with valproate therapy. ( Bobele, GB; Bodensteiner, JB; Grunow, JE; Hille, MR; Marks, WA; Morris, MP; Tuggle, D, 1988)
"A 26-year-old woman, treated with phenytoin for 10 years because of epilepsy, had Norplant subdermal implants inserted after a legal abortion."	3.67	Enhanced metabolism of levonorgestrel during phenytoin treatment in a woman with Norplant implants. ( Odlind, V; Olsson, SE, 1986)
"To assess the most efficient means of monitoring thyroid status in an epilepsy clinic, total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in 71 adult patients treated long-term with either phenytoin (DPH), carbamazepine (CBZ) or sodium valproate (VAL)."	3.67	The effective evaluation of thyroid status in patients on phenytoin, carbamazepine or sodium valproate attending an epilepsy clinic. ( Borsey, DQ; Browning, MC; Connacher, AA; Davidson, DL; Jung, RT, 1987)
"In a survey of the red cell folate status of 200 patients with epilepsy, compared to 72 controls, we found that median red cell folate levels were reduced significantly in patients treated with phenytoin (p less than 0."	3.67	A comparative study of the relative effects of anticonvulsant drugs and dietary folate on the red cell folate status of patients with epilepsy. ( Baker, M; Bissessar, A; Callaghan, N; Crowley, M; Goggin, T; Gough, H, 1987)
"The Comprehensive Epilepsy Program of Minnesota database was searched for patients who had no dose change of carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT) or valproate (VPA) for 3 consecutive visits."	3.67	Variability of phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate concentrations in a clinic population. ( Leppik, IE, 1988)
"The need for careful monitoring of plasma concentrations of phenytoin during use of the drug in the treatment of epilepsy is well recognized; there can be great intersubject variation in the absorption rate and clearance rate of the drug, and its therapeutic ratio is narrow."	3.67	Comparative determination of phenytoin in plasma by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography. ( al-Turk, WA; Awidi, AS; Daradkeh, TK; Othman, S; Shaheen, O, 1987)
" Of the study group, 106 children had been exposed to antiepileptic drugs (82 to phenytoin) during pregnancy; 44 (36%) mothers had had generalized convulsions during pregnancy."	3.67	Minor anomalies in offspring of epileptic mothers. ( Bardy, A; Gaily, E; Granström, ML; Hiilesmaa, V, 1988)
"In the routine care of 37 patients at the epilepsy outpatient clinic of Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, 100 steady-state serum phenytoin concentrations were measured."	3.67	Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in South African black patients. ( Klein, C; Miller, R; Rheeders, M; Suchet, I, 1987)
"We report the occurrence of bilateral cataracts in a young adult which developed shortly after documented high serum levels of phenytoin."	3.67	Development of presenile cataracts in association with high serum levels of phenytoin. ( Earll, J; Kattan, H; Lemp, M; Mathers, W, 1987)
" Their psychiatric interest stems from evidence of an inhibiting effect of certain substances, such as carbamazepine or phenytoin, which are effective in the treatment of both epilepsy and mental disorders, but this effect is also found for lithium (Post et al."	3.67	Kindling models and antikindling effects of mood normalizers. ( Azorin, JM; Tramoni, V, 1987)
"Report on a prospective longitudinal study of alterations in polygraphic sleep by phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy."	3.67	Response of polygraphic sleep to phenytoin treatment for epilepsy. A longitudinal study of immediate, short- and long-term effects. ( Noachtar, S; Röder-Wanner, UU; Wolf, P, 1987)
"The incidence of grand mal seizures, distribution of drug levels relative to the therapeutic range and the incidence of side effects were monitored before and after the provision of same-day preconsultation assay results (phenytoin and carbamazepine) to an epilepsy clinic."	3.67	Availability of drug assay results and dosage advice improves antiepileptic care in a specialist neurology outpatient clinic. ( Gilligan, BS; Harrison, PM; Heinzow, U; Horne, M; Ioannides-Demos, LL; McLean, AJ; Tong, N; Wodak, J, 1985)
"After treatment with valproic acid a 19-year-old female patient with Friedreich's ataxia and generalised epilepsy died following acute hepatic failure with massive lactacidosis."	3.67	[Acute liver necrosis caused by valproate]. ( Hackenberg, K; Rengeling, M; Rühl, G; Zäh, W, 1985)
"Steady-state serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital were obtained in 70 epileptic patients in Taiwan and evaluated with respect to age, sex, and body weight."	3.67	Steady-state serum levels of anticonvulsant drugs in Chinese epileptic patients living in Taiwan. ( Lai, ML, 1985)
"Reversible chronic cerebellar ataxia followed phenytoin treatment in two epileptic women."	3.67	Reversible chronic cerebellar ataxia after phenytoin intoxication: possible role of cerebellum in cognitive thought. ( Attig, E; Botez, MI; Gravel, J; Vézina, JL, 1985)
"Among 50 patients with phenytoin intoxication, 14 had seizures during the episode."	3.67	Incidence of seizures with phenytoin toxicity. ( Masdeu, JC; Stilman, N, 1985)
"Phenytoin has been shown to induce serum IgA deficiency in patients with epilepsy."	3.66	The reversibility of phenytoin-induced IgA deficiency. ( Aarli, JA; Gilhus, NE, 1981)
"A total of 20 children with various types of epilepsy were treated with valproate, 11 with monotherapy and 9 with valproate in combination with phenobarbitone, phenytoin, or carbamazepine."	3.66	Plasma concentrations of valproate during maintenance therapy in epileptic children. ( Boréus, LO; Lundberg, B; Nergårdh, A, 1982)
"The effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), two of its metabolites, 8 beta-hydroxy-delta 9-THC and 11-hydroxy-delta 9-THC, and cannabidiol were comparatively studied by means of an iron-induced cortical focal epilepsy in conscious rats with chronically implanted electrodes."	3.66	Central excitatory properties of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in iron-induced epileptic rats. ( Karler, R; Turkanis, SA, 1982)
"Gynecomastia developed in two epileptic patients some months after the addition of oral fluoresone 750 mg daily to the phenobarbital and phenytoin already being administered."	3.66	Gynecomastia in epileptics treated with phenobarbital, phenytoin and fluoresone: two case reports. ( Arena, R; Bindi, A; Bonuccelli, U; De Scisciolo, G; Marcacci, G; Rossi, L, 1983)
"The problem of phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia is dicussed within the context of consultative planning between oral care practitioners and the physician managing the epilepsy."	3.66	Therapeutic alternatives in phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A case report and discussion. ( Kirkham, DB; Reynolds, NC, 1980)
"Sodium valproate is often used with phenytoin when epilepsy cannot be controlled by a single drug."	3.66	Phenytoin-valproate interaction: importance of saliva monitoring in epilepsy. ( Hamshaw-Thomas, A; Knott, C; Reynolds, F, 1982)
"In 12 institutionalized epilepsy patients who had been treated 19 months (SD +/- 5) with valproic acid, 27."	3.66	Serial free and plasma valproic acid and phenytoin monitoring and drug interactions. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1981)
"The authors studied antipyrine disposition before and after delivery in 4 epileptic women whose anticonvulsant plasma level per dosage ratio was lowered during pregnancy, and compared the results to those found in nonpregnant women undergoing antiepileptic treatment (N = 6) and healthy women (N = 6)."	3.66	Antipyrine disposition in relation to lowered anticonvulsant plasma level during pregnancy. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Nakazawa, Y; Tabuchi, T; Wagatsuma, T, 1982)
"Clinical and experimental studies were performed on the mechanisms of metabolic acidosis observed in the children with epilepsy who had long been treated with anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital (PB) or diphenylhydantoin (DPH)."	3.66	[Studies on the mechanism of metabolic acidosis observed in the children treated with anticonvulsants]. ( Nagai, B, 1982)
"Cataracts developed in two young adults who were receiving prolonged antiepileptic treatment with phenobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium."	3.66	Presenile cataracts in phenytoin-treated epileptic patients. ( Bar, S; Feller, N; Savir, H, 1983)
" In severely jaundiced patients (serum bilirubin concentrations greater than 140 mumol/l) a markedly decreased or absent uptake of 99mTc-EHIDA was observed."	3.66	The influence of bilirubin, alcohol and certain drugs on the kinetics of 99mTc-Diethyl IDA (EHIDA) in humans. ( Coenegracht, JM; Oei, TL; van Breda Vriesman, PJ, 1983)
"Analysis of plasma phenytoin in a group of patients treated for epilepsy showed that only 36% had values in the therapeutic range."	3.66	Prediction of phenytoin dosage in epilepsy using multiple linear regression. ( Gray, SP, 1982)
"The effect of phenytoin (PHT) on the metabolism of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) has been studied during treatment for epilepsy."	3.66	Zinc and copper metabolism in phenytoin therapy. ( Hallmans, G; Palm, R, 1982)
" Using accepted CT criteria for the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, the films were analyzed in a blind, unbiased fashion to evaluate possible relationship between cerebellar atrophy and phenytoin use or epilepsy itself."	3.66	Cerebellar atrophy in epilepsy and headache: lack of relationship to phenytoin. ( Ballenger, CE; Brooks, BS; El Gammal, T; Green, JB; King, DW; Lucke, JF, 1982)
"A 5-year-old child with epilepsy and underlying brain damage developed choreo-athetosis during intoxication with phenytoin."	3.66	Choreo-athetosis induced by phenytoin in an epileptic child. A case report. ( Sandyk, R, 1981)
"The folic acid absorption test (FAAT) has carried out in 18 normal control subjects; 8 patients with proven atrophy of the jejunal mucosa; 7 patients with gastric ulcus; 17 patients with reactive hypoglycemia; 13 patients with diabetes mellitus, and, finally, 9 epileptic patients treated with diphenylhydantoin (DPH)."	3.66	Folic acid absorption test in various clinical conditions. ( Bachevalier, J; Botez, MI, 1981)
"1 Patients with poorly controlled epilepsy were cautiously transferred from multiple drug therapy to treatment with phenytoin sodium alone."	3.66	Serum phenytoin concentration and clinical response in patients with epilepsy. ( Gannaway, DJ; Mawer, GE, 1981)
"We describe a procedure for determining 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide (I) in serum of epilepsy patients dosed with primidone (II) for seizure control, by extracting the sample with chloroform under basic conditions, with use of an internal standard, 2-ethyl-2-(p-tolyl)malonamide, and without derivative formation."	3.66	Monitoring 2-ethyl-2-phenylmalonamide in serum by gas-liquid chromatography: application to retrospective study in epilepsy patients dosed with primidone. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1980)
"Nine cases of childhood epilepsy manifesting motor convulsions uncontrolled despite high levels of phenytoin (PHT) were studied clinically and electroencephalographically."	3.66	Childhood epilepsy uncontrolled by phenytoin: clinical and electroencephalographic study. ( Iinuma, K; Onuma, A; Tada, K; Takamatsu, N, 1979)
"Gingival hyperplasia caused by phenytoin sodium is rarely encountered in edentulous persons."	3.66	Diphenylhydantoinate-induced hyperplasia of the masticatory mucosa in an edentulous epileptic patient. ( Dreyer, WP; Thomas, CJ, 1978)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	3.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
" The treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous phenytoin is effective."	3.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. ( Bruni, J; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
"The effect of long-term phenytoin therapy on serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in 20 patients with epilepsy was investigated."	3.66	Changes in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels during long-term phenytoin treatment for epilepsy. ( Luoma, PV; Reunanen, MI; Sotaniemi, EA, 1979)
" Antipyrine t1/2 did not distinguish epileptics with osteomalacia from other epileptic patients and half-lives were similar in patients treated with phenytoin and a barbiturate to those in patients on phenytoin alone."	3.66	Antiopyrine half-life as a measure of hepatic enzyme induction: clinical applications in a chronic epileptic population. ( Byrne, E; Frewin, DB; Hallpike, JF; Harman, AW, 1979)
"Birth defects associated with phenytoin and phenobarbital taken during pregnancy include craniofacial and limb deformities."	3.66	Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets. A unique experiment of nature. ( Bustamante, SA; Stumpff, LC, 1978)
", raise the possibility that fetal damage previously attributed to phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs, principally phenobarbitone, may be due to epilepsy itself."	3.65	Anticonvulsants and parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects. ( Hartz, SC; Heinonen, OP; Mitchell, AA; Monson, RR; Rosenberg, L; Shapiro, S; Siskind, V; Slone, D, 1976)
"The therapeutics results with the use of different drugs (diazepam, nitrazepam, clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin, barbiturates--phenobarbital and primidone--, sodium dipropylacetate and ACTH) in twenty-nine patients with Lennox--Gastaut syndrome are carefully analysed."	3.65	[Effect of drugs on electroclinical types of epileptic seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]. ( Lison, MP; Speciali, GG, 1977)
"Plasma anticonvulsant levels were followed during pregnancy in 11 epileptic women taking phenytoin and/or phenobarbital or a drug metabolized in the body to phenobarbital."	3.65	Plasma anticonvulsant concentrations during pregnancy. ( Eadie, MJ; Edwards, VE; Lander, CM; Tyrer, JH, 1977)
"Malignant mesenchymoma developed in an 18-year-old patient with phenytoin-associated cleft lip and palate."	3.65	Malignant mesenchymoma and birth defects. Prenatal exposure to phenytoin. ( Blattner, WA; Fraumeni, JF; Henson, DE; Young, RC, 1977)
"A 49-year-old female with chronic alcoholism and epilepsy, treated with phenytoin, began to convulse when treatment with disulfiram (an inhibitor of phenytoin metabolism) was discontinued."	3.65	Multiple drug interactions with phenytoin. ( Birkett, DJ; Chinwah, PM; Graham, GG; Hickie, JB; Wade, DN, 1977)
" In the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register use of the anticonvulsants diazepam and phenobarbiturates during pregnancy was determined in infants delivered with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, posterior cleft palate and, as a control, anencephaly and spina bifida."	3.65	A teratological evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. ( Czeizel, E; Lakos, P, 1977)
"The effect of toxic and non-toxic phenytoin levels on carobhydrate tolerance and insulin levels was studied in 18 patients with epilepsy and 17 control subjects."	3.65	The effects of toxic and non-toxic serum phenytoin levels on carbohydrate tolerance and insulin levels. ( Callaghan, N; Cramer, B; Duggan, B; Feely, M; McGarry, J; O'Callaghan, M; Seldrup, J; Wheelan, J, 1977)
"Cerebellar changes have been reported in relationship to epilepsy alone as well as to phenytoin therapy for the control of seizures."	3.65	Phenytoin-related cerebellar degeneration without seizures. ( Rapport, RL; Shaw, CM, 1977)
"Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and probenecid were examined in 14 children with epilepsy (ages 6 months to 17 years) and 17 controls (ages 14 months to 16 years)."	3.65	Reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid in children with epilepsy. ( Bowers, MB; Cohen, DJ; Shaywitz, BA, 1975)
"In vitro and in vivo immunologic studies were performed on a 28-year-old woman with phenytoin sodium-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome."	3.65	Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma syndrome: an immunologic study. ( Charlesworth, EN, 1977)
"The influence of clonazepam on steady-state serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine was studied in 22 patients with epilepsy receiving one or two of these drugs."	3.65	Lack of effect of clonazepam on serum levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine. ( Johannessen, SI; Munthe-Kaas, AW; Strandjord, RE, 1977)
"Severe osteomalacia was present in two epileptic patients who were under long-term treatment with congeners of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and acetazolamide."	3.65	Acetazolamide-accelerated anticonvulsant osteomalacia. ( Mallette, LE, 1977)
"The relationship among the serum concentration of phenytoin, pneumoencephalographic measurements describing, in particular, cerebellar atrophy, and various other clinical variables was analyzed statistically in a series of 131 phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics."	3.65	Cerebellar atrophy in phenytoin-treated mentally retarded epileptics. ( Helle, EP; Iivanainen, M; Viukari, M, 1977)
" Thirteen ambulant patients suffering from partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology, who were already being treated with phenytoin in optimal doses (plasma level 14-20 mug/ml) were also given carbamazepine."	3.65	Plasma levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide during treatment of epilepsy. ( Bertilsson, L; Eichelbaum, M; Lund, L; Palmér, L; Sjöqvist, F, 1976)
"In the CSF's from 13 out of 30 phenytoin-treated patients the IgG concentrations were lower than the lowest amont 20 controls, while only 3 out of 37 patients with brain lesions without epilepsy had so low IgG value."	3.65	Reduced CSF IgG in patients treated with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin). ( Fossan, GO, 1976)
"The influence of tolbutamide administration on the plasma concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) was investigated in seventeen long-stay patients with epilepsy."	3.65	Interaction of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and tolbutamide in man. ( Mols-Thürkow, I; Wesseling, H, 1975)
"Two patients with intractable epilepsy who had been treated with various combinations of anticonvulsant drugs developed phenytoin encephalopathy."	3.65	Choreo-athetosis and encephalopathy induced by phenytoin. ( McLellan, DL; Swash, M, 1974)
"Various immunological features were measured in 20 patients with epilepsy who had received prolonged treatment with hydantoins."	3.65	Immunological abnormalities and hydantoins. ( Grob, PJ; Herold, GE, 1972)
"Serum phenytoin concentrations in outpatients and inpatients with epilepsy have been contrasted."	3.65	Supervision of epileptic patients taking phenytoin. ( Dunne, JF; Gibberd, FB; Handley, AJ; Hazleman, BL, 1970)
" Phenobarbital is usually given as well to prevent grand mal seizures."	3.64	Treatment of epilepsy. ( BAILEY, AA, 1963)
"Phenytoin is a prototypic drug prescribed for the treatment of a variety of seizure disorders."	3.01	Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reaction After Phenytoin Therapy in a Neonate: A Case Report and Review of Literature Elucidating the Potential Pharmacological Plausibility and Preventive Strategies. ( Prabath, I; Rajendran, P; Rani, J, 2023)
"Epilepsy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in low- and middle-income countries."	3.01	Challenges in epilepsy diagnosis and management in a low-resource setting: An experience from Bhutan. ( Chhetri, B; Dhakal, GP; Dorji, T; Jamtsho, S; Nirola, DK; Pema, D; Tenzin, K; Wangmo, S, 2023)
"Fifth, treating neonatal seizures (including electrographic-only seizures) to achieve a lower seizure burden may be associated with improved outcome (expert agreement)."	3.01	Treatment of seizures in the neonate: Guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. ( Abend, NS; Auvin, S; Boylan, G; Brigo, F; Cilio, MR; De Vries, LS; Elia, M; Espeche, A; Hahn, CD; Hartmann, H; Inder, T; Jette, N; Kakooza-Mwesige, A; Mader, S; Mizrahi, EM; Moshé, SL; Nagarajan, L; Noyman, I; Nunes, ML; Pressler, RM; Samia, P; Shany, E; Shellhaas, RA; Subota, A; Triki, CC; Tsuchida, T; Vinayan, KP; Wilmshurst, JM; Yozawitz, EG, 2023)
"Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a worldwide prevalence of around 1%."	2.82	Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. ( Cividini, S; Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Sudell, M; Tudur Smith, C, 2022)
"Carbamazepine and phenytoin were the drugs most strongly associated with decreases in T4 and T3 levels while topiramate had the greatest elevating effect on TSH."	2.82	Side effects of long-term oral anti-seizure drugs on thyroid hormones in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. ( Cai, M; Guo, X; Han, Y; Lin, W; Yang, J; Zhong, R, 2022)
"The phenytoin treatment causes cerebellar defect and anemia."	2.82	The interplay of epilepsy with impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD): A review of therapeutic approaches. ( Agrawal, M; Dhurandhar, Y; Panda, SP, 2022)
" Indeed, because of its interesting pharmacokinetic properties, it is often used outside of the labeled indications, notably in the neurocritical setting as prophylaxis of epileptic seizures."	2.82	Pharmacokinetic considerations surrounding the use of levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care - an overview. ( Amadori, E; D'Onofrio, G; Lattanzi, S; Riva, A; Rose, K; Striano, P; Verrotti, A, 2022)
"The clinical spectrum of tics induced by antiepileptic drugs (AED), a form of 'secondary Tourettism', is largely unknown."	2.72	Tics induced by antiepileptic drugs: a pragmatic review. ( Angus-Leppan, H; Peters, J; Vijiaratnam, N, 2021)
"We systematically reviewed the existing literature on the cosmetic adverse effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in order to depict a clear picture of these unwanted side effects of ASMs with a particular attention to hair loss, hirsutism, acne, and gingival hyperplasia."	2.72	Cosmetic adverse effects of antiseizure medications; A systematic review. ( Asadi-Pooya, AA; Mirzaei Damabi, N; Rostaminejad, M; Zeraatpisheh, Z, 2021)
"The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a chronotherapeutic dosing schedule of phenytoin and carbamazepine versus a conventional dosing schedule for the treatment of tonic-clonic epileptic patients."	2.72	Chronotherapeutic dose schedule of phenytoin and carbamazepine in epileptic patients. ( Mahesh, SD; Sangle, S; Yegnanarayan, R, 2006)
"Seizure activity in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) may increase cerebral oxygen requirements and worsen cerebral edema."	2.71	Prophylactic phenytoin does not improve cerebral edema or survival in acute liver failure--a controlled clinical trial. ( Acharya, SK; Batra, Y; Bhatia, V, 2004)
" We measured the plasma phenytoin concentrations at steady-state in 20 routinely treated Japanese patients, and evaluated the usefulness of genotyping the CYP2C subfamily in predicting plasma concentrations and determining the dosage regimens of phenytoin."	2.71	Evaluation of phenytoin dosage regimens based on genotyping of CYP2C subfamily in routinely treated Japanese patients. ( Aiba, T; Hashimoto, Y; Hongou, K; Miyawaki, T; Taguchi, M; Takizawa, M; Yagi, S, 2005)
"All phenytoin was administered intravenously, and fosphenytoin was given intravenously or intramuscularly (physician preference)."	2.70	Randomized evaluation of adverse events and length-of-stay with routine emergency department use of phenytoin or fosphenytoin. ( Clements, EA; Cochran, MS; Coplin, WM; O'Neil, BJ; Rebuck, JA; Rhoney, DH, 2002)
" All prior pharmacokinetic studies had the first plasma sample obtained 30 min after IM administration."	2.70	Fosphenytoin: pharmacokinetics and tolerance of intramuscular loading doses. ( DeToledo, J; Gidal, B; Morgan, RO; Pryor, FM; Ramsay, RE, 2001)
"Phenytoin (PHT) has been widely used intravenously for the treatment of seizures since 1956, and for many years, it has been considered first-line therapy for status epilepticus."	2.70	A prospective study of the incidence of the purple glove syndrome. ( Anandan, JV; Barkley, GL; Burneo, JG, 2001)
"The most important factor determining seizure recurrence was continued therapy, which was the case for barbiturates, phenytoin and valproate."	2.69	Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. ( Chadwick, D, 1999)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug."	2.69	Genotoxicity of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (PHT): a follow-up study of PHT-untreated epileptic patients. I. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. ( Goyle, S; Kaul, A, 1999)
"Before epilepsy was diagnosed there was no difference in overall fracture rate between patients and controls (RR = 1."	2.69	Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. ( Dam, M; Mosekilde, L; Rejnmark, L; Tigaran, C; Tigaran, S; Vestergaard, P, 1999)
"Lamotrigine is an effective add-on therapy against a range of epileptic seizure types."	2.69	Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. ( Abbott, R; Dellaportas, CI; Findley, LJ; Gibberd, FB; Gross, M; Park, DM; Perkin, GD; Steiner, TJ, 1999)
" Two analyses of adverse events are presented: tolerability and safety."	2.69	Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study. ( Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)
"Odds for epilepsy were higher among people who had positive family history (O."	2.69	A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. ( Chopra, JS; Kaur, P; Sawhney, IM; Singh, A; Suri, G, 1999)
"This open-label study investigated the pharmacokinetic interaction of phenytoin (PHT) and felbamate (FBM)."	2.69	Coadministration of phenytoin and felbamate: evidence of additional phenytoin dose-reduction requirements based on pharmacokinetics and tolerability with increasing doses of felbamate. ( Lyness, WH; Perhach, JL; Rosenberg, A; Sachdeo, R; Sachdeo, S; Shumaker, RC; Wagner, ML; Ward, D, 1999)
" No significant difference was observed in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Cmin, Tmax, t1/2a, t1/2e and AUC of DPH after GFJ administration as compared to control values in healthy volunteers and epileptic patients."	2.69	Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between grapefruit juice and phenytoin in healthy male volunteers and epileptic patients. ( Garg, SK; Kumar, N; Prabhakar, S, 1999)
"Fosphenytoin was as well tolerated as intramuscular placebo at the injection site."	2.68	Safety and tolerance of multiple doses of intramuscular fosphenytoin substituted for oral phenytoin in epilepsy or neurosurgery. ( Campbell, K; Garnett, WR; Henkin, SA; Kugler, AR; Pellock, JM; Ramsay, RE; Wilder, BJ, 1996)
" When PB in the dosage of 30-60 mg/d was used in combination with PHT the above mentioned changes were not observed."	2.68	Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in epileptics on different anti-epileptic drugs. ( Gupta, HL; Mukhopadhyay, S; Panjwani, U; sel Vamurthy, W; Singh, SH; Thakur, L, 1996)
"Lamotrigine (LTG) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED), chemically unrelated to the drugs in current use."	2.68	Serum concentrations of lamotrigine in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedication. ( Jürgens, U; May, TW; Rambeck, B, 1996)
"The population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin were estimated using routine therapeutic drug monitoring data from 116 epileptic patients."	2.68	Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy: analysis with a dose-dependent clearance model. ( Furusho, K; Hashimoto, Y; Hattori, H; Inui, K; Koue, T; Odani, A; Otsuki, Y; Takano, M; Takayanagi, K; Yasuhara, M, 1996)
"To develop simple clinical rules for dosing phenytoin (PHT) using computer simulations, then to test the rules for accuracy and safety on actual patient data."	2.67	Clinical rules for phenytoin dosing. ( Privitera, MD, 1993)
"On treatment with carbamazepine (n = 27) and phenytoin (n = 8), the excretion of alpha 1-microglobulin was significantly increased, as compared with the healthy controls."	2.67	Renal tubular dysfunction following treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. ( Korinthenberg, R; Wehrle, L; Zimmerhackl, LB, 1994)
" Each patient received an individualized loading dose and maintenance dosage targeted at a 60-ng/ml plasma FNR concentration."	2.67	Flunarizine for treatment of partial seizures: results of a concentration-controlled trial. ( Drake, ME; Mikati, M; Olson, L; Pellock, JM; Pledger, GW; Sackellares, JC; Sahlroot, JT; Treiman, DM; Tsay, JY; Wright, FS, 1994)
"We estimated individual and population Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters for phenytoin (DPH) in epileptic patients attending our neurology clinic using the computer programme."	2.67	Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in routine clinic patients in Malaysia. ( Chand, P; Ismail, R; Rahman, AF, 1994)
" Consequently, the controlled trial was designed to account for this interaction by reducing the phenytoin dosage by approximately 20% during the felbamate treatment period and using matching placebo capsules to maintain the blind."	2.67	Dosage adjustments in response to monitored plasma concentrations: can unblinded staff adhere to objective criteria? ( Pledger, GW; Sahlroot, JT, 1994)
" Median AUCs of CBZ, VPA and PHT during a dosage interval did not differ significantly after treatment with OXC and placebo."	2.67	A double-blind, placebo-controlled interaction study between oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine, sodium valproate and phenytoin in epileptic patients. ( Blacklaw, J; Brodie, MJ; Connelly, D; Forrest, G; Gillham, RA; McKee, PJ; Walker, SM, 1994)
" The results suggest that no overall dosage adjustments are required when switching from one brand to the other."	2.67	Comparison of the effectiveness of two oral phenytoin products and chronopharmacokinetics of phenytoin. ( Morton, DJ; Petker, MA, 1993)
"Felbamate is a novel antiepileptic drug that is now available in the United States."	2.67	Effect of felbamate on carbamazepine and its major metabolites. ( Graves, NM; Leppik, IE; Remmel, RP; Wagner, ML, 1993)
"The comparative bioavailability of two phenytoin products, Phenytoin Sodium (CAPS (Pvt) Ltd) and Epanutin (Parke-Davis (Pty) Ltd) was studied."	2.66	A comparative bioavailability of 2 oral solid phenytoin dosage forms. ( Morton, DJ; Naik, D, 1989)
"1."	2.66	A multicentre study of vigabatrin for drug-resistant epilepsy. ( Ben-Menachem, E; Browne, TR; Mattson, RH; Miketta, RM; Penry, JK; Sherry, KM; Smith, DB; Szabo, GK; Treiman, DM; Wilder, BJ, 1989)
"Safety and efficacy studies of new antiepileptic drugs require strict adherence to prescribed dosage regimens."	2.66	Compliant populations: variability in serum concentrations. ( Graves, NM; Holmes, GB; Leppik, IE, 1988)
"Both carbamazepine and phenytoin were associated with significantly lower incidences of intolerable side effects than were primidone or phenobarbital."	2.66	Results of a nationwide Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. ( Collins, JF; Craft, B; Cramer, JA; Mattson, RH; Novelly, RA; Smith, DB, 1987)
"Decreased libido and impotence were more common in patients given primidone."	2.66	Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. ( Browne, TR; Collins, JF; Cramer, JA; Delgado-Escueta, AV; Mattson, RH; McCutchen, CB; McNamara, JO; Smith, DB; Treiman, DM; Williamson, PD, 1985)
"Phenytoin has been widely prescribed alone; our results indicate that sodium valproate may also be used as a single drug in the treatment of several types of epilepsy."	2.65	Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in epilepsy. ( Johnson, RH; Lambie, DG; Melville, ID; Nanda, RN; Shakir, RA, 1981)
" Absolute bioavailability of IM PB was 101 +/- 11%."	2.65	Kinetics of phenobarbital in normal subjects and epileptic patients. ( Comfort, CP; Friel, PN; Kaluzny, SP; Levy, RH; Wilensky, AJ, 1982)
" Plasma DPH levels of more than 10 mug/ml were achieved within 16 to 38 hr in the children given loading doses and within 5 days in the conventionally dosed children."	2.64	Loading and conventional dose therapy with phenytoin in children: kinetic profile of parent drug and main metabolite in plasma. ( Höjer, B; Rane, A; Wilson, JT, 1976)
"Ambulant patients with recently diagnosed generalised or psychomotor seizure disorders or both were randomly assigned to two dosage regimens of phenytoin."	2.64	Phenytoin dosage in ambulant epileptic patients. ( Alberts, M; Terrence, C, 1978)
" The data indicate that the dosage regimen described is suitable for patients on oral phenytoin who have to be transferred to im drug for short periods."	2.64	Oral and intramuscular phenytoin. ( Ramsay, RE; Wilder, BJ, 1976)
" We aimed to clarify the effects of genetic polymorphisms in both enzymes on daily PHT maintenance dosage in Asian epileptic patients by meta-analysis."	2.58	The association between CYP2C9/2C19 polymorphisms and phenytoin maintenance doses in Asian epileptic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis . ( Ai, CZ; Li, W; Liao, K; Liu, Y; Yu, X, 2018)
"Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a worldwide prevalence of around 1%."	2.55	Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Sudell, M; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2017)
" The impacts of CYP2C19 and multidrug resistance protein 1 C3435T variants on phenytoin pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes are unclear and require further investigation."	2.55	Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Phenytoin Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa Region. ( Dagenais, R; Elewa, H; Ensom, MHH; Wilby, KJ, 2017)
"Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a worldwide prevalence of around 1%."	2.55	Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Sudell, M; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2017)
"Phenytoin has been explored in over 100 different disorders; the last two promising indications tested in the clinic are breast cancer and optic neuritis."	2.55	Phenytoin: 80 years young, from epilepsy to breast cancer, a remarkable molecule with multiple modes of action. ( Keppel Hesselink, JM; Kopsky, DJ, 2017)
"Epilepsy is one of the most important neurological disorders with high prevalence worldwide."	2.53	The importance of triazole scaffold in the development of anticonvulsant agents. ( Ayati, A; Emami, S; Foroumadi, A, 2016)
"Epilepsy affects fetal brain development during gestation in pregnant rats, therefore anti-epileptic therapy should be continued during pregnancy."	2.53	Effects of phenytoin and lamotrigine treatment on serum BDNF levels in offsprings of epileptic rats. ( Doğan, Z; Kamışlı, Ö; Soysal, H, 2016)
" This article reviews the contribution of genetic polymorphisms affecting the activity of CYP2C9, the main enzyme responsible for phenytoin metabolism, to the variation in phenytoin clearance and susceptibility to adverse effects."	2.52	CYP2C9 polymorphisms and phenytoin metabolism: implications for adverse effects. ( Franco, V; Perucca, E, 2015)
"Epilepsy is the commonest clinical presentation, though it may also present with headache, symptoms of raised intracranial tension, hydrocephalus and ocular symptoms depending upon the localisation of the parasitic cysts."	2.52	Antiepileptic drugs for seizure control in people with neurocysticercosis. ( Mathew, A; Sharma, M; Singh, T, 2015)
"Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage are possible medical diseases that any obstetrician may encounter."	2.49	Seizures and intracranial hemorrhage. ( Alexander, JM; Wilson, KL, 2013)
"Acute seizure and status epilepticus constitute one of the major medical emergencies in children."	2.48	Management of acute seizure and status epilepticus in pediatric emergency. ( Sasidaran, K; Singhi, P; Singhi, S, 2012)
"54; strength of evidence: low) or adverse events (RR 0."	2.48	Efficacy and safety of innovator versus generic drugs in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review. ( Ashaye, A; Baker, EL; Baker, WL; Coleman, CI; Kluger, J; Phung, OP; Scholle, JM; Talati, R; White, CM, 2012)
"Phenobarbital was associated with a higher rate of drug withdrawal although there was no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital caused more adverse events compared to carbamazepine, valproic acid or phenytoin."	2.47	Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review. ( Li, YP; Zeng, LN; Zhang, LL, 2011)
"Studies on mechanisms of seizure generation and propagation have identified new potential targets for AEDs."	2.45	New antiepileptic drugs: molecular targets. ( Mula, M, 2009)
" Measuring antiepileptic drug levels in body fluids (therapeutic drug monitoring) is frequently used to optimise drug dosage for individual patients."	2.44	Therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy. ( Dahl, ML; Kimland, E; Tomson, T, 2007)
"Febrile seizures and epilepsies are common causes of CSE in infants and young children in Japan, followed by benign infantile convulsions (BIC), convulsions with gastroenteritis (CwG), and acute encephalitis with refractory CSE and intractable epilepsy (AECSEE), which are familiar disorders in Japan."	2.44	Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and young children in Japan. ( Sugai, K, 2007)
"Phenytoin has been causally implicated in three human cancers: lymphoma, myeloma and neuroblastoma, the latter specifically in the setting of foetal hydantoin syndrome."	2.43	Cancer risk in people with epilepsy: the role of antiepileptic drugs. ( Driever, PH; Sander, JW; Singh, G, 2005)
"Agents introduced for the treatment of epilepsy have also been usedsimultaneously for psychiatric indications."	2.43	[Anticonvulsants treatment of psychiatric disorder in elderly patients]. ( Bidzan, L, 2006)
" The concepts of bioavailability and bioequivalence require further consideration."	2.41	Is generic prescribing acceptable in epilepsy? ( Besag, FM, 2000)
" However, on rare occasions, they can progress to more severe cutaneous disorders, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis."	2.41	Therapeutic safety monitoring: what to look for and when to look for it. ( Harden, CL, 2000)
"Epilepsy affects 1."	2.41	New antiepileptic drugs and preparations. ( Jagoda, A; Yoon, Y, 2000)
"Minimal requirements: seizure-prevention outcome given as fraction of cases; AED or control assigned by random or quasi-random mechanism."	2.41	Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. ( Temkin, NR, 2001)
" Rates of metabolism in children may be much faster than in nonelderly adults, requiring dosing adjustments to ensure enough medication is used to control seizures."	2.41	Treatment of epilepsy in 3 specialized populations. ( Leppik, IE, 2001)
" In this model in Wistar rats, animals which do not respond to repeated or chronic administration of anti-epileptic drugs (non-responders) can be separated from animals in whom anti-epileptics are effective (responders)."	2.41	Animal models of drug-resistant epilepsy. ( Löscher, W, 2002)
"Phenytoin has been associated predominantly with bradyarrhythmias, some of which were fatal."	2.40	Arrhythmia, heart rate variability, and antiepileptic drugs. ( Kennebäck, G; Tomson, T, 1997)
"Fosphenytoin has recently been approved as a substitute for parenteral phenytoin."	2.40	New drug therapy for acute seizure management. ( Morton, LD; Pellock, JM; Rizkallah, E, 1997)
"Felbamate, however, has been linked with substantially increased incidence of aplastic anemia, and the other new AEDs have been studied for relatively short periods of time."	2.40	Pharmacologic and dietary therapies in epilepsy: conventional treatments and recent advances. ( Chapman, DP; Giles, WH, 1997)
"Moreover, the seizure and the epilepsy type may have been incorrectly diagnosed."	2.40	Antiepileptic drug-induced worsening of seizures in children. ( Belmonte, A; Genton, P; Guerrini, R, 1998)
" When administered intramuscularly, phenytoin is poorly absorbed and can cause hemorrhagic necrosis of the soft tissues at the injection site."	2.40	Pediatric use of intravenous and intramuscular phenytoin: lessons learned. ( Wheless, JW, 1998)
" Adverse events associated with fosphenytoin generally were related to the central nervous system and were similar to those associated with phenytoin, except for a higher incidence of transient pruritus with fosphenytoin."	2.40	Clinical experience with fosphenytoin in adults: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. ( Knapp, LE; Kugler, AR, 1998)
"Enzymatic biotransformation is the principal determinant of the pharmacokinetic properties of most antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), although some agents are excreted by the kidneys predominantly as unchanged drug."	2.40	Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs. ( Browne, TR, 1998)
" The long-term use of phenytoin is not recommended for patients with loss of locomotion, marked cognitive impairment, or symptoms and signs of cerebellar disease."	2.40	Phenytoin: effective but insidious therapy for epilepsy in people with intellectual disability. ( Iivanainen, M, 1998)
"Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine, an antiepileptic drug obtained in three adult controlled clinical trials conducted in the United States were pooled and analyzed using NONMEM, a population pharmacokinetic computer program, to facilitate development of dosing guidelines."	2.40	Population pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine adjunctive therapy in adults with epilepsy. ( Chen, C; Cox, E; Fiedler-Kelly, J; Grasela, TH; Risner, ME; Womble, GP, 1999)
" Because dosing is often modest, cost should rarely be the overriding factor in choosing a drug for a patient with newly diagnosed epilepsy in the developed world."	2.40	Monostars: an aid to choosing an antiepileptic drug as monotherapy. ( Brodie, MJ, 1999)
"Oxcarbazepine (OXC) was developed to provide a compound chemically similar enough to CBZ to mimic its efficacy and overall safety while improving its side-effect profile."	2.40	Oxcarbazepine. ( Tecoma, ES, 1999)
" TPM was added to the baseline antiepileptic drug (AED) at a dosage of up to 800 mg/day, after which the baseline drug was discontinued, when possible."	2.39	Drug interaction profile of topiramate. ( Bourgeois, BF, 1996)
"Sequelae and risk for recurrence of SE are primarily related to the underlying cause."	2.39	Status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures in children, adolescents, and young adults: etiology, outcome, and treatment. ( Mitchell, WG, 1996)
"Fosphenytoin is a water-soluble disodium phosphate ester of phenytoin that is converted in plasma to phenytoin."	2.39	Intravenous administration of fosphenytoin: options for the management of seizures. ( DeToledo, J; Ramsay, RE, 1996)
"Fosphenytoin is a new phenytoin prodrug that fulfills many of the properties of an ideal anticonvulsant drug."	2.39	Intramuscular use of fosphenytoin: an overview. ( Ramsay, RE; Uthman, BM; Wilder, BJ, 1996)
"Fosphenytoin has fewer local adverse effects (e."	2.39	Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of fosphenytoin. ( Browne, TR; Eldon, MA; Kugler, AR, 1996)
" Adverse effects of antiepileptic treatment may affect the patient's quality of life to an even greater extent than the occurrence of seizures."	2.39	Adverse effects of established and new antiepileptic drugs: an attempted comparison. ( Gram, L; Rogvi-Hansen, B, 1995)
" A drug concentration, however, can only be regarded as a guide around which to alter the dosage according to the patient's clinical condition."	2.39	Optimisation of antiepileptic drug therapy. The importance of serum drug concentration monitoring. ( Yukawa, E, 1996)
"Fosphenytoin has advantages over phenytoin injection that are related to its greater aqueous solubility, which obviates the extreme alkalinity, propylene glycol, and ethanol needed in the injectable phenytoin formulation."	2.39	Safety of fosphenytoin sodium. ( Benezra, DA; Fierro, LS; Savulich, DH, 1996)
"Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase."	2.39	[Antiepileptic drugs: mechanism of action]. ( Mercadé Cerdá, JM, 1996)
"The diagnosis of myoclonus was more difficult than those of epilepsy, because the clarification of pathogenesis and definition of diagnosis was lacked."	2.38	[Diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy and myoclonus]. ( Okamoto, Y; Ota, K, 1993)
" The usual phenytoin (PHT) dosage in adults is 4-6 mg/kg per day, but children may need a dosage three to five times higher."	2.38	Metabolism of antiepileptic medication: newborn to elderly. ( Leppik, IE, 1992)
"Rare, serious adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) include hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression."	2.38	Routine laboratory monitoring for serious adverse effects of antiepileptic medications: the controversy. ( Wyllie, E; Wyllie, R, 1991)
" In order to use these effectively, the critical care nurse must be aware of the indications and controversies surrounding their use, the patho-physiologic conditions that impact on the disposition, and appropriate dosing and monitoring of these agents in the critical care setting."	2.38	Anticonvulsants: pharmacotherapeutic issues in the critically ill patient. ( Dupuis, RE; Miranda-Massari, J, 1991)
"Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug."	2.36	Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug. ( Bruni, J; Wilder, BJ, 1979)
"Valproic acid has become a regular component of antiepileptic therapy."	2.36	[Valproic acid in the treatment of epilepsy with special emphasis on serum level determination (author's transl)]. ( Fröscher, W; Gugler, R; Schulz, HU, 1978)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is a first-line antiepileptic drug in clinics, which could decrease neuronal bioelectric activity by blocking the voltage-operated sodium channels."	1.91	Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanoformulation Selectively Abolishes Phenytoin Resistance in Epileptic Neurons for Ceasing Seizures. ( Cao, D; Guan, Q; Li, M; Luo, Z; Mao, X; Wang, X, 2023)
"Medicinal treatment against epilepsy is faced with intractable problems, especially epileptogenesis that cannot be blocked by clinical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during the latency of epilepsy."	1.91	ROS/Electro Dual-Reactive Nanogel for Targeting Epileptic Foci to Remodel Aberrant Circuits and Inflammatory Microenvironment. ( Chen, Q; Fan, H; Guo, Y; Jiang, C; Li, K; Liu, P; Sun, T; Zhou, Z, 2023)
"Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that is characterized by episodes of seizure."	1.72	Clinical Evaluation of Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Epilepsy. ( Guan, S; Liu, J; Qian, F; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Yang, J, 2022)
"When selecting an antiseizure medication, consideration should be given to the individual patient's risks of adverse consequences on other organ systems."	1.72	Long-Term Effects of Antiseizure Medications. ( LoPinto-Khoury, C, 2022)
"Since arrhythmia often accompanies seizures, patients suffering from epilepsy are frequently co-treated with antiepileptic and antiarrhythmic drugs."	1.72	Ranolazine Interacts Antagonistically with Some Classical Antiepileptic Drugs-An Isobolographic Analysis. ( Banach, M; Borowicz-Reutt, K, 2022)
"Carbamazepine can cause hypersensitivity reactions in ~10% of patients."	1.62	Evaluation of clinical and genetic factors in the population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. ( Carr, DF; Maggs, JL; Marson, AG; Meng, X; Park, BK; Pertinez, H; Pirmohamed, M; Yip, VLM, 2021)
"Epileptic spasms are often preceded by focal (or multifocal) seizures."	1.62	Potential induction of epileptic spasms by nonselective voltage-gated sodium channel blockade: Interaction with etiology. ( Heesch, J; Hussain, SA; Numis, AL; Rajaraman, RR; Sankar, R; Weng, J, 2021)
"Pharmaco-resistant Epilepsy has been a major challenge for medical interventions in controlling seizures."	1.62	Gene Expression Analysis Identifies Cholesterol Metabolism Dysregulation in Hippocampus of Phenytoin-Resistant Pentylenetetrazol-Kindled Epileptic Mice. ( Amalakanti, S; Bhat, UA; Chakravarty, S; Khandelwal, N; Kumar, A; Mylavarapu, MB; Sundarachary, NV, 2021)
"Carbamazepine was the second most common drug followed by lamotrigine and valproic acid."	1.62	Post-stroke epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use in men and women. ( Linnér, L; Loikas, D; Sundström, A; von Euler, M; Wettermark, B, 2021)
" Similar dose-related responses were seen following the week-long dosing protocol for carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin, and these responses were associated with drug levels that were in the human therapeutic range."	1.62	Chronic limbic epilepsy models for therapy discovery: Protocols to improve efficiency. ( Bertram, EH; Edelbroek, P, 2021)
"Epilepsy is very difficult to treat and often involves the combination of two or more AEDs."	1.56	Antiepileptic combination therapy with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Analysis of a Japanese pharmacovigilance database. ( Hayashi, T; Noguchi, Y; Tachi, T; Takaoka, M; Teramachi, H, 2020)
"Lacosamide is a novel anticonvulsant that acts by enhancing sodium channel slow inactivation."	1.56	Therapeutic Monitoring of Lacosamide in Japanese Patients With Epilepsy: Clinical Response, Tolerability, and Optimal Therapeutic Range. ( Araki, Y; Fukushima, Y; Imai, K; Kagawa, Y; Takahashi, Y; Terada, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2020)
"The study aims to test the effect of influenza vaccination on phenytoin, CYP2C9, and IFNγ levels in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin monotherapy METHODS: Thirty-one epileptic patients receiving stable-dose phenytoin monotherapy were enrolled onto the study."	1.56	Influenza immunization does not predominantly alter levels of phenytoin, and cytochrome P-450 enzymes in epileptic patients receiving phenytoin monotherapy. ( Apaijai, N; Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Manoyana, N; Nadsasarn, A; Pinyopornpanish, K; Soontornpun, A; Tanprawate, S, 2020)
"His phenytoin dose was increased, and he was started on calcium supplementation."	1.51	Paradoxical deterioration in seizure control due to anticonvulsant-induced hypocalcaemia. ( Cachia, MJ; Gauci, Z; Mifsud, S; Rizzo, C, 2019)
"Phenytoin has been decreasingly used because of the high interindividual variability in drug concentration and the narrow therapeutic window."	1.51	Optimal Dosing Regimen of Phenytoin for Korean Epilepsy Patients: From Premature Babies to the Elderly. ( Chae, D; Guk, J; Kim, JH; Lee, SG; Park, K, 2019)
" for population pharmacokinetic modeling."	1.51	Estimation of Phenytoin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Saudi Epileptic Patients. ( Alotaibi, M; Alqahtani, S; Alsultan, A; Alzaidi, T, 2019)
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model to describe serum phenytoin concentrations after the intravenous administration of fosphenytoin in adult and elderly epileptic patients."	1.51	Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Phenytoin After Intravenous Administration of Fosphenytoin in Adult and Elderly Epileptic Patients. ( Higuchi, K; Hirakawa, M; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Kakara, M; Kashihara, Y; Yamashita, D, 2019)
" Our aim was to translate a recently published comprehensive CNS physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model from rat to human, and to predict drug concentration-time profiles in multiple CNS compartments on available human data of four drugs (acetaminophen, oxycodone, morphine and phenytoin)."	1.48	Prediction of human CNS pharmacokinetics using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach. ( Beukers, MW; Danhof, M; de Lange, ECM; Huntjens, DR; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Krauwinkel, W; Proost, JH; Välitalo, PA; van Hasselt, JGC; Vermeulen, A; Wong, YC; Yamamoto, Y, 2018)
"Evidence for the comparative teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drugs is insufficient, particularly in relation to the dosage used."	1.48	Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. ( Battino, D; Bonizzoni, E; Craig, J; Lindhout, D; Perucca, E; Sabers, A; Thomas, SV; Tomson, T; Vajda, F, 2018)
" We studied whether glucocorticoid receptor (GR) silencing or inhibition in human epileptic brain endothelial cells (EPI-ECs) functionally impacts drug bioavailability across an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by CYP-multidrug transporter (multidrug resistance protein 1, MDR1) mechanisms."	1.48	Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor in human epileptic endothelial cells impacts drug biotransformation in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. ( Bingaman, W; Ghosh, C; Gonzalez-Martinez, J; Hossain, M; Janigro, D; Khan, S; Marchi, N; Mishra, S; Najm, I, 2018)
"Levetiracetam treatment did not affect bone strength, bone mass, and bone turnover."	1.46	Effects of the Antiepileptic Drugs Phenytoin, Gabapentin, and Levetiracetam on Bone Strength, Bone Mass, and Bone Turnover in Rats. ( Izumo, N; Kanda, J; Kobayashi, Y; Onodera, K; Shimakura, T; Takahashi, HE; Wakabayashi, H; Yamamoto, N, 2017)
" Therefore, H3Rs may have implications for the treatment of degenerative disorders associated with impaired memory function and may represent a novel therapeutic pharmacological target to tackle cognitive problems associated with the chronic use of antiepileptic drugs."	1.43	Anticonvulsant and procognitive properties of the non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist DL77 in male adult rats. ( Kieć-Kononowiczc, K; Saad, A; Sadek, B; Shafiullah, M; Subramanian, D; Łażewska, D, 2016)
" Long-term use of phenytoin can lead to axonal shrinkage and random clusters of nerve demyelination [1]."	1.43	Lacking the 'protective label' of diabetes: Phenytoin-induced distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy. A clinical case report. ( Mahon, AM, 2016)
"Weight gain and alopecia were the most common patient-reported CSEs in this study, and weight gain was the most likely cosmetic side effect to result in dosage adjustment or medication discontinuation."	1.42	Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. ( Buchsbaum, R; Chen, B; Choi, H; Detyniecki, K; Hirsch, LJ; Javed, A; Kato, K; Legge, A; Moeller, J, 2015)
"To use a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling system to predict the serum levels achieved by two different intravenous loading doses of phenytoin."	1.42	Comparing paediatric intravenous phenytoin doses using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling software. ( Appleton, R; Batchelor, H; Hawcutt, DB, 2015)
"CNS inflammation is characterized by a disturbance of glial cell functions."	1.40	Glia and epilepsy: experimental investigation of antiepileptic drugs in an astroglia/microglia co-culture model of inflammation. ( Dambach, H; Faustmann, PM; Haase, CG; Hinkerohe, D; Hufnagel, A; Moinfar, Z; Prochnow, N; Stienen, MN, 2014)
"Phenytoin was most commonly implicated (93 %) in rash formation compared with other AEDs (P < 0."	1.40	EMPACT syndrome: limited evidence despite a high-risk cohort. ( Barker, CA; Bishop, AJ; Chang, M; Lacouture, ME, 2014)
"Phenytoin-treated kindled animals were associated with learning and memory deficit, while tacrine supplementation improved memory deficit with increased seizure severity score."	1.40	Adjuvant anticholinesterase therapy for the management of epilepsy-induced memory deficit: a critical pre-clinical study. ( Goel, RK; Mishra, A, 2014)
"Tamoxifen is a prodrug, requiring cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated metabolism to form the active metabolite endoxifen."	1.40	Profound reduction in the tamoxifen active metabolite endoxifen in a patient on phenytoin for epilepsy compared with a CYP2D6 genotype matched cohort. ( Gryn, SE; Kim, RB; Teft, WA, 2014)
" In order to evaluate the oral bioavailability of PHT, two groups were administered with oral or intraperitoneal doses of 100mg/kg and plasma level were measured."	1.40	Chronic administration of phenytoin induces efflux transporter overexpression in rats. ( Alvariza, S; Fagiolino, P; Feria-Romero, I; Orozco-Suárez, S; Vázquez, M, 2014)
"Myotonic dystrophy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous multisystem disorder with a prevalence of 1 in 8000 in the general population."	1.40	Concurrence of myotonic dystrophy and epilepsy: a case report. ( Worku, DK, 2014)
" In phase IV screening, the bioavailability of active compounds was assessed on oral administration."	1.40	Preliminary anticonvulsant and toxicity screening of substituted benzylidenehydrazinyl-N-(6-substituted benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamides. ( Ali, R; Siddiqui, N, 2014)
"Hyperammonemia was defined as a plasma ammonia level exceeding 100 μg/dl with reference to the standard range and previous reports."	1.39	Risk factors for hyperammonemia in pediatric patients with epilepsy. ( Imai, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, Y; Itoh, K; Kagawa, Y; Mishima, N; Takahashi, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yazawa, R, 2013)
"Phenytoin is known to cause conduction slowing."	1.39	Fosphenytoin induced transient pendular nystagmus. ( Shaikh, AG, 2013)
" P-gp polymorphisms may also affect phenytoin efficacy by altering its bioavailability (F)."	1.39	Studies on pharmacokinetic mechanism of phenytoin resistance in refractory epilepsy. ( Huang, JD; Huang, YS; Lai, ML; Tien, YE, 2013)
"To investigate PHT performance in reaching therapeutic target serum concentration rapidly and sustainably, a Bayesian forecasting (BF) regimen was compared to conventional dosing (CD), according to the official summary of product characteristics."	1.39	Intravenous phenytoin: a retrospective analysis of Bayesian forecasting versus conventional dosing in patients. ( Mühlebach, S; Tobler, A, 2013)
" Nevertheless, although the association of these genes with PTH-induced adverse effects has been well-documented in adult populations, this is the first report examining the influence of these genetic polymorphisms on PTH plasma levels and toxicity in a pediatric patient."	1.39	Neurological toxicity after phenytoin infusion in a pediatric patient with epilepsy: influence of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms. ( Dorado, P; Llerena, A; López-Torres, E; Martínez-Antón, J; Peñas-Lledó, EM, 2013)
" In addition, there appeared to be a dose-response relationship between stroke risk and PHT prescriptions."	1.39	Comparative stroke risk of antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. ( Hsieh, CY; Lai, EC; Lin, SJ; Yang, YH, 2013)
"Phenytoin plasma levels were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC method and pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the concentration curve (AUC), maximum concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (t(max)) and half-life (t(1/2)) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis using PK Solutions® software."	1.38	Genetic polymorphism of NAT2 metabolizing enzymes on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in Indian epileptic patients developing toxicity. ( Jain, DC; Madhuri, B; Manjari, T; Murali, M; Raghavan, S; Vivekanandhan, S, 2012)
"Phenytoin was used in 56 patients (22%) with the majority (n= 43) receiving intravenous phenytoin."	1.38	Seizure management at Auckland City Hospital Emergency Department between July and December 2009: time for a change? ( Bergin, P; Jones, P; Rosemergy, I; Walker, E, 2012)
"Phenobarbital has been in clinical use as an antiepileptic drug (AED) since 1912."	1.38	How did phenobarbital's chemical structure affect the development of subsequent antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)? ( Bialer, M, 2012)
"Phenytoin levels were undetectable despite a high dose."	1.37	Reduced phenytoin levels in an epileptic patient following Roux-En-Y gastric bypass for obesity. ( Footitt, D; Mahon, D; Pournaras, DJ; Welbourn, R, 2011)
"Stroke is the major cause of acquired epilepsy in the adult population."	1.37	An organotypic hippocampal slice culture model of excitotoxic injury induced spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges. ( Delorenzo, RJ; Deshpande, LS; Ziobro, JM, 2011)
"We determined PHT bioavailability during steady-state therapy by 1) measurement of the two principal deconjugated PHT urinary metabolites, 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) and 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin (DHD); and 2) direct determination of absolute bioavailability after simultaneous administration of an oral formulation and parenteral stable-labeled PHT (SL-PHT)."	1.37	Excretion of the principal urinary metabolites of phenytoin and absolute oral bioavailability determined by use of a stable isotope in patients with epilepsy. ( Aliwarga, T; Brundage, RC; Cloyd, JC; Goel, V; Leppik, IE; Marino, SE; Remmel, RP, 2011)
" We identified significant associations of CYP2C9 variant alleles with presence of phenytoin (PHT) adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and of GSTM1 copy number variation with the presence of carbamazepine ADRs."	1.37	A candidate gene study of antiepileptic drug tolerability and efficacy identifies an association of CYP2C9 variants with phenytoin toxicity. ( Da Cruz, AL; Depondt, C; Espel, RS; Godard, P; Lienard, P; Pandolfo, M, 2011)
"Phenytoin use was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of fractures OR=1."	1.37	Association of antiepileptic drugs, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation with bone fracture occurrence in epilepsy patients. ( Abner, E; Espinosa, PS; Perez, DL; Ryan, M, 2011)
" The drug combination elevated the plasma level of PHT in a patient on chemotherapy with capecitabine for colorectal cancer."	1.37	[A case of toxicity caused by drug interaction between capecitabine and phenytoin in patient with colorectal cancer]. ( Fukui, E; Kawahara, K; Sakurai, M; Ueda, R; Yamada, R, 2011)
"Curcumin was co-administered with sub-therapeutic dose of valproate 60min before PTZ injection."	1.37	Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of valproate, phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine with curcumin in experimental models of epilepsy in rats. ( Gupta, YK; Mehla, J; Pahuja, M; Reeta, KH, 2011)
"Phenytoin levels were subjected to analysis of variance and the dose effect was approached using a multiple comparison test."	1.37	Capecitabine-phenytoin interaction is dose dependent with an unexpected time course. ( de Los Ríos la Rosa, F; Privitera, M, 2011)
"Epilepsy was confirmed in 58 cases."	1.37	[Epilepsy in elderly]. ( Kotov, AS; Rudakova, IG, 2011)
"Epileptic seizures drive expression of the blood-brain barrier efflux transporter P-glycoprotein via a glutamate/cyclooxygenase-2 mediated signalling pathway."	1.36	COX-2 inhibition controls P-glycoprotein expression and promotes brain delivery of phenytoin in chronic epileptic rats. ( Aronica, E; Edelbroek, PM; Gorter, JA; Holtman, L; Pekcec, A; Potschka, H; Schlichtiger, J; van Vliet, EA; Zibell, G, 2010)
"Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been widely used in patients with epilepsy but the adverse effects in adult Chinese patients have not been investigated."	1.36	Adverse effects of carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate and lamotrigine monotherapy in epileptic adult Chinese patients. ( Wang, X; Xi, Z; Yan, Y; Zeng, K, 2010)
"Phenytoin is a widely used anti-seizure agent, and a good correlation is observed between its concentration in plasma and the clinical effect."	1.36	Determination of free and total levels of phenytoin in human plasma from patients with epilepsy by MEKC: an adequate alternative to HPLC. ( Chen, SH; Hsieh, YH; Liao, FF; Lin, PC, 2010)
"Phenytoin was subsequently administered for seizure prophylaxis."	1.35	Phenytoin toxicity due to genetic polymorphism. ( Bullock, MR; McCluggage, LK; Voils, SA, 2009)
"Phenytoin levels were measured and found to be grossly elevated at 170 mmol/L."	1.35	Phenytoin toxicity and thyroid dysfunction. ( Betteridge, T; Fink, J, 2009)
" TDM requests, interpretation and dosage adjustment recommendations were mainly responsible by residents."	1.35	Effect of pharmacist participation in the health care team on therapeutic drug monitoring utilization for antiepileptic drugs. ( Faroongsarng, D; Kaewpibal, P; Ratanajamit, C; Setthawacharavanich, S, 2009)
"Epilepsy has been associated with poor obstetric outcomes that could be the result of the epilepsy itself or a direct effect of anti-epileptic medication on placentation."	1.35	Phenytoin but not valproate directly affected in vitro trophoblast differentiation. ( Anin, S; Bates, MD; Chadwick, D; Neilson, JP; Quenby, SM; Vince, GS, 2008)
"Phenytoin is a drug used for the treatment of different types of seizures."	1.35	Undetectable phenytoin serum levels by an automated particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay in a patient with monoclonal IgM lambda. ( Brauchli, YB; Krähenbühl, S; Scholer, A; Schwietert, M, 2008)
" The pharmacokinetics of the 260 PB concentrations at a steady-state obtained from 79 patients was described with a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination."	1.34	Population estimation of the effects of cytochrome P450 2C9 and 2C19 polymorphisms on phenobarbital clearance in Japanese. ( Goto, S; Ishitsu, T; Murata, T; Nakada, N; Nakagawa, K; Seo, T; Ueda, N, 2007)
"In phenobarbital-treated patients, serum levels in 73% of the patients were in therapeutic range of 10-40 microg/ml, and about 44% of phenytoin-treated patients had serum levels in therapeutic range of 10-20 microg/ml."	1.34	Evaluation of therapeutic drug level monitoring of phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine in Iranian epileptic patients. ( Babaei, A; Eslamai, MH, 2007)
"PPhenytoin was 10-fold less (1."	1.34	Development of a humanized in vitro blood-brain barrier model to screen for brain penetration of antiepileptic drugs. ( Cucullo, L; Hossain, M; Janigro, D; Manders, T; Marchi, N; Rapp, E, 2007)
"Those with epilepsy at diagnosis of macroprolactinoma were examined in detail."	1.34	Macroprolactinomas and epilepsy. ( Daousi, C; Deepak, D; Javadpour, M; MacFarlane, IA, 2007)
"Interindividual variability in intestinal absorption and bioavailability might contribute to inadequate control of seizures under treatment with carbamazepine and phenytoin."	1.34	Intestinal expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and ABC transporters and carbamazepine and phenytoin disposition. ( Fried, M; Fritschy, JM; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Mueller, S; Pauli-Magnus, C; Simon, C; Stieger, B; Wieser, HG, 2007)
"Treatment with phenobarbital or phenytoin caused a reduction in seizure frequency, but did not improve EEG background or prevent death."	1.34	The natural history and treatment of epilepsy in a murine model of tuberous sclerosis. ( Erbayat-Altay, E; Gutmann, DH; Wong, M; Xu, L; Zeng, LH, 2007)
" Further investigations with an approach to dose assessment that includes comprehensive interpretation of both pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic data along with understanding of the mechanism of drug interactions in dosage adjustment is warranted."	1.34	Contributions of CYP2C9/CYP2C19 genotypes and drug interaction to the phenytoin treatment in the Korean epileptic patients in the clinical setting. ( Kim, JW; Lee, ST; Lee, SY, 2007)
" These results provide evidence of a drug target polymorphism associated with the clinical use of AEDs and set the stage for a prospective evaluation of how pharmacogenetic diagnostics can be used to improve dosing decisions in the use of phenytoin and carbamazepine."	1.33	Genetic predictors of the maximum doses patients receive during clinical use of the anti-epileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. ( Cavalleri, GL; Depondt, C; Goldstein, DB; Sander, JW; Schorge, S; Sen, A; Shorvon, SD; Sisodiya, SM; Soranzo, N; Tate, SK; Thom, M; Wood, NW, 2005)
"Permeability of the blood-brain barrier is one of the factors determining the bioavailability of therapeutic drugs and resistance to chemically different antiepileptic drugs is a consequence of decreased intracerebral accumulation."	1.33	RLIP76, a non-ABC transporter, and drug resistance in epilepsy. ( Awasthi, S; Awasthi, YC; Cucullo, L; Dini, G; Fazio, V; Hallene, KL; Janigro, D; Singhal, SS, 2005)
"Thus it is necessary to rule out ictal catatonia by electroencephalography in patients with catatonic stupor."	1.33	Epileptic seizures superimposed on catatonic stupor. ( Awata, S; Ebina, Y; Honda, T; Matsuoka, H; Miura, N; Shindo, T; Suzuki, K; Takano, T, 2006)
" The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine administration were compared by Student's t-test."	1.33	Effect of piperine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. ( Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2006)
" This has implications for dosing regimens relying on plasma phenytoin levels."	1.33	Free phenytoin concentration measurement in brain extracellular fluid: a pilot study. ( Belli, A; Kitchen, N; Patsalos, P; Petzold, A; Ratnaraj, N; Russo, S; Sen, J; Smith, M; Tisdall, M, 2006)
"A 9-year-old girl with akinetic-rigid parkinsonism with tremor is described."	1.33	Epilepsy, parkinsonism, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a child. ( Cantú-Martínez, L; Flores, Lde L; González, HC; Martínez, HR; Onofre-Castillo, J; Villarreal, HJ, 2006)
"Phenytoin is a known inducer of drugs metabolized by CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A, but its own metabolism may be altered by drugs influencing CYP2C9 or CYP2C19, such as diazepam."	1.32	Phenytoin-diazepam interaction. ( Murphy, A; Wilbur, K, 2003)
"Oxcarbazepine was generally well tolerated during monotherapy and adjunctive therapy; 2."	1.32	Spotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy. ( Bang, LM; Goa, KL, 2004)
"The average annual cost of outpatient treatment of epilepsy was found to be 47 US dollars per patient."	1.32	Cost of epilepsy in patients attending a secondary-level hospital in India. ( Kapoor, SK; Krishnan, A; Sahariah, SU, 2004)
"We describe the incidence of newly treated epilepsy in primary care and patterns of antiepileptic drug prescription, numbers of patients who remain on initial therapy and health service utilisation."	1.32	The outcome of initiation of antiepileptic drug monotherapy in primary care: a UK database survey. ( Buchan, S; Kerr, MP; Morgan, CL, 2004)
"Phenytoin (PHT) dosing regimens are often determined based on experience in those aged <65 years rather than in those aged >or=65 years."	1.32	Phenytoin use in elderly nursing home residents. ( Birnbaum, AK; Bowers, SE; Conway, JM; Graves, NM; Hardie, NA; Lackner, TE; Leppik, IE, 2003)
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of changes in the enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant daily dosage (drug score) to variations in urinary D-glucaric acid excretion and gamma-glutamyltransferase and beta-glucuronidase serum activities."	1.31	Relationship between changes in drug score, D-glucaric acid excretion, and gamma-glutamyltransferase and beta-glucuronidase serum activities during anticonvulsant treatment. ( Fernández, MP; Hermida, J; Tutor, JC, 2002)
"A 21-year-old female with West syndrome was scheduled for resection of hordeolum."	1.31	[Anesthetic management of a patient with West syndrome]. ( Kitajima, T; Mishio, M; Okuda, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2000)
"Phenytoin toxicity was defined by clinical features and correlated with drug levels."	1.31	Elimination of phenytoin in toxic overdose. ( Chan, SP; Chua, HC; Tjia, H; Venketasubramanian, N, 2000)
"Topiramate also may inhibit synaptic conductances responsible for transmission of epileptiform discharges."	1.31	Effects of topiramate on sustained repetitive firing and spontaneous recurrent seizure discharges in cultured hippocampal neurons. ( Coulter, DA; DeLorenzo, RJ; Sombati, S, 2000)
"Phenytoin nonresponders were proposed as a model for pharmaco-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy."	1.31	Kindling alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Wistar rats. ( Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Reissmüller, E, 2000)
" The validity of the pharmacokinetic models and the estimated population parameter values was tested using the naive prediction method."	1.31	Validation of population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin using the parallel Michaelis-Menten and first-order elimination model. ( Folb, PI; McFadyen, ML; Miller, R; Seymour, MA; Valodia, PN, 2000)
"Levetiracetam has recently been approved as an adjunctive medication for partial seizures and frequently will be added to phenytoin."	1.31	Absence of pharmacokinetic drug interaction of levetiracetam with phenytoin in patients with epilepsy determined by new technique. ( Baltes, E; Browne, TR; Jensen, CM; Josephs, E; Leppik, IE; Paz, J; Szabo, GK, 2000)
" Since phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index and genotyping may be carried out rapidly and at low cost, dosage adjustment based on CYP2C9 genotype, especially at the induction of therapy, would be of value in order to lower the risk of concentration dependent drug intoxications in carriers."	1.31	The effect of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 on phenytoin dose requirement. ( de Haan, K; Steijns, LS; van der Weide, J; van Weelden, MJ, 2001)
"Chorea is a rare side effect of anticonvulsants."	1.31	Anticonvulsants-induced chorea: a role for pharmacodynamic drug interaction? ( Beach, RL; D'Cruz, O; Tennison, M; Zaatreh, M, 2001)
"Phenytoin is an effective anticonvulsant, but high serum phenytoin concentrations may be associated with serious toxicity."	1.31	How high can we go with phenytoin? ( Kobayashi, J; Koren, G; Kozer, E; Minassian, BA; Parvez, S; Verjee, Z, 2002)
" For males, the peak concentration at 9."	1.30	Single oral loading dose of phenytoin: a pharmacokinetics study. ( Kaojarern, S; Mokkhavesa, C; Phuapradit, P; Ratanakorn, D, 1997)
" The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of valproate (VPA), phenytoin (PHT), and MK-801 on the change in seizure phenotype observed in our model system."	1.30	Effects of valproate, phenytoin, and MK-801 in a novel model of epileptogenesis. ( Applegate, CD; Ozduman, K; Samoriski, GM, 1997)
" AWD 140-190 thus presents an orally active and safe anticonvulsant agent, which is structurally unrelated to anticonvulsants currently used."	1.30	AWD 140-190: a new anticonvulsant with a very good margin of safety. ( Bartsch, R; Engel, J; Rostock, A; Rundfeldt, C; Tober, C; Unverferth, K; White, HS; Wolf, HH, 1997)
"Phenytoin dosing is often difficult in a clinical situation because of the non-linear nature of phenytoin metabolism at therapeutic plasma concentrations."	1.30	Single-point phenytoin dosage predictions in Singapore Chinese. ( Chan, E, 1997)
"Phenytoin is a major antiepileptic drug for treatment of limbic seizures."	1.30	Phenytoin's effect on the spread of seizure activity in the amygdala kindling model. ( Cramer, S; Ebert, U; Löscher, W, 1997)
"Invasive or complex treatments for epilepsy with partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures should not be used until at least two AEDs have failed to control seizures."	1.30	If a first antiepileptic drug fails to control a child's epilepsy, what are the chances of success with the next drug? ( Camfield, CS; Camfield, PR; Dooley, JM; Gordon, K, 1997)
"Epilepsy is a relatively common problem in children, adults and the elderly."	1.30	Treatment of the epileptic patient in the dental office. ( Haller, JS; Kennedy, BT, 1998)
"When phenytoin, 50 mg/kg, was administered i."	1.30	Limbic epileptogenesis alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Cramer, S; Ebert, U; Löscher, W, 1998)
"Two pharmacoeconomic studies on the treatment of acute seizures have been conducted."	1.30	Pharmacoeconomic considerations in treatment options for acute seizures. ( Graves, N, 1998)
" A further difference to the Wistar strain is the truncated dose-response with loss of anticonvulsant efficacy at 75 mg/kg in kindled Sprague-Dawley rats, which may, at least in part, explain the inconsistent results reported on the anticonvulsant efficacy of PHT in this strain in the literature."	1.30	Selection of phenytoin responders and nonresponders in male and female amygdala-kindled Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Cramer, S; Ebert, U; Löscher, W, 1998)
" In addition, a population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	1.30	The effects of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on phenytoin metabolism in Japanese adult patients with epilepsy: studies in stereoselective hydroxylation and population pharmacokinetics. ( Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Imai, J; Mamiya, K; Ninomiya, H; Otsubo, K; Shimamoto, J; Tashiro, N; Yamada, H; Yukawa, E, 1998)
"The influence of various covariates (including weight, race, smoking, gender, age, mild-to-moderate alcohol intake, and body surface area) on the population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin in adult epileptic patients in South Africa was investigated."	1.30	Factors influencing the population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin in adult epileptic patients in South Africa. ( Folb, PI; McFadyen, ML; Miller, R; Seymour, MA; Valodia, P, 1999)
"Phenytoin (PH) levels were determined in the head hair of twenty five patients (fourteen males and eleven females, aged from five to seventy seven years old) who were receiving this drug chronically."	1.30	Determination of phenytoin in sections of head hair: a preliminary study to evaluate the history of drug use. ( Assithianakis, P; Helidonis, E; Michalodimitrakis, MN; Psillakis, T; Stefis, A; Tsatsakis, AM; Vlahonikolis, IG, 1998)
" PB was also the most toxic drug, followed by CBZ and by PHT."	1.30	Anticonvulsant and neurotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injection of phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine in an amygdala-kindling model of epilepsy in the rat. ( Alós, M; Barcia, JA; Belda, V; Rubio, P; Serralta, A, 1999)
"Phenytoin toxicity is an uncommon problem seen in clinical practice."	1.30	Paradoxical seizures in phenytoin toxicity. ( Chua, HC; Tan, CB; Tjia, H; Venketasubramanian, N, 1999)
" Valproate, when the proper therapeutic dosage was belatedly realized, was seen as a superior treatment for generalized and partial epilepsies."	1.30	Clinical experience with new antiepileptic drugs: antiepileptic drugs in Europe. ( Loiseau, PJ, 1999)
" Subsequent determination of individual-specific DPH maintenance dosage and volume of distribution data suitable for use in routine therapeutic concentration management procedures."	1.30	Practical management of therapeutic diphenylhydantoin concentrations in children. ( Parkin, DP; Schoeman, JF; Seifart, HI; Smit, A, 1999)
" They were taking PHT in a dosage ranging from 100 to 300 mg daily, in mono or polytherapy regimen, during 1-5 previous years."	1.30	Phenytoin as the first option in female epileptic patients? ( da Silva, VR; Molinari, MA; Trevisol-Bittencourt, PC; Troiano, AR, 1999)
"We present the case of a patient that after chronic use of anticonvulsant drugs without proven epilepsy, developed Dupuytren's and Ledderhose's diseases."	1.30	[Dupuytren's and Ledderhose's diseases associated with chronic use of anticonvulsants. Case report]. ( Coral, P; Correa Neto, Y; Nóvak, EM; Teive, HA; Werneck, LC; Zanatta, A, 1999)
"Phenytoin (DPH) is a widely used anticonvulsant drug but a conclusive mode of action is not yet clear."	1.29	Effect of chronic administration of phenytoin on regional monoamine levels in rat brain. ( Lakshmana, KM; Meshkibaf, MH; Rao, BS; Subhash, MN, 1995)
"The medication regimens used to treat epilepsy are further complicated by the fact that most seizure medications are metabolized in the liver and have the potential for serious pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with many other medications."	1.29	Practical considerations in anticonvulsant therapy--Part 2. ( Cloyd, J; Garnett, WR; Holmes, GL; Meyer, MC; Schiffer, JR, 1995)
"Treatment with phenytoin did not influence the results."	1.29	Positron emission tomographic study of late-onset cryptogenic symptomatic seizures. ( Crevits, L; De Reuck, J; Decoo, D; Goethals, P; Lemahieu, I; Santens, P; Strijckmans, K; Van Maele, G, 1995)
"Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data collected from epileptic out-patients who received phenytoin (PHT) were analysed to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters."	1.29	[NONMEM approach for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin in Chinese epileptics]. ( Cai, MH; Chen, G; Chu, XM; Rui, JZ, 1995)
"Phenytoin-treated patients had a significant reduction in the mean IgA and IgG levels compared to healthy and epileptic controls (P < 0."	1.29	Humoral and cellular immune parameters in untreated and phenytoin-or carbamazepine-treated epileptic patients. ( Başaran, N; Ciğer, A; Hincal, F; Kansu, E, 1994)
"Trends in treatment of epilepsy in an institution for handicapped patients with epilepsy were investigated in a retrospective longitudinal study."	1.29	[Changes in drug therapy and in seizure frequency in an institution for epilepsy patients between 1971 and 1986]. ( May, T; Wohlhüter, M; Wolf, P, 1994)
" A review of published studies involving small numbers of elderly subjects or patients given phenytoin sodium, valproic acid, or carbamazepine demonstrates decreased protein binding and intrinsic clearance and increased half-life with advancing age."	1.29	Antiepileptics in the elderly. Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacokinetics. ( Cloyd, JC; Lackner, TE; Leppik, IE, 1994)
"Diazepam was the first line treatment in 98 episodes, chlormethiazole and phenytoin were used in 27 and 18 episodes, respectively."	1.29	Status epilepticus: management and outcome of 107 episodes. ( Martin, PJ; Millac, PA, 1994)
" In this context, anticonvulsant and neurotoxic pharmacodynamic interactions between phenytoin (PHT) and valproate (VPA) were assessed in an experimental model in mice."	1.29	Pharmacodynamic interactions between phenytoin and valproate: individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic actions in mice. ( Bourgeois, BF; Chez, MG; Knowles, WD; Pippenger, CE, 1994)
"Free phenytoin was determined in plasma from epileptic patients and the results were compared to those obtained by ultrafiltration."	1.29	Automated determination of free phenytoin in human plasma with on-line equilibrium dialysis and column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. ( Andresen, AT; Rasmussen, KE; Rugstad, HE, 1993)
"Phenytoin is a potent inducer of carbamazepine metabolism."	1.29	Unmasking the significant enzyme-inducing effects of phenytoin on serum carbamazepine concentrations during phenytoin withdrawal. ( Abou-Elkair, M; Chapron, DJ; LaPierre, BA, 1993)
" Plasma concentrations of total phenytoin, unbound phenytoin, and the major metabolite of phenytoin, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, were measured, and pharmacokinetic variables obtained before and after barbiturate therapy were compared."	1.29	Effect of barbiturate therapy on phenytoin pharmacokinetics. ( Abe, J; Asada, A; Fujimori, M; Kaji, A; Nishi, S; Oda, Y; Yoshida, N, 1993)
"Two protocols were used: assessment of seizures immediately after the completion of the kindling procedure and after the 2-week postkindling PTX-free period, as compared with acute PTX seizures."	1.29	Chemical kindling: implications for antiepileptic drugs - sensitive and resistant epilepsy models. ( Godlevsky, LS; Mazarati, AM; Shandra, AA; Vastyanov, RS, 1996)
"D-Cycloserine (DCS) is a high-efficacy partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site within the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor/ionophore complex."	1.29	Influence of D-cycloserine on the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin and carbamazepine against electroconvulsions in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Roliński, Z; Wlaź, P, 1996)
" Thirty-six adult epileptic patients who had been receiving phenytoin for greater than 6 months without a recent change in dosage were assessed for signs of periodontal disease and gingival overgrowth."	1.29	Plasma and saliva concentrations of phenytoin and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in relation to the incidence and severity of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in epileptic patients. ( Ball, DE; Kamali, F; McLaughlin, WS; Seymour, RA, 1996)
"The duration of the vegetative state was 12 days, 15 days or about 4 months until death and was associated with corresponding stages of generalized ischemic brain damage."	1.29	Relationship between ischemic damage and concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital in the brain cortex of epileptic patients in vegetative state at death. ( Jürgens, U; Lahl, R; May, T; Rambeck, B; Schnabel, R, 1996)
"The seizures were predominantly clonic jerks accompanied by large spikes and slow waves lasting for 30-60s."	1.29	Effect of antiepileptic drugs and calcium channel blocker on hyperthermic seizures in rats: animal model for hot water epilepsy. ( Satishchandra, P; Shankar, SK; Ullal, GR, 1996)
"Cerebral cavernous angioma (cavernoma) has previously been treated by resection for all presentations when surgically resectable."	1.28	Cerebral cavernous angioma: a potentially benign condition? Successful treatment in 16 cases. ( Churchyard, A; Grainger, K; Khangure, M, 1992)
" Regular 2 weekly follow up for a minimum period of 2 months was done, after altering the drug dosage and bringing plasma level(s) within therapeutic range."	1.28	"An analysis of epileptic patients nonresponsive to drugs". ( Joshi, MV; Karande, SC; Kshirsagar, NA; Shah, PU, 1992)
" This equation predicts the AUC0-INF produced by a given tracer dose of drug will vary directly with C in drugs with nonlinear pharmacokinetic properties (i."	1.28	Bioavailability studies of drugs with nonlinear pharmacokinetics: I. Tracer dose AUC varies directly with serum concentration. ( Browne, TR; Evans, BA; Evans, JE; Greenblatt, DJ; Schumacher, GE; Szabo, GK, 1992)
" There was no calcitonin correlation with the anticonvulsant dosage or with the total doses ingested."	1.28	Long-term influence of anticonvulsant agents on calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin. ( Arias, JA; Cabranes, JA; Rico, H; Varela de Seijas, E, 1992)
" Since praziquantel, the drug used to treat neurocysticercosis, undergoes extensive liver first-pass metabolism, we carried out a prospective study to verify whether there was a decrease in oral bioavailability induced by carbamazepine and phenytoin."	1.28	Phenytoin and carbamazepine decreased oral bioavailability of praziquantel. ( Bittencourt, PR; Diekmann, HW; Fernandes, AG; Gracia, CM; Jung, W; Martins, R, 1992)
" It could be due to a lower bioavailability (F) of the tested phenytoin preparations and/or a higher volume of distribution (Vd) in Chinese."	1.28	Comparison on bioequivalence of four phenytoin preparations in patients with multiple-dose treatment. ( Huang, JD; Lai, ML; Tsai, JJ; Yang, YH, 1992)
"A simple and practical graphic method based on Bayesian feedback theory for predicting individual phenytoin dosage was evaluated."	1.28	A Bayesian graphic method for predicting individual phenytoin dosage schedule. ( Cai, WM; Chen, G; Chu, XM, 1991)
"Only one patient had a complete IgA deficiency."	1.28	Anti-IgA antibodies in epileptic patients with a low serum IgA concentration. ( Gilhus, NE; Hammarström, L, 1991)
" In order to define the minimal dosage of fentanyl required, the MD was titrated according to increases or decreases in the heart rate and/or mean arterial pressure exceeding 15 per cent of baseline ward values."	1.28	Anticonvulsant therapy increases fentanyl requirements during anaesthesia for craniotomy. ( Modica, PA; Spitznagel, EL; Tempelhoff, R, 1990)
" Eighty-four patients had been established on treatment with a single anticonvulsant drug (35 carbamazepine (CBZ), 30 sodium valproate (VPA), 19 phenytoin (PHT)) at unaltered dosage for the previous 3 months."	1.28	Cognitive function in adult epileptic patients established on anticonvulsant monotherapy. ( Brodie, MJ; Butler, E; Gillham, RA; Larkin, JG; Wiedmann, KD; Williams, N, 1990)
"1% seizure control rate), with adverse effects of sedation and intellectual depression."	1.28	Plasma level distribution, effect and toxicity of antiepileptic drugs among Ethiopian epileptics. ( Abebe, Y; Bekele, G; T'Haimanot, R, 1990)
"Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) is rare and has only recently been individualized (Kertesz, 1967)."	1.28	[Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis: autonomic disease or reflex epilepsy?]. ( Bricout, JH; Cler, JM; Vercelletto, M; Vercelletto, P, 1990)
"When phenytoin was given with carbamazepine percentage (mean +/- SEM) protein binding was 87."	1.28	Serum protein binding of antiepileptic drugs in Sri Lankans. ( Joice, PD; Karunanayake, EH; Meijer, JW; Meinardi, H; Peiris, JB, 1990)
" The capability predicting individual phenytoin dosage was assessed by the retrospective analysis of data of 44 patients and the prospective analysis of 15 patients."	1.28	[Population kinetic program for Michaelis-Menten elimination]. ( Lü, M; Song, JF; Zhou, HW, 1990)
"Phenytoin treatment may impair the validity of the caffeine liver function test."	1.28	Effect of phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid on caffeine metabolism. ( Büchsel, R; Kohl, D; Kreiten, K; Matern, S; Wietholtz, H; Zysset, T, 1989)
" These results support the increased use of dosing aids for PHT that may help clinicians more accurately choose PHT doses and estimate time to steady state."	1.28	Dosing accuracy of antiepileptic drug regimens as determined by serum concentrations in outpatient epilepsy clinic patients. ( Privitera, MD, 1989)
"The excess numbers of brain cancer were concentrated within 10 years of hospitalization (RR = 20."	1.28	Cancer among epileptic patients exposed to anticonvulsant drugs. ( Boice, JD; Fraumeni, JF; Jensen, JP; Olsen, JH, 1989)
"25 patients (27."	1.28	[Epileptic seizures in patients with a cerebrovascular infarction]. ( Burri, H; Karbowski, K; Schäffler, L, 1989)
" We found a noticeable relationship between conduction velocity slowing and daily dosage for CBZ only."	1.27	Anticonvulsant therapy and its possible consequences on peripheral nervous system: a neurographic study. ( Faedda, MT; Geraldini, C; Sideri, G, 1984)
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs may lead to considerable fluctuation in plasma drug concentration, and monotherapy is often preferable."	1.27	Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs. ( Neuvonen, PJ; Tokola, RA, 1983)
"Phenytoin continues to be a very popular drug for most types of seizures, but carbamazepine, used adjunctively until recently, is effective as monotherapy for the control of partial seizures, particularly those of the complex partial variety."	1.27	Treatment of the nonconvulsive epilepsies. ( Dreifuss, FE, 1983)
"Only when the epilepsy is uncontrolled despite high plasma concentrations which cannot be raised because of side effects, a second drug should be given."	1.27	[Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy--current problems and controversies]. ( Schmidt, D, 1983)
"Phenobarbital may cause hyperactivity, behavioral problems, sedation, and even dementia; these effects are dose related to some extent."	1.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
" However, whereas toxic reactions following phenytoin and carbamazepine are characterised by a rather short duration of exposure before symptoms occur with accompanying clinical features of hypersensitivity, valproate-induced hepatic toxicity exhibits no signs of hypersensitivity and often occurs following prolonged exposure, speaking in favor of a metabolic aberration as the underlying cause."	1.27	Hepatic toxicity of antiepileptic drugs: a review. ( Bentsen, KD; Gram, L, 1983)
" Significant positive correlations were found between the dosage of CBZ, DPH, PMD and PB and both indices of enzyme induction."	1.27	A comparative study of the relative enzyme inducing properties of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. ( Hedges, A; Makki, KA; Perucca, E; Richens, A; Ruprah, M; Wilson, JF, 1984)
"Most electrically induced seizures involve forebrain structures, such as the amygdala or frontal cortex, but the following studies characterized a specific anatomic site in the inferior colliculus which generated seizure-like behavior after a single, low current electrical stimulation."	1.27	Electrically elicited seizures from the inferior colliculus: a potential site for the genesis of epilepsy? ( Breese, GR; Frye, GD; Greenwood, RS; McCown, TJ, 1984)
"The Mullen and Foster method was prospectively applied for individualizing phenytoin dosage in 24 epileptic patients."	1.27	Clinical application of the Mullen and Foster method for individualizing phenytoin dosage. ( Arnetoli, G; Bartoli, C; Donati-Cori, G; Messori, A; Muscas, GC; Silvano, R; Tendi, E; Valenza, T; Zaccara, G; Zappoli, R, 1984)
" Fifty-one percent of the 53 patients receiving phenytoin were completely controlled at either below or above the 10 to 20 micrograms/ml range, suggesting that individual dosage adjustment is preferably based on clinical judgment rather than numerical limits of published therapeutic ranges."	1.27	Therapeutic plasma levels of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine: individual variation in relation to seizure frequency and type. ( Haenel, F; Schmidt, D, 1984)
"Phenytoin treatment was associated with further decreases in serum IgA in patients with idiopathic epilepsy (p = 0."	1.27	Effects of phenytoin on man's immunity. Evaluation of changes in serum immunoglobulins, complement, and antinuclear antibody. ( Bardana, EJ; Craig, S; Davies, GH; Gabourel, JD, 1983)
"Phenytoin was administered intravenously to six adult epileptic patients in doses ranging from 500--1000 mg (equivalent to 5."	1.27	Acute effects of intravenous phenytoin on the frequency of inter-ictal spikes in man. ( Milligan, N; Oxley, J; Richens, A, 1983)
"Oxazepam was more than 93% bound to serum proteins, but the extent of binding was not significantly different between the two groups."	1.27	Oxazepam pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy treated long-term with phenytoin alone or in combination with phenobarbitone. ( Hawksworth, GM; Khir, AS; Petrie, JC; Scott, AK; Steele, WH, 1983)
"Most patients have quiescent seizure disorders and can manage well on monotherapy."	1.27	Reduction of polypharmacy for epilepsy in an institution for the retarded. ( Bennett, HS; Dunlop, T; Ziring, P, 1983)
" Due to the increase in tonic-clonic seizures after the initiation of folic acid (1 mg, orally) the sodium phenytoin dosage was increased by 130 mg until control was achieved."	1.27	Phenytoin and folic acid: individualized drug-drug interaction. ( Berg, MJ; Fischer, LJ; Rivey, MP; Schottelius, DD; Vern, BA, 1983)
"A Bayesian feedback technique for predicting phenytoin dosage was compared to other dosing methods."	1.27	Predicting phenytoin dosages using Bayesian feedback: a comparison with other methods. ( Ludden, TM; Murphy, MJ; Taylor, JW; Yuen, GJ, 1983)
" In epileptic patients, the plasma PHT concentrations were increased when dosage form was changed from the powder to 99%FG-F."	1.27	Comparison of bioavailability for phenytoin products prepared by wet granulation in normal subjects and epileptic patients. ( Hosaka, A; Ishikawa, N; Kohda, Y; Nakagawa, F; Nishihara, K; Saitoh, Y; Tamura, Z, 1983)
"Phenytoin treatment prevented the occurrence of convulsive and EEG seizures; however, lipid peroxidation was unaffected (16."	1.27	Effect of phenytoin and corticosteroids on seizures and lipid peroxidation in experimental posttraumatic epilepsy. ( Triggs, WJ; Willmore, LJ, 1984)
" Predictions are much more complicated when impaired bioavailability exists."	1.27	Influence of bioavailability on the calculated Michaelis-Menten parameters of phenytoin in children. ( Brand, N; Koren, G; MacLeod, SM, 1984)
" Further, for dogs given phenobarbital, there was a sixfold variation between dosage and achieved serum concentration, whereas dogs given primidone manifested even greater variability between dosage and serum concentration."	1.27	Serum concentrations and efficacy of phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone in canine epilepsy. ( Farnbach, GC, 1984)
"The application of a Bayesian feedback algorithm for phenytoin (PHT) dosing adjustments was modified empirically to take advantage of measurements of plasma unbound PHT concentrations in the estimation of Km values."	1.27	Use of plasma unbound drug concentrations in adjusting phenytoin doses. ( Bachmann, K; Forney, R; Voeller, K, 1984)
" After the first week of life, drug eliminating mechanisms mature and drug dosage requirements often increase dramatically."	1.27	Antiepileptic drug utilization in pediatric patients. ( Dodson, WE, 1984)
"Cimetidine can cause significant changes in phenytoin serum levels which may be manifested clinically."	1.27	Effect of cimetidine on phenytoin serum levels. ( Breland, BD; Jordan, JE; Mishra, SK; Salem, RB, 1983)
"When phenytoin was being reduced, more seizures appeared to originate from the left temporal lobe than from the right."	1.27	Falsely localizing ictal onsets with depth EEG telemetry during anticonvulsant withdrawal. ( Crandall, PH; Engel, J, 1983)
"Carbamazepine was the most effective to block SEA at concentrations of 1-15 microM."	1.27	Effects of anticonvulsants on spontaneous epileptiform activity which develops in the absence of chemical synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices. ( Franceschetti, S; Hamon, B; Heinemann, U; Konnerth, A; Yaari, Y, 1985)
"Phenytoin was associated with the most frequent and highest enzyme elevations in both adult and pediatric patients."	1.27	Serum 5'-nucleotidase in patients receiving anti-epileptic drugs. ( Fortman, CS; Witte, DL, 1985)
" Frequency and extent of increased activity of gamma-GT were highly related to daily dosage in both preparations."	1.27	The influence of long-term anticonvulsant therapy with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine on serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. ( Aldenhövel, HG, 1988)
" Frequency and extent of increased activity of gamma-GT were highly related to daily dosage in both preparations."	1.27	[Altered gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase serum activities in long-term anticonvulsive therapy--comparison of diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine]. ( Aldenhövel, HG, 1988)
" These results show that barbiturates should not be first-choice drugs in patients who have a chronic disease such as epilepsy, and indicate a schedule for barbiturate withdrawal which is safe and independent of hospitalization or monitoring of antiepileptic drug serum concentrations."	1.27	Barbiturate-refractory epilepsy: safe schedule for therapeutic substitution. ( Bittencourt, PR; Gorz, AM; Silvado, CE, 1986)
"A man with lupus anticoagulant and a prothrombin deficiency was studied before and after cessation of treatment with phenytoin."	1.27	Concurrent lupus anticoagulants and prothrombin deficiency due to phenytoin use. ( Alperin, JB; Harrison, RL; Kumar, D, 1987)
"In particular, memory deficits, attentional problems, psychomotor slowing and reading and writing difficulties are highlighted, and the impact of the seizures, brain damage, and anticonvulsant drugs on cognitive function noted."	1.27	[Cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs]. ( Trimble, R, 1987)
"Phenytoin levels were reduced to 37% of the original values, although the drug was given intravenously."	1.27	An interaction between cytostatic and anticonvulsant drugs. ( de Voogd-van der Straaten, I; Neef, C, 1988)
" In each patient, the average unbound fraction for a dosing interval increased with increase in sodium valproate dose."	1.27	Changes in clearance of sodium valproate with changes in dose. ( Bury, RW; Fullinfaw, RO; Kilpatrick, CJ; Moulds, RF, 1987)
" Thus, frequent phenytoin serum concentration determinations or a change in phenytoin dosing rate are probably not necessary after adding phenobarbital."	1.27	Phenobarbital does not alter phenytoin steady-state serum concentration or pharmacokinetics. ( Browne, TR; Evans, BA; Evans, J; Greenblatt, DJ; Mikati, MA; Szabo, GK, 1988)
" In 48% of the patients the drug dosage had to be increased to combat the increased seizure frequency."	1.27	Serum phenytoin during pregnancy, labor and puerperium. ( Bardy, AH; Hiilesmaa, VK; Teramo, KA, 1987)
"Zonisamide (CI-912) is an experimental antiepileptic drug."	1.27	Comparative pharmacokinetics of zonisamide (CI-912) in epileptic patients on carbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy. ( Buchanan, RA; Friel, PN; Levy, RH; McLean, JR; Ojemann, LM; Shastri, RA; Wilensky, AJ, 1986)
" The most common of these causes include malpractice of the dosage build-up in the absence of the clinical effect, polytherapy--not infrequently with drugs of the same chemical group, and insufficient attention to the potentiating drug interaction."	1.27	[Phenomenon of "paradoxical poisoning" during antiepileptic therapy]. ( Geladze, TSh, 1986)
" Data were excluded for patients who required dosage adjustments because of toxicity or seizures."	1.27	Effect of influenza vaccine on serum anticonvulsant concentrations. ( Fidone, GS; Jann, MW, 1986)
"Adverse gastrointestinal symptoms from milk may reduce the bioavailability of phenytoin."	1.27	Effect of simultaneously ingested milk on phenytoin bioavailability. ( Dasheiff, R; Dickinson, L; Dotson, R; Kang, H, 1985)
" The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been elucidated and possibly include decreased bioavailability or compliance, increased metabolic clearance, or decreased plasma protein binding."	1.27	Effects of pregnancy on antiepileptic drug utilization. ( Levy, RH; Yerby, MS, 1985)
"According to our convulsion intensity scoring system, these animals have an audiogenic response score (ARS) of 3 and the colony is designated the GEPR-3 colony."	1.27	Anticonvulsant drugs and the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. ( Dailey, JW; Jobe, PC, 1985)
"The % of gingival hyperplasia was significantly higher (P less than 0."	1.27	The effects of phenytoin and sodium valproate on the periodontal health of adult epileptic patients. ( Seymour, RA; Smith, DG; Turnbull, DN, 1985)
"Fifty-nine patients with chronic generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures refractory to the maximally tolerated daily dosage of single-drug therapy with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone subsequently received single-drug therapy with another one of these primary anticonvulsant drugs."	1.27	Alternative single anticonvulsant drug therapy for refractory epilepsy. ( Richter, K; Schmidt, D, 1986)
"Crossover studies, following single oral doses given to 19 healthy volunteers were conducted to compare the bioavailability of three phenytoin preparations: DANTOIN and IDANTOIN (Teva, Israel) and EPANUTIN (Parke-Davis, USA)."	1.27	Bioavailability of phenytoin: comparison between three preparations. ( Ackerman, Z; Frumerman, I; Garty, M; Kitzes, R; Levy, M; Shved, A, 1985)
" The present stable-isotope methodology offered advantages for the estimation of absolute bioavailability of the oral phenytoin dose in patients, while normal therapy was continued and not withdrawn."	1.27	Stable-isotope methodology for the bioavailability study of phenytoin during multiple-dosing regimens. ( Baba, S; Kasuya, Y; Mamada, K; Matsukura, M, 1985)
"An animal model of central distal axonopathy following chronic administration of phenytoin is described."	1.27	Damage of Purkinje cell axons following chronic phenytoin administration: an animal model of distal axonopathy. ( Kirchgässner, N; Volk, B, 1985)
"Epileptiform abnormalities, seizures, or both were detected in 87 patients (17."	1.27	Ambulatory cassette EEG in clinical practice. ( Bridgers, SL; Ebersole, JS, 1985)
" It is concluded that if, in a given patient, the p-HPPH level corresponds to the value expected from the PHT dose, it can be assumed that compliance and bioavailability are adequate and that the dose does not exceed Vmax."	1.27	Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the steady-state serum phenytoin/hydroxyphenytoin ratio. ( Bourgeois, BF; Wad, N, 1985)
"Multiple sclerosis is a rare but not exceptional condition in children."	1.27	Multiple sclerosis in childhood: long term katamnestic investigations. ( Máttyus, A; Veres, E, 1985)
"Patient compliance can be improved by reducing the complexity of drug dosage and by better labeling, packaging and informational exchange."	1.26	Once-a-day drug regimen for psychiatric patients. ( Hasan, MK; Mooney, RP, 1981)
" A significant correlation was noted between the total dosage and duration of therapy with PHT and the reduction of motor conduction velocity in the posterior tibial nerve."	1.26	Peripheral neuropathy in children on long-term phenytoin therapy. ( Mochizuki, Y; Motomura, T; Ohkubo, H; Suyehiro, Y; Tanizawa, A, 1981)
" However, no adjustment of phenytoin dosage is warranted, unless clinically indicated, since the free phenytoin levels remain unchanged."	1.26	Interaction between phenytoin and valproate. ( Beran, RC; Sansom, LN; Schapel, GJ, 1980)
" This would be a manifestation of an independent Phenytoin effect in the high toxic dosage respectively in withdrawal."	1.26	[EEG in phenytoin intoxication (author's transl)]. ( Mayr, N; Wessely, P, 1981)
"The Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of phenytoin were evaluated in children."	1.26	Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of antipileptic drugs in children. ( Miura, H, 1981)
"Ictal and post-ictal confusional states of 24 h or more duration (up to 7-8 days) were noted in 11 patients (14%)."	1.26	Epileptic seizures in the elderly: II. Diagnostic problems. ( Caird, FI; Godfrey, JW; Roberts, MA, 1982)
"Phenytoin (PHT) binding was also determined for comparison."	1.26	Diurnal oscillations in plasma protein binding of valproic acid. ( Levy, RH; Ojemann, LM; Patel, IH; Venkataramanan, R; Viswanathan, CT, 1982)
" Reducing the dosage by 19 mg/kg (A to B) decreased VPA plasma levels by 6."	1.26	Monitoring free valproic acid in epilepsy patients medicated with coanticonvulsants. ( Haidukewych, D; Rodin, EA, 1982)
"Analysis of the recurrence of seizures suggested that the first year of treatment may be crucial in determining the long-term prognosis."	1.26	Early prognosis of epilepsy. ( Reynolds, EH; Shorvon, SD, 1982)
"Since epilepsy is a long-standing condition lasting for years to decades, short-spanned cross-sectional observations are often misleading."	1.26	Therapeutic concentration of antiepileptic drugs and the severity of epileptogenesis. ( Kakegawa, N; Seino, M, 1982)
"The prevalence of treated epilepsy in Wellington is 4."	1.26	Prescribing patterns for epilepsy. ( Johnson, RH; Lambie, DG; Stanaway, L, 1981)
"In the preceding articles, a number of pharmacokinetic concepts have been introduced, and a number of parameters such as plasma half-life, volume of distribution and clearance have been defined."	1.26	Elementary pharmacokinetics in clinical practice. 3: Practical pharmacokinetic applications. ( Paxton, JW, 1981)
"5%) cases without correlation with the dosage (D in mg/kg)."	1.26	Comparative study of bioavailabilities of different phenytoin preparations. ( Fukuyama, Y; Goto, T; Kitahara, H, 1982)
"0% at discharge) versus polytherapy; degree of correspondence between recommended and observed dosage regimens (undertreatment being a more common problem than excessive dosing); and reporting of side effects."	1.26	Quality of care of epilepsy in Italy: multi-hospital survey of diagnosis and treatment of 1104 epileptic patients. ( Beghi, E; Sasanelli, F; Spagnoli, A; Tognoni, G, 1982)
"Among those who showed an IgA deficiency during phenytoin treatment, 14 had the antigen HLA-A2."	1.26	HLA antigens in epileptic patients with drug-induced immunodeficiency. ( Aarli, JA; Gilhus, NE; Thorsby, E, 1982)
"The bioavailability of phenytoin from rapid release capsule and oral solution formulations relative to that of a slow release capsule formulation was assessed in five patients who had participated in a three-way crossover study performed at steady state."	1.26	Rapid and slow release phenytoin in epileptic patients at steady state: assessment of relative bioavailability utilizing Michaelis-Menten parameters. ( Gumnit, RJ; Leppik, IE; Pepin, SM; Sawchuk, RJ, 1982)
" The concentration-dependence of the t50% provided the basis for less frequent dosing than one would expect from previous studies of PHT half-life in children with low concentrations."	1.26	Phenytoin elimination in childhood: effect of concentration-dependent kinetics. ( Dodson, WE, 1980)
" Once two phenytoin serum levels were obtained on two different dosage regimens, a table of future doses and predicted serum levels was calculated and plotted on a graph."	1.26	Predicting individual phenytoin serum levels of patients seen in a private office practice. ( Gonzalez, MA; Robinson, FC; Warner, RN, 1981)
" Six methods of predicting phenytoin dosage or plasma concentrations--one equation, two nomograms, and three graphs--were compared to actual phenytoin doses and corresponding steady-state serum levels."	1.26	Clinical utility of six methods of predicting phenytoin doses and plasma concentrations. ( Bruni, J; Murphy, JE; Stewart, RB, 1981)
"Phenytoin half-life was 31."	1.26	Rapid infusion of phenytoin sodium loading doses. ( Doering, PL; Lee, C; Salem, RB; Wilder, BJ; Yost, RL, 1981)
" The long-term administration of anticonvulsant drugs was monitored by measurement of the serum concentrations of phenytoin and primidone, by seizure anamnesis, and by repeated EEG investigations."	1.26	Chromosomal investigations in epileptic children during long-term therapy with phenytoin or primidone. ( Esser, KJ; Habedank, M; Kotlarek, F; Mühler, E; Mühler, U, 1981)
"The phenytoin treated children did not differ with respect to the concentrations of IgA in saliva in comparison to the controls."	1.26	Phenytoin and IgA concentrations in plasma and saliva in epileptic children. ( Falk, O; Modéer, T; Rane, A; Tomson, G, 1981)
"Carbamazepine was given to 152 patients who were receiving multiple drug therapy for uncontrolled seizures."	1.26	Role of carbamazepine in reducing polypharmacy in epilepsy. ( Maheshwari, MC; Padmini, R, 1981)
"Reversible cerebellar dysfunction is a common manifestation of acute phenytoin toxicity."	1.26	[Diphenylhydantoin, epilepsy, cerebellar atrophy--histological and electron microscope examinations (author's transl)]. ( Breiden-Arends, C; Gullotta, F, 1981)
" These observations suggest that dosage regimen adjustment of phenytoin based on the averaged Vmax in a given pediatric age group rather than the Km is recommended for a particular patient with inadequate therapeutic control of seizure or toxicity of this drug."	1.26	Apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters of phenytoin in pediatric patients. ( Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Minagawa, K; Miura, H, 1980)
"Subtherapeutic phenytoin serum levels and loss of seizure control occurred in a 31-year-old man due to decreased bioavailability of oral drug."	1.26	Reduced seizure control due to spoiled phenytoin capsules. ( Cloyd, JC; Gumnit, RJ; Lesar, TS, 1980)
" Within the therapeutic range, small increments in dosage resulted in large increments in plasma DPH levels, and in the postpartum period high levels of DPH were encountered if the dosage was not reduced."	1.26	Phenytoin metabolism in pregnancy. ( Emery, MG; Kochenour, NK; Sawchuk, RJ, 1980)
"phenytoin were evaluated."	1.26	Neuropsychological correlates of anticonvulsants and epileptiform discharges in adult epileptics. ( Dodrill, CB; Wilkus, RJ, 1978)
"Patients with chronic renal failure had low plasma total, but disproportionately high plasma free, drug concentrations indicating impaired protein binding."	1.26	Salivary phenytoin concentrations in epilepsy and in chronic renal failure. ( Jones, NF; Reynolds, F; Smith, SE; Ziroyanis, PN, 1976)
"Phenytoin dosage was increased to study the effect on the frequency of seizures and the serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbitone."	1.26	Therapeutic and pharmacokinetic effects of increasing phenytoin in chronic epileptics on multiple drug therapy. ( Johnson, RH; Lambie, DG; Nanda, RN; Shakir, RA, 1976)
"The phenytoin plasma levels were measured in 45 epileptic patients whose only treatment was phenytoin."	1.26	In vivo interaction of anticonvulsant drugs. The mathematical correlation of plasma levels of anticonvulsant drugs in epileptic patients. ( Abarbanel, J; Eylath, U; Herishanu, Y; Rosenberg, P, 1978)
"Hirsutism was rare in black patients."	1.26	Effects of diphenylhydantoin in 41 epileptics institutionalized since childhood. ( Herberg, KP, 1977)
"Carbamazepine has recently been introduced for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures."	1.26	Recent advances in drug therapy for epilepsy. ( Bruni, J, 1979)
"The mothers of children who developed cancer reported about 25% more illnesses during pregnancy than mothers of healthy control children."	1.26	Childhood cancer and drugs in pregnancy. ( Draper, GJ; Sanders, BM, 1979)
"Transient hyperkinesia was observed in a 16-year-old epileptic and mentally retarded patient after a single intravenous perfusion of diphenylhydantoin (DPH)."	1.26	Transient hyperkinesia after a single intravenous perfusion of diphenylhydantoin. Report of a case associated with nontoxic plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin. ( Courjon, J; Dalery, J; de Villard, R; Mauguière, F, 1979)
" The majority of the patients receiving Comital-L tablets showed low serum levels of phenytoin and high serum levels of phenobarbital, while patients treated with the usual daily dosage of Hydantol-F tablets showed adequate therapeutic serum levels of both phenytoin and phenobarbital."	1.26	Serum levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital in epileptic patients treated with mixture antiepileptic tablets, Comital-L or Hydantol-F. ( Hattori, M; Kazamatsuri, H, 1979)
"The effect of dosage schedules on plasma drug levels was evaluated in two groups of ambulant epileptic patients, whose treatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or phenobarbital (PB) had been simplified by reducing the daily frequency of the dosage regimens."	1.26	Effectiveness of simplified dosage schedules on the management of ambulant epileptic patients. ( Galli, A; Zaccara, G, 1979)
" The bioavailability of a brand of phenytoin tablets used in Finland was improved in 1976."	1.26	Effect of increased bioavailability of phenytoin tablets on serum phenytoin concentration in epileptic out-patients. ( Bardy, A; Lehtovaara, R; Neuvonen, PJ, 1979)
"Rhythmic horizontal nystagmus occurred in 7 patients, and only at extreme (40 degrees, 50 degrees) later gaze in 6 of these."	1.26	Conjugate lateral gaze nystagmus and free phenytoin concentrations in plasma: lack of correlation. ( Downes, H; Olsen, GD; Riker, WK; Smith, B, 1978)
" Monitoring drug levels and electroencephalograms appears to be the method of choice for ensuring safe and effective medication in intractable epilepsy."	1.26	Electroencephalography and phenytoin toxicity in mentally retarded epileptic patients. ( Helle, EP; Iivanainen, M; Seppäläinen, AM; Viukari, M, 1978)
" Although phenytoin dosage remained relatively constant, plasma phenytoin concentrations during pregnancy were significantly lower than nonpregnant concentrations."	1.26	Hematologic effects of phenytoin therapy during pregnancy. ( Ramsay, RE; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1978)
" Mean saliva phenytoin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two treatment settings and were low largely because of the low mean dosage prescribed."	1.26	Compliance with anticonvulsant therapy in a hospital clinic and in the community. ( Dollery, CT; Mucklow, JC, 1978)
" When clinically indicated the daily dosage rate was adjusted by 50 mg steps until a serum concentration of 10--20 mg/l was produced."	1.26	Individual variation in daily dosage requirements for phenytoin sodium in patients with epilepsy. ( Barot, MH; Grant, RH; Maheendran, KK; Mawer, GE; Woodcock, BG, 1978)
" Monitoring plasma concentrations may lead to adaptations of the choice of the drug and of the dosage regimen."	1.26	Kinetics of drug interactions in the treatment of epilepsy. ( Guelen, P; Knop, H; Schobten, F; van der Kleijn, E; Vree, T; Westenberg, H, 1978)
"The phenytoin therapy was administered as 50 mg chewable Infatabs tablets in a single morning dose of 200 mg."	1.26	Comparison of serum phenytoin levels in epileptic patients who swallowed their phenytoin tablets with or without previous chewing. ( Bielmann, P; Levac, T, 1978)
"Free phenytoin levels were determined in a group of patients with renal disease treated by hemodialysis or transplantation and in epileptic patients who were otherwise healthy."	1.26	Correlation between red cell and free plasma phenytoin levels in renal disease. ( Gonda, A; Harvey, CD; Leppik, IE; Sherwin, AL, 1976)
"Gingival hyperplasia was studied in 13 boys with epilepsy living in a state hospital."	1.26	The effect of oral physiotherapy on dilantin gingival hyperplasia. ( Bibby, BG; Hawes, RR; King, DA, 1976)
"The present study investigated order and temporal spacing interactions of phenytoin and phenobarbital in terms of plasma levels during multiple dosing in monkeys."	1.26	Interactions of phenytoin and phenobarbital in terms of order and temporal spacing of administration in monkeys. ( Farquhar, JS; Levy, RH; Lockard, JS; Uhlir, V, 1976)
"Two methods for arriving at optimum, individual phenytoin dosage regimens have been evaluated in 12 patients."	1.26	Individualization of phenytoin dosage regimens. ( Allen, JP; Hoffman, SF; Lalka, D; Ludden, TM; McNay, JL; Nappi, JM; Valutsky, WA; Vicuna, AV; Wallace, JE, 1977)
" Dosage adjustments of DPH in patients were not associated with major changes in the plasma level of unconjugated 4-OH-DPH."	1.26	Plasma concentrations of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin in phenytoin-treated patients. ( Garle, M; Hoppel, C; Rane, A; Sjöqvist, F, 1977)
" This indicates that long-term use of phenytoin does not cause a clinically significant state of folate deficiency, unless some other contributing factors are present."	1.26	Long-term of phenytoin: Effects on whole blood and red cell folate and haematological parameters. ( Knuutila, S; Tammisto, P; Tontti, K; Weber, TH, 1977)
" Intravenous injection of 250 mg phenytoin followed by infusion of 750 mg phenytoin in a mean dosage of 1."	1.26	[Plasma concentrations after injection or infusion of phenytoin (author's transl)]. ( Schmidt, D; Vogel, A, 1977)
"The possibility of treating status epilepticus by altering the orally administered therapy and leaving parenteral therapy for such cases with progressive impairment of consciousness and/or neuvoregetative disorders was indicated."	1.26	[Status epilepticus in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; therapeutic aspects]. ( Lison, MP; Speciali, JG, 1977)
" The incidence increased with the duration of epilepsy and is probably a sequel to long-term administration of phenobarbitone."	1.26	Dupuytren's disease in epilepsy: result of prolonged administration of anticonvulsants. ( Critchley, EM; Hayward, HW; Owen, VM; Vakil, SD, 1976)
"Phenytoin is a central anticholinergic agent and a central stimulant of serotonin, and may induce movement disorders as a result of altering these neurotransmitters in the brain."	1.26	Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children. ( Chalhub, EG; Devivo, DC; Volpe, JJ, 1976)
"A 28-year-old male of progressive myoclonus epilepsy was reported, who had showed a gradual progression in myoclonus, mental retardation and cerebellar symptoms, and had been treated with a large dosage of diphenylhydantoin."	1.26	A neuropathological case-study of myoclonus epilepsy. ( Ikeda, K; Ikeda, S; Namba, M; Nishikubo, M; Yoshimura, T, 1976)
" prescribing too low a dosage (the average dose in the adult is 5 mg/kg/day) or lack of cooperation by the patient who either takes the drug irregularly or fails to take it at all."	1.26	[Determination of plasma phenytoine and treatment of epileptics]. ( De Crousaz, G, 1976)
" Subtherapeutic levels appear to be due to inadequate dosage adjustment."	1.26	The necessity of drug level monitoring in anticonvulsant drug therapy. ( Bailey, DG; Davis, HL; Johnson, GE; Wilson, TW, 1976)
"In addition to the rate of recurrences, especially oral hygiene, existing bite abnormalities and the degree of mental retardation were considered."	1.26	[Prospects of surgical treatment in hydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia]. ( Wörle, M, 1976)
" More common toxic effects were not noted on initial evaluation of the patient."	1.26	Acute athetosis as a result of phenytoin toxicity in a child. ( Marks, RE; Zinsmeister, S, 1976)
"In two patients, IgA deficiency developed within two to three months of treatment."	1.26	Drug-induced IgA deficiency in epileptic patients. ( Aarli, JA, 1976)
" Monitoring serum phenytoin levels during chronic therapy is an invaluable therapeutic aid, enabling dosage adjustments to be made in order to achieve a level within the therapeutic range."	1.25	A study of the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in epileptic patients, and the development of a nomogram for making dose increments. ( Richens, A, 1975)
"Steady-state serum-phenytoin levels were measured in five patients whose phenytoin dosage was changed three or more times for therapeutic purposes."	1.25	Serum-phenytoin levels in management of epilepsy. ( Dunlop, A; Richens, A, 1975)
"Phenytoin produced a lower serum level than the same dose of its sodium salt."	1.25	Systematic determination of the serum phenytoin level as an aid in the management of children with epilepsy. ( Gamstorp, I; Lilienberg, G; Norell, E, 1975)
" (3) Use of well-standardized, yet simplified, mental performance tests in combination with changes in the dosage of medication can help in reaching a compromise between acceptable seizure control and avoidance of excessive slowing of mental activity."	1.25	Effects of different dosages of anticonvulsant drugs on mental performance in patients with chronic epilepsy. ( Dekaban, AS; Lehman, EJ, 1975)
"A tonic-clonic seizure occured after the infusion of 14."	1.25	Harmful effect of megadoses of vitamins: electroencephalogram abnormalities and seizures induced by intravenous folate in drug-treated epileptics. ( Butterworth, CE; Ch'ien, LT; Krumdieck, CL; Scott, CW, 1975)
"A patient developed disseminated intravascular coagulation with purpura fulminans 1 month after starting Dilantin therapy for a seizure disorder."	1.25	Dilantin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation with purpura fulminans. A case report. ( Chassin, MR; Guze, LB; Targan, SR, 1975)
"Phenytoin levels were measured using GLC and magnesium levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry."	1.25	Serum magnesium levles in patients treated with phenytoin. ( Blyth, A; Stewart, MJ, 1975)
" All patients were stabilized on diphenylhydantoin alone, and assessment of this drug by gas-liquid chromatography provided a basis for dichotomizing the group into High and Low drug groups, both with and without toxic patients."	1.25	Diphenylhydantoin serum levels, toxicity, and neuropsychological performance in patients with epilepsy. ( Dodrill, CB, 1975)
"Successful treatment of partial complex seizures (and the epilepsies in general) is a process of management over time and involves several factors."	1.25	Management of the difficult patient with complex partial seizures. ( Booker, HE, 1975)
"Phenytoin therapy was associated with low immunoglobulin A (21%), failure of antibody response to Salmonella typhi antigen (9%), absence of delayed hypersensitivity (D."	1.25	Depression of immunological function in patients treated with phenytoin sodium (sodium diphenylhydantoin). ( Burness, FR; Forbes, IJ; Rischbieth, RH; Sorrell, TC, 1971)
"Blood phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) concentrations were measured after each dosage change in 12 epileptic patients who were given increasing oral doses of phenytoin."	1.25	Effect of dosage increments on blood phenytoin concentrations. ( Bochner, F; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; Tyrer, JH, 1972)
"The investigation and treatment of osteomalacia are described in four patients with epilepsy treated with long-term anticonvulsant therapy."	1.25	Osteomalacia with long-term anticonvulsant therapy in epilepsy. ( Dent, CE; Richens, A; Rowe, DJ; Stamp, TC, 1970)
" Hypocalcaemia was related to high dosage of anticonvulsant drugs, to multiple drug therapy, and to the use of individual anticonvulsant drugs in the following order, with decreasing order of importance: pheneturide, primidone, phenytoin, phenobarbitone."	1.25	Disturbance of calcium metabolism by anticonvulsant drugs. ( Richens, A; Rowe, DJ, 1970)
" Reduction of phenytoin dosage relieved the intoxication in all patients."	1.25	Outbreak of anticonvulsant intoxication in an Australian city. ( Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; Sutherland, JM; Tyrer, JH, 1970)

Research

Studies (2,565)

Authors

Clinical Trials (22)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Post-Traumatic Epilepsy

Adverse Events

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1608 (62.69)	18.7374
1990's	402 (15.67)	18.2507
2000's	254 (9.90)	29.6817
2010's	238 (9.28)	24.3611
2020's	63 (2.46)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Conley, JD	1
Kohn, H	1
Poupaert, JH	1
Vandervorst, D	1
Guiot, P	1
Moustafa, MM	1
Dumont, P	1
Flaherty, PT	1
Greenwood, TD	1
Manheim, AL	1
Wolfe, JF	1
Anger, T	1
Madge, DJ	1
Mulla, M	1
Riddall, D	1
Ragavendran, JV	1
Sriram, D	1
Kotapati, S	1
Stables, J	1
Yogeeswari, P	1
Alam, O	1
Mullick, P	1
Verma, SP	1
Gilani, SJ	1
Khan, SA	1
Siddiqui, N	2
Ahsan, W	1
Azam, F	1
El-Gnidi, BA	1
Alkskas, IA	1
He, X	1
Qiu, G	2
Yang, J	4
Xiao, Y	1
Wu, Z	1
Hu, X	1
Dawidowski, M	3
Herold, F	2
Chodkowski, A	2
Kleps, J	2
Szulczyk, P	1
Wilczek, M	1
Prakash, CR	1
Raja, S	1
Tripathi, L	1
Kumar, P	2
Singh, R	1
Stables, JP	1
McComsey, DF	1
Smith-Swintosky, VL	1
Parker, MH	1
Brenneman, DE	1
Malatynska, E	1
White, HS	3
Klein, BD	1
Wilcox, KS	1
Milewski, ME	1
Herb, M	1
Finley, MF	1
Liu, Y	2
Lubin, ML	1
Qin, N	1
Reitz, AB	1
Maryanoff, BE	1
Chońska, J	1
Mika, W	1
Turło, J	1
Kumari, S	1
Mishra, CB	1
Tiwari, M	1
Tanaka, T	1
Yajima, N	1
Tanitame, A	1
Kiyoshi, T	1
Miura, Y	1
Ayati, A	1
Emami, S	1
Foroumadi, A	1
Shervani, S	1
Madden, W	1
Gleason, LJ	1
Marefi, A	1
Srour, M	1
John, S	1
Canyuk, B	1
Anand, TCV	1
Sukasem, C	1
Pattharachayakul, S	1
Ashraf, Z	1
Farhat, S	1
Rather, MY	1
Arabacı Tamer, S	1
Koyuncuoğlu, T	1
Karagöz Köroğlu, A	1
Akakın, D	1
Yüksel, M	1
Yeğen, BÇ	1
Fong, SL	1
Lim, KS	1
Hariraj, V	1
Lee, SC	1
Wo, WK	1
Ramli, A	1
Ho, JH	1
Lai, PSM	1
Ng, WL	1
Nevitt, SJ	4
Sudell, M	3
Cividini, S	1
Marson, AG	15
Tudur Smith, C	7
Wu, H	1
Liu, J	1
Qian, F	1
Wang, Y	2
Guan, S	1
Verdez, S	1
Thomas, Q	1
Garret, P	1
Verstuyft, C	1
Tisserant, E	1
Vitobello, A	1
Mau-Them, FT	1
Philippe, C	1
Bardou, M	1
Luu, M	1
Bourredjem, A	1
Callier, P	1
Thauvin-Robinet, C	1
Picard, N	1
Faivre, L	1
Duffourd, Y	1
Rajendran, P	1
Prabath, I	1
Rani, J	1
Han, Y	1
Zhong, R	1
Guo, X	1
Cai, M	1
Lin, W	1
Haris, A	2
Bachour, K	1
Hopkins, RB	1
Tarride, JE	1
Keezer, MR	1
Panda, SP	1
Dhurandhar, Y	1
Agrawal, M	1
D'Onofrio, G	2
Riva, A	2
Amadori, E	2
Lattanzi, S	1
Rose, K	1
Verrotti, A	1
Striano, P	3
Moratalla-Navarro, F	1
Moreno, V	1
López-Simarro, F	1
Barceló, ME	1
Aguado, A	1
Tomson, T	10
Battino, D	4
Bromley, R	2
Kochen, S	1
Meador, KJ	5
Pennell, PB	5
Thomas, SV	2
LoPinto-Khoury, C	1
Soto-Insuga, V	1
González-Alguacil, E	1
García-Peñas, JJ	1
Borowicz-Reutt, K	2
Banach, M	4
Roberti, R	1
Vari, MS	1
De Giorgis, V	1
Cerminara, C	1
Specchio, N	1
Pietrafusa, N	1
Tombini, M	1
Assenza, G	1
Cappanera, S	1
Marini, C	1
Rasmini, P	1
Veggiotti, P	1
Zara, F	2
Russo, E	2
Dorji, T	1
Wangmo, S	1
Tenzin, K	1
Jamtsho, S	1
Pema, D	1
Chhetri, B	1
Nirola, DK	2
Dhakal, GP	1
Guan, Q	1
Wang, X	6
Cao, D	1
Li, M	1
Luo, Z	1
Mao, X	1
Zhou, Z	1
Li, K	1
Guo, Y	1
Liu, P	1
Chen, Q	1
Fan, H	1
Sun, T	1
Jiang, C	1
Liu, X	1
Peng, X	1
Du, Y	2
Xu, Q	1
Lin, J	1
Gong, J	1
Xia, N	1
Zhu, Z	1
Zheng, R	1
Xu, H	3
Adab, N	1
Bluett-Duncan, M	1
Clayton-Smith, J	4
Christensen, J	1
Edwards, K	1
Greenhalgh, J	1
Hill, RA	1
Jackson, CF	1
Khanom, S	1
McGinty, RN	1
Pulman, J	1
Pressler, RM	1
Abend, NS	1
Auvin, S	1
Boylan, G	1
Brigo, F	2
Cilio, MR	1
De Vries, LS	1
Elia, M	2
Espeche, A	1
Hahn, CD	1
Inder, T	1
Jette, N	1
Kakooza-Mwesige, A	1
Mader, S	1
Mizrahi, EM	1
Moshé, SL	2
Nagarajan, L	1
Noyman, I	1
Nunes, ML	1
Samia, P	1
Shany, E	1
Shellhaas, RA	1
Subota, A	1
Triki, CC	1
Tsuchida, T	2
Vinayan, KP	1
Wilmshurst, JM	1
Yozawitz, EG	1
Hartmann, H	2
Sánchez Fernández, I	1
Gaínza-Lein, M	1
Amengual-Gual, M	1
Barcia Aguilar, C	1
Romeu, A	1
Torres, A	1
Jonas, R	1
Douglass, LM	1
Abiramalatha, T	1
Thanigainathan, S	1
Ramaswamy, VV	1
Pressler, R	1
Shimura, M	1
Yamada, H	3
Takahashi, H	1
Yamada, N	3
Go, S	1
Yamanaka, G	1
Kawashima, H	1
Madaan, P	1
Rao Pala, N	1
Saini, L	2
Rawat, C	2
Kukal, S	1
Kushwaha, S	2
Agarwal, R	2
Sharma, S	4
Srivastava, AK	1
Kukreti, R	5
Wang, L	5
Shi, H	1
Kang, Y	1
Guofeng, W	1
Tiamkao, S	1
Suthipinijtham, P	1
Kardoost, M	1
Hajizadeh-Saffar, E	1
Ghorbanian, MT	1
Ghezelayagh, Z	1
Pooshang Bagheri, K	1
Behdani, M	1
Habibi-Anbouhi, M	1
Cook, R	1
Davidson, P	1
Martin, R	1
Gauci, Z	1
Rizzo, C	1
Mifsud, S	1
Cachia, MJ	1
Nasir, BB	1
Berha, AB	1
Gebrewold, MA	1
Yifru, YM	1
Engidawork, E	1
Woldu, MA	1
Sharma, NK	1
Kaur, S	1
Goel, RK	4
Le Coz, J	1
Chéron, G	1
Nabbout, R	1
Patteau, G	1
Heilbronner, C	1
Hubert, P	1
Renolleau, S	1
Oualha, M	1
Zhao, J	1
Ye, Z	1
Zhang, Q	1
Shan, W	1
Wang, Z	1
Ye, S	1
Zhou, X	1
Shao, Z	1
Ren, L	1
Fox, J	1
Ajinkya, S	1
Lekoubou, A	1
Yokoyama, R	1
Hayashi, R	1
Umemori, Y	1
Arimatsu, A	1
Yuki, A	1
Abe, R	1
Hagemann, A	1
Klimpel, D	1
Bien, CG	1
Brandt, C	3
May, TW	6
Lagae, L	1
Chang, WC	1
Hung, SI	1
Carleton, BC	2
Chung, WH	1
Limotai, C	2
Phayaph, N	1
Pattanasilp, B	1
Mokklaew, J	1
Limotai, N	1
Noguchi, Y	1
Takaoka, M	1
Hayashi, T	4
Tachi, T	1
Teramachi, H	1
Peters, J	1
Vijiaratnam, N	1
Angus-Leppan, H	1
Yamamoto, Y	8
Terada, K	1
Araki, Y	2
Fukushima, Y	2
Imai, K	7
Kagawa, Y	5
Takahashi, Y	8
Soontornpun, A	1
Manoyana, N	1
Apaijai, N	1
Pinyopornpanish, K	2
Nadsasarn, A	1
Tanprawate, S	1
Chattipakorn, N	1
Chattipakorn, SC	1
Shiratani, Y	1
Asai, S	1
Usui, N	1
Nishida, T	1
Yip, VLM	1
Pertinez, H	1
Meng, X	1
Maggs, JL	1
Carr, DF	1
Park, BK	1
Pirmohamed, M	2
Łukawski, K	1
Czuczwar, SJ	4
Hussain, SA	1
Heesch, J	1
Weng, J	1
Rajaraman, RR	1
Numis, AL	1
Sankar, R	1
Gallo, C	1
Bonvento, G	1
Zagotto, G	1
Mucignat-Caretta, C	1
Kumar, R	2
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Agarwal, A	1
Kaleekal, T	2
Gupta, YK	5
Borowicz-Reutt, KK	2
Kaplan, YC	1
Demir, O	1
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Bhat, UA	1
Mylavarapu, MB	1
Khandelwal, N	2
Sundarachary, NV	1
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Kumar, A	1
Kathiravan, M	1
Kavitha, S	1
Shanthi, R	1
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Ueshima, S	1
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Mirzaei Damabi, N	1
Khosrowshahi, EM	1
Jouyban, A	1
Farajzadeh, MA	1
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Nemati, M	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Precision IFX: Using a Pharmacokinetic Dashboard to Optimize and Individualize Infliximab Dosage for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients[NCT02624037]		189 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Pilot Study of Seizure Prophylaxis With Levetiracetam in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage[NCT01935908]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to no funding)
A Double-blind Trial Comparing the Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety of Monotherapy Topiramate Versus Phenytoin in Subjects With Seizures Indicative of New Onset Epilepsy[NCT00210782]	Phase 3	262 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Retention Rate of Topiramate With That of Levetiracetam and Oxcarbazepine in a Long-term Epilepsy Treatment[NCT02098941]		2,500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-03-31	Recruiting
Efficacy and Tolerability of Low vs. Standard Daily Doses of Antiepileptic Drugs in Newly Diagnosed, Previously Untreated Epilepsy (STANDLOW). A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-blind, Parallel-group Trial[NCT03689114]	Phase 4	374 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-07	Not yet recruiting
A Clinical Pharmacokinetics Comparing Brand and Generic Topiramate in Epilepsy Patients : A Open-label,Randomised, Three-period Crossover Study[NCT02113787]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Completed
Pilot: Levetiracetam to Prevent Post-Traumatic Epilepsy[NCT01463033]	Phase 2	126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs II: the NEAD Study[NCT00021866]		331 participants (Actual)	Observational	2000-09-30	Completed
Verapamil as Adjunctive Seizure Therapy for Children and Young Adults With Dravet Syndrome[NCT01607073]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
The BrainDrugs-Epilepsy Study: A Prospective Open-label Cohort Precision Medicine Study in Epilepsy[NCT05450822]		550 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-02-18	Recruiting
A Preliminary Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Carbamazepine in Severe Liver Disease Due to Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency[NCT01379469]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Terminated
Measurement of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Plasma and Saliva[NCT00395499]		19 participants	Observational	2001-05-31	Completed
Single-dose Potassium Supplementation in ADHD Patients With Lidocaine Ineffectiveness[NCT03563573]	Phase 1/Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-07-01	Enrolling by invitation
Prevalence of Lidocaine Ineffectiveness in Those With Hard-to-treat ADHD[NCT04167189]	Early Phase 1	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-20	Completed
Reliability Testing of a Non-invasive, Pain-free, Taste-based Assessment Approach to Lidocaine Effectiveness[NCT03680885]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-01	Completed
Assessing the Frequency of Lidocaine Ineffectiveness in the General Population vs. Males With ADHD, and Females With ADHD, With or Without PMS[NCT03676725]	Early Phase 1	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-14	Completed
Diaphragmatic Breathing and Heart Rate Variability Training for Improving Hypertension in Fragile X Associated Tremor/Ataxia[NCT03816540]	Phase 3	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-01	Completed
A Prospective Study on the Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome With Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Western Medicine Based on TCM Syndrome Differentiation[NCT04189367]	Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-20	Not yet recruiting
The Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Epilepsy: Nationwide, Multicenter Study of Recordings for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Epilepsy and Treatment With Levetiracetam in Daily Clinical Practice in Greece[NCT02356731]		450 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-03-31	Completed
An Open Prospective Randomised Long-Term Effectiveness Study, Comparing Best Medical Practice With or Without Adjunctive VNS Therapy in Patients 16 Years and Older With Pharmaco-resistant Partial Epilepsy[NCT00522418]	Phase 4	122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Terminated (stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
Effect of the Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Drug-resistant Epilepsy[NCT03475225]	Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-30	Not yet recruiting
The Role of Hyaluronic Acid in Reconstruction of Interdental Papilla in The Esthetic Zone[NCT02119741]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-05-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Intervention	participants (Number)
Levetiracetam	6
Observational	8

The 66 subjects with acute head injury with a high risk for developing post-traumatic epilepsy that received levetiracetam 55 mg/kg/day in a b.i.d. were monitored for adverse events through the 30 day treatment period. (NCT01463033)
Timeframe: 30 day treatment period

Change in Number of Absence Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	Events (Number)
	Headache	Fatigue	Drowsiness	Memory Impairment	Amnesia	Pain	Irritability	Dizziness	Anorexia	Emotional lability	Insomnia	Cognitive changes	Ataxia	Depression	Hostility	Vertigo	Nausea	Cough	Nervousness	Paraesthesia	Weight gain	Hallucinations	Other	Diplopia	Suicidality	Psychosis
Participants	28	28	20	9	8	15	10	10	6	7	5	7	6	7	3	1	2	2	5	3	1	5	2	3	3	3

The secondary outcome measure is the change in number of absence seizures from Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12 (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 12

Change in Number of General Tonic-clonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) Visit to Week 12 Visit

Intervention	Abscence seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	165
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	101

The primary study endpoint is the change in number of seizures from baseline. Since we only had one participant finish the study, the endpoint was changed to Week 12 visit. Participants were on verapamil for 4 weeks at Week 12. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

Change in Number of Myoclonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	General tonic-clonic seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	39
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	14

The secondary outcome is the change in number of myoclonic seizures between baseline Week 8 visit and Week 12 visit. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

Change From Baseline in Adverse Event Profile (AEP) Score

Intervention	Myoclonic seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	116
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	175

Adverse Events Profile (AEP) is a 19-item scale used as a systematic measure of adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Scores range from 19-76; higher scores indicate high prevelance and severity of adverse events. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline AEP Score at 12 months

Change From Baseline in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Score

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-6.0
Best Medical Practice	-3.2

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) includes 20 items comprising six scales reflecting major dimensions of depression: depressed mood, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance. Possible range of scores is 0 to 60, higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline CES-D Score at 12 months

Change From Baseline in Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) Score

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-2.2
Best Medical Practice	0.5

The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) is a 6-item questionnaire validated to screen for depression in people with epilepsy. Scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline NDDI-E Score at 12 months

Changes in Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs)

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-1.0
Best Medical Practice	-0.2

Change from baseline in number of AED medications by visit (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Change from baseline in number of AEDs at 12 months

Mean Change From Beginning of Intervention Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I) Score at 12 Months

Intervention	Number of AEDs Taken (Median)
VNS Therapy	0
Best Medical Practice	0

The Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI-I) is a 7 point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention Scores range from 1-7: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline CGI-I Score at 12 months

Mean Percent Change in Seizure Frequency

Intervention	Units on a Scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-0.8
Best Medical Practice	-0.3

Percent change in total seizuires per week from baseline at 12 months (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean percent change from baseline in seizure frequency at 12 months

Overall Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 (QOLIE-89) Score in Patients With Baseline & at Least One Post-baseline QOLIE Assessment

Intervention	Percent Change (Mean)
VNS Therapy	-19.1
Best Medical Practice	-1.0

QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life, emotional well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, social support, social isolation, energy/fatigue, worry about seizure, medication effects, health discouragement, work/driving/social function, attention/concentration, language, memory, physical function, pain, role limitations due to physical problems, and health perceptions. Range of values 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life; lower ones, worse quality of life. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline QOLIE-89 Overall Score at 12 months

Response Rate

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
VNS Therapy	5.5
Best Medical Practice	1.2

Response Rate is defined as the percent of participants who are responders. A Responder is defined as participants with a reduction of at least 50% or 75% in seizure frequency from baseline to the seizure count evaluation period. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Number of Responders at 12 Months

Change From Baseline in QOLIE-89 Measures: Subgroup Analysis of Population With Baseline Adverse Event Profile Score < 40

Intervention	participants (Number)
VNS Therapy	10
Best Medical Practice	7

QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life. Range of values 0-100. Higher scores reflect better quality of life; lower ones, worse quality of life. Adverse Events Profile (AEP) is a 19-item scale used as a systematic measure of adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Scores range from 19-76; higher scores indicate high prevelance and severity of adverse events. (NCT00522418)
Timeframe: Change from baseline up to 12 months

Change From Baseline in QOLIE-89 Measures: Subgroup Analysis of Population With Baseline Adverse Event Profile Score >= 40

Article	Year
AntiEpileptic drug Monitoring in PREgnancy (EMPiRE): a double-blind randomised trial on effectiveness and acceptability of monitoring strategies. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2018, Volume: 22, Issue:23 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Lamo	2018
Effect of switching hepatic enzyme-inducer antiepileptic drug to levetiracetam on bone mineral density, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in young adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Bone Density; Epilepsy; Female; Femur; Humans; Levetiracetam; Lumbar Vertebr	2013
Carnitine and/or Acetylcarnitine Deficiency as a Cause of Higher Levels of Ammonia. BioMed research international, 2016, Volume: 2016 Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ammonia; Bipolar Disorder; Carnitine; E	2016
Treatment of status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures with i.v. valproic acid vs phenytoin. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2008, Volume: 118, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions;	2008
Anticonvulsant use and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 2009, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Combined Modality Therapy; Craniotomy	2009
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2010
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2010
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2010
Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rapid initiation of topiramate versus phenytoin in patients with new-onset epilepsy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:10 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2010
Population pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in elderly patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2012, Volume: 34, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Rel	2012
Results of phase 2 safety and feasibility study of treatment with levetiracetam for prevention of posttraumatic epilepsy. Archives of neurology, 2012, Volume: 69, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Child; Chr	2012
Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study. The Lancet. Neurology, 2013, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Epilepsy; Female; Hum	2013
Randomized evaluation of adverse events and length-of-stay with routine emergency department use of phenytoin or fosphenytoin. Neurological research, 2002, Volume: 24, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emergency S	2002
Microdialysis sampling of carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital in subcutaneous extracellular fluid and subdural cerebrospinal fluid in humans: an in vitro and in vivo study of adsorption to the sampling device. Pharmacology & toxicology, 2002, Volume: 91, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Extracellular Space; Female; Humans; Male; Microdia	2002
Phenytoin and phenobarbital stable isotope studies in neonates. Pediatric neurology, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbon Isotopes; Epilepsy; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Infant; In	2003
Prophylactic phenytoin does not improve cerebral edema or survival in acute liver failure--a controlled clinical trial. Journal of hepatology, 2004, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Brain Edema; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Liver Failure, Acut	2004
Increased depressant effect of phenytoin sodium as compared to carbamazepine on cortical excitability: a transcranial magnetic evaluation. Neurology India, 2004, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Magnetoencephalography; Male; Pheny	2004
Folic acid and phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth--is there a preventive effect. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 2004, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dental Plaque; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival	2004
Lack of a clinically significant effect of zonisamide on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with epilepsy. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 44, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Area Under Curve; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; I	2004
Serum albumin-adjusted phenytoin levels: an approach for predicting drug efficacy in patients with epilepsy, suitable for developing countries. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2004, Volume: 42, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Developing Countries; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; False Positive	2004
Evaluation of phenytoin dosage regimens based on genotyping of CYP2C subfamily in routinely treated Japanese patients. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 2005, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Asian People; Bayes Theorem; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytochrome	2005
Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on sexual function and hormones in men with epilepsy. Neurology, 2005, Oct-11, Volume: 65, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aging; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Down	2005
Evaluation of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in a Jordanian army hospital. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 2005, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Protocols; Drug Monitor	2005
Chronotherapeutic dose schedule of phenytoin and carbamazepine in epileptic patients. Chronobiology international, 2006, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chronotherapy; Dose-Response Relationship,	2006
Albendazole therapy for single small enhancing CT lesions (SSECTL) in the brain in epilepsy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2008, Volume: 79, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child, Prescho	2008
Ineffectiveness of folic acid supplementation against phenytoin-induced decrease in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration of epileptic patients. European neurology, 2008, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Dietary Supplements; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Male; Middle Aged; Phenyt	2008
Postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind trial of phenytoin after craniotomy. Lancet (London, England), 1980, Feb-23, Volume: 1, Issue:8165 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Craniotomy; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Postoperativ	1980
Serum concentrations and enzyme induction in epileptic children treated with phenytoin and valproate. Neuropediatrics, 1982, Volume: 13, Issue:1 Topics: Child; Enzyme Induction; Epilepsy; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Phenytoin; Valproic Acid	1982
Historical perspective on the choice of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of seizures in adults. Neurology, 1983, Volume: 33, Issue:3 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; History, 20th Century; Hu	1983
Phenytoin and postoperative epilepsy. A double-blind study. Journal of neurosurgery, 1983, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Craniotomy; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Ag	1983
Phenytoin revisited. Clinical therapeutics, 1984, Volume: 6, Issue:5 Topics: Angina Pectoris; Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1984
[Anti-epileptic agents during pregnancy. A prospective study on the course of pregnancy, malformations and child development]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1983, Feb-18, Volume: 108, Issue:7 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anencephaly; Ant	1983
Controlled and comparative trials of valproate performed in Europe and Asia. Epilepsia, 1984, Volume: 25 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asia; Carbamazepine; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Europe; Humans; P	1984
Controlled and comparative trials with valproate: United States. Epilepsia, 1984, Volume: 25 Suppl 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; E	1984
A randomised trial of strategies to improve patient compliance with anticonvulsant therapy. Epilepsia, 1984, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Counseling; Drug Packag	1984
Influence of therapeutic phenobarbital and phenytoin medication on the polygraphic sleep of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1984, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Interactions; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Mid	1984
Role of combination of valproic acid with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine in the management of intractable seizures. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 1984, Volume: 32, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Fem	1984
Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1981, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; T	1981
A comparison of phenytoin and valproate in previously untreated adult epileptic patients. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 45, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Humans	1982
A comparison of phenytoin and pheneturide in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind cross-over trial. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 45, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsies,	1982
Influence of dextropropoxyphene on steady state serum levels and protein binding of three anti-epileptic drugs in man. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1980, Volume: 61, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; C	1980
The influence of folic acid on the frequency of epileptic attacks. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1981, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Ph	1981
Kinetics of phenobarbital in normal subjects and epileptic patients. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1982, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Availability; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Injec	1982
Phenytoin and cognitive function: effects on normal volunteers and implications for epilepsy. The British journal of clinical psychology, 1981, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Cognition; Decision Making; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Memory; Motor Skil	1981
Comparing the cognitive effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in long-term monotherapy: a two-year follow-up. Epilepsia, 1995, Volume: 36, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Affect; Carbamazepine; Cognition; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Neuropsy	1995
New anticonvulsant drugs. Focus on flunarizine, fosphenytoin, midazolam and stiripentol. Drugs, 1994, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Over Studies; Dioxolanes	1994
Thyroid status of patients receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy assessed by peripheral parameters: a placebo-controlled thyroxine therapy trial. Epilepsia, 1995, Volume: 36, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Comorbidity; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Bli	1995
Systematic approach to a dosage regimen for phenytoin based on one-point, steady-state plasma concentration. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1995, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Bayes Theorem; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Retrospective Studies	1995
[Effects of phenytoin and cabamazepine on sex hormones in male patients with epilepsy: a controlled study]. Hua xi yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of West China University of Medical Sciences = Huaxi yike daxue xuebao, 1994, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Case-Control Studies; Epilepsy; Estradiol; Humans; Male; Phenytoin	1994
Cognitive side-effects of phenytoin compared with carbamazepine in patients with localization-related epilepsy. Epilepsy research, 1994, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Carbamazepine; Cognition Disorders; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Me	1994
Clinical rules for phenytoin dosing. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 1993, Volume: 27, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Computer Simulation; Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle	1993
Renal tubular dysfunction following treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. European journal of pediatrics, 1994, Volume: 153, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epilep	1994
Flunarizine for treatment of partial seizures: results of a concentration-controlled trial. Neurology, 1994, Volume: 44, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug	1994
[Clinical analysis of 72 epileptic patients treated with alkaline extract of Euphorbia fisheriana]. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 1994, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Drugs, Chinese	1994
Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in routine clinic patients in Malaysia. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 1994, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asian People; Body Weight; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Malays	1994
Dosage adjustments in response to monitored plasma concentrations: can unblinded staff adhere to objective criteria? Journal of biopharmaceutical statistics, 1994, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method;	1994
A double-blind, placebo-controlled interaction study between oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine, sodium valproate and phenytoin in epileptic patients. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1994, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Female; Hal	1994
Effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on cognitive functions in newly diagnosed epileptic patients. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1994, Volume: 89, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Cognition Disorders; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Learning; Ma	1994
Carbamazepine and phenytoin in epilepsies refractory to barbiturates: efficacy, toxicity and mental function. Epilepsy research, 1993, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Carbamazepine; Child; Cognition; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Female; H	1993
Thiamine and folate treatment of chronic epileptic patients: a controlled study with the Wechsler IQ scale. Epilepsy research, 1993, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Brain; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Education; Electroencephalography; Epi	1993
Developmental and therapeutic pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1993, Volume: 47, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru	1993
Comparison of the effectiveness of two oral phenytoin products and chronopharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 1993, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Availability; Circadian Rhythm; Drug Administration Schedule	1993
Withdrawal of antiepileptic medication in children--effects on cognitive function: The Multicenter Holmfrid Study. Neurology, 1993, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Carbamazepine; Child; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studie	1993
Psychiatric aspects of epilepsy in childhood treated with carbamazepine, phenytoin or sodium valproate: a random trial. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1993, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Mal	1993
Effect of felbamate on carbamazepine and its major metabolites. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1993, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy;	1993
Phenytoin as a risk factor in gingival hyperplasia. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1995, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anticonvulsants; Chi-Square Distribution; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ep	1995
A comparison of the OPUS and TDx analysers for antiepileptic drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1995, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoa	1995
Randomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1996, Mar-16, Volume: 347, Issue:9003 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy;	1996
Assessment of drowsiness in epilepsy patients receiving chronic antiepileptic drug therapy. Epilepsia, 1996, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Middle	1996
Systematic testing of medical intractability for carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital or primidone in monotherapy for patients considered for epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia, 1996, Volume: 37, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Dose	1996
Safety and tolerance of multiple doses of intramuscular fosphenytoin substituted for oral phenytoin in epilepsy or neurosurgery. Archives of neurology, 1996, Volume: 53, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Drug Tolerance; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Age	1996
Effect of enzyme inducing anticonvulsants on ethosuximide pharmacokinetics in epileptic patients. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Induction; Epilepsy; Ethosuximide;	1996
Antiepileptic drug treatment in pregnancy: drug side effects in the neonate and neurological outcome. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 1996, Volume: 85, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Nervous System	1996
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in epileptics on different anti-epileptic drugs. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Combinations; Epilepsy	1996
Serum concentrations of lamotrigine in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedication. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1996, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D	1996
Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy: analysis with a dose-dependent clearance model. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1996, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Biological Availability; Child; Child, Preschool; D	1996
Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. American journal of medical genetics, 1997, Jan-10, Volume: 68, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Cohort Studies; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Epilepsy; Female; Fingers; Humans;	1997
Phenytoin kinetics in Japanese adult epileptics: phenotype of phenytoin slow metabolizers. Clinical neuropharmacology, 1997, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Japa	1997
Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and its effect on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Japanese patients with epilepsy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1997, Volume: 62, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Bayes Theorem; Child; Child, Pres	1997
Homocyst(e)ine levels in patients on phenytoin therapy. Clinical biochemistry, 1997, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Homocysteine; Humans;	1997
Cognitive effects of anticonvulsant monotherapy in elderly patients: a placebo-controlled study. Seizure, 1998, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cognition Disorders; Dose-Response Relation	1998
Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1998, Volume: 39, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Benzodiazepinones; C	1998
Antiepileptic drug therapy and sexual function in men with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Androgen-Binding Protein; Androstenedione; Anticonvul	1999
[Treatment for generalized seizures: the best of four methods]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1999, Jan-23, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Humans; Lorazepam; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin	1999
Anti-epileptic drug intake adherence. The value of the blood drug level measurement and the clinical approach. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 1998, Volume: 56, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Monitoring; Epilepsy; Female; Humans;	1998
Does withdrawal of different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on seizure recurrence? Further results from the MRC Antiepileptic Drug Withdrawal Study. Brain : a journal of neurology, 1999, Volume: 122 ( Pt 3) Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Combinations; Epilepsy; Female; Human	1999
Spotlight on the continual applicability of routine plasma monitoring antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Pharmacological research, 1999, Volume: 39, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epile	1999
Genotoxicity of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (PHT): a follow-up study of PHT-untreated epileptic patients. I. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis, 1999, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Age of Onset; Anticonvulsants; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male	1999
Fracture risk is increased in epilepsy. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1999, Volume: 99, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Biomechanical Phenomena; Epilepsy; Fema	1999
Lamotrigine monotherapy in newly diagnosed untreated epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Epileps	1999
Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Acetates; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Asthenia; Carbamazepine; Cycl	1999
A case control study and one year follow-up of registered epilepsy cases in a resettlement colony of North India, a developing tropical country. Journal of the neurological sciences, 1999, May-01, Volume: 165, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Case-Control Studies; Child; Craniocerebral Trauma; Developmenta	1999
Coadministration of phenytoin and felbamate: evidence of additional phenytoin dose-reduction requirements based on pharmacokinetics and tolerability with increasing doses of felbamate. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interac	1999
Comparative double blind clinical trial of phenytoin and sodium valproate as anticonvulsant prophylaxis after craniotomy: efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1999, Volume: 67, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Brain Diseases; Cognition; Craniotomy; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; M	1999
Age-related alteration of carbamazepine-serum protein binding in man. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 51, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Diethyl	1999
Optimization of phenytoin therapy in adults with epilepsy in the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 1999, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epile	1999
Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between grapefruit juice and phenytoin in healthy male volunteers and epileptic patients. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Fruit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Se	1999
Polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 gene in Japanese epileptic patients: genetic analysis of the CYP2C9 locus. Pharmacogenetics, 2000, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Alleles; Amino Acid Substitution; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; Cytochrome	2000
Total percentage body weight changes during add-on therapy with tiagabine, carbamazepine and phenytoin. Epilepsy research, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Carbamazepine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epileps	2000
Topiramate in refractory epilepsy: a prospective observational study. Epilepsia, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Administration Schedu	2000
Influence of vitamin D administration on bone ultrasound measurements in patients on anticonvulsant therapy. European journal of clinical investigation, 2000, Volume: 30, Issue:10 Topics: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Calcifediol; Carbamazepine; Epi	2000
Fosphenytoin: pharmacokinetics and tolerance of intramuscular loading doses. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Admi	2001
Effect of temperature on binding characteristics of phenytoin to serum proteins in monotherapy adult patients with epilepsy. American journal of therapeutics, 2000, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Blood Proteins; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phe	2000
A prospective study of the incidence of the purple glove syndrome. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Anticonvulsants; Edema; Epilepsy; Female; Forearm; Hand; Humans; Incidence; Infusions, Intrave	2001
Prospective study of local cutaneous reactions in patients receiving IV phenytoin. Neurology, 2001, Oct-23, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Contusions; Edema; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Incide	2001
Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 800 mg/day) in a B.I.D. regimen. Seizure, 2002, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Acetamides; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chi-Square Distribution; Confid	2002
Remacemide hydrochloride as an add-on therapy in epilepsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three dose levels (300, 600 and 1200 mg/day) in a Q.I.D. regimen. Seizure, 2002, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Acetamides; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chi-Square Distribution; Dose-R	2002
[Evaluation of antiepileptic therapy during pregnancy]. Ginekologia polska, 2002, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Apgar Score; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbi	2002
Topiramate therapeutic monitoring in patients with epilepsy: effect of concomitant antiepileptic drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2002, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dr	2002
Seizure reduction and quality of life improvements in people with epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2002, Volume: 43, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Attitude to Health; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combinati	2002
Letter: Bioavailability of phenytoin. Lancet (London, England), 1976, Jan-31, Volume: 1, Issue:7953 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin	1976
Letter: Serum-phenytoin. Lancet (London, England), 1976, Jan-31, Volume: 1, Issue:7953 Topics: Adult; Biological Availability; Child; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Time Factors	1976
One drug (phenytoin) in the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet (London, England), 1976, May-01, Volume: 1, Issue:7966 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Ep	1976
Carbamazepine vs phenytoin. A controlled clinical trial in focal motor and generalized epilepsy. Archives of neurology, 1979, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsies, P	1979
Loading and conventional dose therapy with phenytoin in children: kinetic profile of parent drug and main metabolite in plasma. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1976, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Er	1976
[Value of anticonvulsant level determination in the treatment of epilepsies]. La Nouvelle presse medicale, 1977, Mar-12, Volume: 6, Issue:10 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy; Humans; Patient Dropouts; Phenobar	1977
[Experiences with sodium 2-propyl valerate (Depakine) in the treatment of epilepsy]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 1977, Apr-02, Volume: 121, Issue:14 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinica	1977
Long-term use of phenytoin: effects on bone-marrow chromosomes in man. Mutation research, 1977, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations;	1977
Valproate sodium: a controlled clinical trial including monitoring of drug levels. Epilepsia, 1977, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combinat	1977
Psychotropic effects of carbamazepine in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. Neurology, 1977, Volume: 27, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Attention; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Emo	1977
Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children. Scandinavian journal of dental research, 1978, Volume: 86, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Biguanides; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorhexidine; Clinical Trial	1978
Valproic acid in epilepsy: clinical and pharmacological effects. Annals of neurology, 1978, Volume: 3, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Binding, Competitive; Biological Availability; Blood Proteins; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug	1978
Clonazepam: its efficacy in association with phenytoin and phenobarbital in mental patients with generalized major motor seizures. International journal of clinical pharmacology and biopharmacy, 1978, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Benzodiazepinones; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clonazepam; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combinat	1978
Carbamazepine and the electroencephalogram of epileptics: a double blind study in comparison to phenytoin. Epilepsia, 1978, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hyperventi	1978
Sodium valproate, serum level and clinical effect in epilepsy: a controlled study. Epilepsia, 1979, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dimethadione; Dose-Response Relati	1979
Fractional intestinal calcium absorption in epileptics on anticonvulsant therapy. Short-term effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Acta medica Scandinavica, 1979, Volume: 205, Issue:5 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Dihydroxycholecalcifero	1979
The therapeutic range for phenytoin--a reappraisal. Irish journal of medical science, 1979, Volume: 148, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Prospective Studie	1979
One drug for epilepsy. British medical journal, 1978, Feb-25, Volume: 1, Issue:6111 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoi	1978
Phenytoin dosage in ambulant epileptic patients. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1978, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin	1978
Oral and intramuscular phenytoin. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1976, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy; Epile	1976
Control of epilepsy with a single daily dose of phenytoin sodium. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1975, Volume: 2, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin	1975
[Changes in serum concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphates and alkaline phosphatase activity due to anti-ipileptic treatment]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1976, Aug-14, Volume: 106, Issue:33 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans	1976
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) as an anticonvulsant. A controlled double-blind comparison with diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1975, Volume: 60 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation; Epile	1975
Controlled trial of sodium valproate in severe epilepsy. British medical journal, 1975, Nov-01, Volume: 4, Issue:5991 Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male;	1975
The efficacy of carbamazepine combinations in epilepsy. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1975, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Biological Availability; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedul	1975
Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 1975, Volume: 160, Issue:2-1 Topics: Adult; Aggression; Anticonvulsants; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epi	1975
Cognitive effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin monotherapy in newly diagnosed epilepsy: one year follow-up. Epilepsy research, 1992, Volume: 11, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Attention; Carbamazepine; Cognition; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female;	1992
Do prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs alter the pattern of seizures after craniotomy? Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1992, Volume: 55, Issue:9 Topics: Actuarial Analysis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brain Diseases; Carbamazepine; Craniotomy; Dose-Respons	1992
Effects of withdrawal of phenytoin on cognitive and psychomotor functions in hospitalized epileptic patients on polytherapy. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1992, Volume: 86, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Attention; Cognition; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combin	1992
Bioavailability and dissolution of proprietary and generic formulations of phenytoin. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1992, Volume: 55, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Sc	1992
Clinical trial on sustained-release phenytoin. Preliminary results of the open, non-controlled study. The Phenytoin Trial Group on Canine Epilepsy. Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 1992, Volume: 117 Suppl 1 Topics: Animals; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epilepsy; Phenytoin	1992
The administration of folic acid to institutionalized epileptic adults with phenytoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology, 1991, Volume: 71, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Dental Care for Disabled; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Female; Folic A	1991
Cognitive impairment in new cases of epilepsy randomly assigned to carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1991, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Epilepsy; Humans; In	1991
Discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs in children who have outgrown epilepsy: effects on cognitive function. Epilepsia, 1990, Volume: 31 Suppl 4 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Attention; Carbamazepine; Child; Cognition; Epilepsy; Ethosuximide; Hum	1990
[Clinical and experimental control of optimal therapy in epilepsy]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie, 1990, Volume: 42, Issue:9 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Humans; Neurocognitive Disorder	1990
Comparative cognitive effects of anticonvulsants. Neurology, 1990, Volume: 40, Issue:3 Pt 1 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cognition; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuro	1990
A comparative bioavailability of 2 oral solid phenytoin dosage forms. The Central African journal of medicine, 1989, Volume: 35, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Availability; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenytoin; Ran	1989
A multicentre study of vigabatrin for drug-resistant epilepsy. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 27 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aminocaproates; Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance; Epilepsy; F	1989
Phenytoin prodrug: preclinical and clinical studies. Epilepsia, 1989, Volume: 30 Suppl 2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenytoin; Place	1989
Folate treatment of diphenylhydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia. Scandinavian journal of dental research, 1989, Volume: 97, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; Gingival Hyperplasia; Humans; Intellectual Disabili	1989
Compliant populations: variability in serum concentrations. Epilepsy research. Supplement, 1988, Volume: 1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combina	1988
Serum levels of sodium valproate, phenytoin and carbamazepine and seizure control in epilepsy. Irish medical journal, 1986, Volume: 79, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Fema	1986
A comparative study of progabide, valproate, and placebo as add-on therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1986, Volume: 49, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Interactions; Drug	1986
Withdrawal of anticonvulsant drugs in patients free of seizures for two years. A prospective study. The New England journal of medicine, 1988, Apr-14, Volume: 318, Issue:15 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Par	1988
Withdrawal symptoms from phenytoin, carbamazepine and sodium valproate. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1988, Volume: 51, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy,	1988
Aspects of compliance: taking drugs and keeping clinic appointments. Epilepsy research. Supplement, 1988, Volume: 1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Appointments and Schedules; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as To	1988
Results of a nationwide Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. Epilepsia, 1987, Volume: 28 Suppl 3 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenobarbital	1987
Progabide for refractory partial epilepsy: a controlled add-on trial. Neurology, 1986, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Meth	1986
Single-dose oral phenytoin loading. Annals of emergency medicine, 1987, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Capsules; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy; Female; Humans;	1987
Which drug for the adult epileptic patient: phenytoin or valproate? British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1985, Mar-16, Volume: 290, Issue:6471 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Femal	1985
Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The New England journal of medicine, 1985, Jul-18, Volume: 313, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epilepsies, P	1985
[Efficient serum concentrations after single doses of antiepileptic drugs: concept of loading-dose]. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 1985, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Epil	1985
Influence of folic acid on blood-phenytoin levels. Lancet (London, England), 1971, Jan-09, Volume: 1, Issue:7689 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Male; Phenobarbital; Ph	1971
Electroencephalographic investigations during evaluation of the antiepileptic agent sulthiame. Epilepsia, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe	1974
Sulthiame: evaluation as an anticonvulsant. Epilepsia, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation; Electr	1974
Relation of abnormal folate metabolism to neuropathy developing during anticonvulsant drug therapy. Lancet (London, England), 1968, Mar-16, Volume: 1, Issue:7542 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biological Assay; Child; Electrodiagnosis; Electromyography; Epi	1968
Evaluation of albutoin as an antiepileptic drug. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allyl Compounds; Analysis of Variance; Anticonvulsants; Appetite; Biopharmaceutic	1974
"Anticonvulsant action" of vitamin D in epileptic patients? A controlled pilot study. British medical journal, 1974, May-04, Volume: 2, Issue:5913 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1974
Carbamazepine for epilepsy. A controlled prospective evaluation. Neurology, 1974, Volume: 24, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Diseases; Carbamazepine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencep	1974
Gingival hyperplasia related to treatment with diphenylhydantoin (diphedan; DH). Internationale Zeitschrift fur klinische Pharmakologie, Therapie, und Toxikologie. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology, 1969, Volume: 2, Issue:2 Topics: 17-Ketosteroids; Adolescent; Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Child; Child, Presc	1969
Relation of laboratory evaluation to clinical effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1969, Volume: 10, Issue:2 Topics: Acetazolamide; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Benzazepines; Clinical Trials	1969
Drug--interaction between sulthiame (Ospolot (R)) and phenytoin in the treatment of epilepsy. Danish medical bulletin, 1969, Volume: 16, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Thiazines; Time Fa	1969
Blood phenytoin concentrations produced by ingestion of three different phenytoin preparations. The Medical journal of Australia, 1972, Feb-26, Volume: 1, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Compounding; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal	1972
Effect of chronic anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in adults. The New England journal of medicine, 1972, Nov-02, Volume: 287, Issue:18 Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Ergocalci	1972
Effect of vitamin D on bone mineral mass in normal subjects and in epileptic patients on anticonvulsants: a controlled therapeutic trial. British medical journal, 1973, Apr-28, Volume: 2, Issue:5860 Topics: Absorption; Adult; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Ligh	1973
Folate therapy in epilepsy. A controlled study. Archives of neurology, 1973, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognition; Epilepsy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Folic Acid; Humans; Leuc	1973
[Short report on the effect of the anticonvulsant Ro 5-4023 (clonazepam) in different forms of epilepsy]. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 1973, Volume: 53 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepinones; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool	1973
Cerebrospinal folate levels in epileptics and their response to folate therapy. Nutrition reviews, 1974, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Def	1974
Clonazepam--a clinical study of its effectiveness as an anticonvulsant. Proceedings of the Australian Association of Neurologists, 1973, Volume: 10, Issue:0 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepinones; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorobenzenes; Clin	1973
Renal insensitivity to frusemide caused by chronic anticonvulsant therapy. British medical journal, 1974, Sep-14, Volume: 3, Issue:5932 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diuresis; Drug Interactions;	1974
Effect of vitamin D2 on serum phenytoin. A controlled therapeutical trial. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1974, Volume: 50, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Ergocalciferols; Female; Humans;	1974
Incidence of anticonvulsant osteomalacia and effect of vitamin D: controlled therapeutic trial. British medical journal, 1973, Dec-22, Volume: 4, Issue:5894 Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Creatinine; Epilepsy; F	1973
Behavioral effects of diphenylhydantoin in severe psychiatric disorders. The American journal of psychiatry, 1967, Volume: 124, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Character; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Fem	1967
The psychoactive properties of diphenylhydantoin: experiences with prisoners and juvenile delinquents. International journal of neuropsychiatry, 1967, Volume: 3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Clinical Trials as Topic; Criminal Psych	1967
Subnormal serum folate due to anticonvulsive therapy. A double-blind study of the effect of folic acid treatment in patients with drug-induced subnormal serum folates. Archives of neurology, 1970, Volume: 22, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Folic Acid; H	1970
[Clinical pharmacology (13): therapy control. Discussion introduction]. Lakartidningen, 1970, Apr-29, Volume: 67, Issue:18 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin; Thyroxine	1970
Evaluation of folic acid supplements in children taking phenytoin. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 1971, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epile	1971
A survey of 156 seizure patients in a general pediatric clinic. The Journal-lancet, 1966, Volume: 86, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Epilepsy,	1966
Acute treatment of epileptic seizures with diazepamum (Valium). Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1967, Volume: 43, Issue:S31 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aphasia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Epile	1967
Diphenylhydantoin as an anticonvulsant: evaluation of treatment in forty mentally subnormal epileptics. Journal of mental deficiency research, 1969, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlorpromazine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Par	1969
Relative anticonvulsant potency of primidone; a double blind comparison. Archives of neurology, 1966, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Primidone	1966
Studies on the metabolism of phenytoin. Epilepsia, 1966, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Phenytoin	1966
Phenytoin intoxication during treatment with antabuse (Disulfiram). Epilepsia, 1966, Volume: 7, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disulfiram; Drug Compounding; Drug Incompatibility; Epi	1966
The influence of phenobarbital on the half-life of diphenylhydantoin in man. Acta medica Scandinavica, 1969, Volume: 185, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbon Isotopes; Enzyme Induction; Epilepsy; Humans; Metabolic Clearance Ra	1969

phenytoin and Aura