phenytoin and Abnormalities, Drug-Induced studies

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced: Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" We studied congenital abnormalities following exposure to phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam in early pregnancy, i."	7.74	Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a case-time-control study. ( Christensen, J; Czeizel, AE; Horvath-Puhó, E; Kjaer, D; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Vestergaard, M, 2007)
" Chronic hypoxia was induced pharmacologically by the administration of the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) during the entire period of pregnancy."	7.72	Effect of melatonin and stobadine on maternal and embryofoetal toxicity in rats due to intrauterine hypoxia induced by phenytoin administration. ( Brucknerová, I; Dubovický, M; Juránek, I; Mach, M; Navarová, J; Soltés, L; Ujházy, E; Zeman, M, 2004)
"Both phenytoin (PHT) and glucocorticoid (GC) have been reported to be an effective teratogen for the production of cleft palate."	7.67	The relation between phenytoin-receptor and glucocorticoid in the induction of cleft palate with phenytoin in mice. ( Inayoshi, K; Kurisu, K; Nagata, K; Ohsaki, Y, 1989)
"Pregnant female mice of various congenic strains were injected on days 11 through 14 of gestation with phenytoin, and the fetuses were examined for the occurrence of cleft palate."	7.66	Susceptibility to phenytoin-induced cleft palate in mice is influenced by genes linked to H-2 and H-3. ( Baker, MK; Gasser, DL; Goldman, AS, 1983)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	7.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
" Embryonic heart rate was also recorded on individual days after dosing days 9-16."	5.31	Phenytoin-induced cleft palate: evidence for embryonic cardiac bradyarrhythmia due to inhibition of delayed rectifier K+ channels resulting in hypoxia-reoxygenation damage. ( Azarbayjani, F; Danielsson, BR, 2001)
" Many experts avoid the long-term use of phenytoin because of its insidious and potentially dangerous side effects."	5.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
" In the first experiment, the lower end of the malformation dose-response curves for diphenylhydantoin (DPH), trimethadione (TMD) and phenobarbital (PB) were established."	5.27	Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: dose- and period-response relationships of prenatal diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and phenobarbital exposure on the structural and functional development of the offspring. ( Vorhees, CV, 1983)
"Thirteen individuals, exposed throughout pregnancy to phenytoin as either monotherapy or polytherapy, were identified in a previous analysis as having significant changes in their craniofacial features based on measurements of cephalometric radiographs."	3.80	Laser light scan analysis of the "anticonvulsant face". ( Deutsch, CK; Holmes, LB; Orup, HI, 2014)
" We studied 174 pregnancies in 155 women who used phenytoin throughout their pregnancy, gave birth to a live child and had available stored blood specimens suitable for DNA extraction."	3.76	Maternal EPHX1 polymorphisms and risk of phenytoin-induced congenital malformations. ( Azzato, EM; Caporaso, NE; Chanock, SJ; Chen, RA; Klebanoff, MA; Wacholder, S, 2010)
"(1) Numerous follow-up studies of pregnancies in women with epilepsy show that valproic acid is more teratogenic than other antiepileptics."	3.75	Valproic acid: long-term effects on children exposed in utero. ( , 2009)
"An increased risk for isolated CL/P was found in cases born to mothers treated with amoxicillin, phenytoin, oxprenolol, and thiethylperazine during the second and third month of pregnancy, i."	3.74	Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in hungary. ( Czeizel, AE; Métneki, J; Puhó, EH; Szunyogh, M, 2007)
" We studied congenital abnormalities following exposure to phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam in early pregnancy, i."	3.74	Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a case-time-control study. ( Christensen, J; Czeizel, AE; Horvath-Puhó, E; Kjaer, D; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Vestergaard, M, 2007)
"Children exposed during pregnancy to the anticonvulsant drugs phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine as monotherapy and polytherapy have an increased frequency of midface and digit hypoplasia."	3.73	The correlation of deficits in IQ with midface and digit hypoplasia in children exposed in utero to anticonvulsant drugs. ( Coull, BA; Dorfman, J; Holmes, LB; Rosenberger, PB, 2005)
"An infant who was exposed to phenytoin as monotherapy throughout pregnancy was born with the following abnormalities: midface hypoplasia, digit hypoplasia with syndactyly in the hands and feet, meningomyelocele, talipes equinovarus, and a long skin pedicle on the back."	3.72	Multiple congenital anomalies associated with in utero exposure of phenytoin: possible hypoxic ischemic mechanism? ( Holmes, LB; Huang, T; Lyon, HM, 2003)
" Chronic hypoxia was induced pharmacologically by the administration of the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) during the entire period of pregnancy."	3.72	Effect of melatonin and stobadine on maternal and embryofoetal toxicity in rats due to intrauterine hypoxia induced by phenytoin administration. ( Brucknerová, I; Dubovický, M; Juránek, I; Mach, M; Navarová, J; Soltés, L; Ujházy, E; Zeman, M, 2004)
"There is evidence that drug-induced embryonic arrhythmia initiates phenytoin (PHT) teratogenicity."	3.71	Embryonic arrhythmia by inhibition of HERG channels: a common hypoxia-related teratogenic mechanism for antiepileptic drugs? ( Azarbayjani, F; Danielsson, BR, 2002)
" We compare results obtained using phenytoin (which induces cleft lip) and 6-aminonicotinamide (which induces cleft palate)."	3.69	Genome scan for teratogen-induced clefting susceptibility loci in the mouse: evidence of both allelic and locus heterogeneity distinguishing cleft lip and cleft palate. ( Diehl, SR; Erickson, RP, 1997)
"New Zealand White rabbits were treated orally with 0 (controls), 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg phenytoin on days 14-16 of pregnancy."	3.69	Phenytoin causes phalangeal hypoplasia in the rabbit fetus at clinically relevant free plasma concentrations. ( Danielson, K; Danielsson, BR; Tomson, T, 1995)
"Mice of the A/J and C57BL/6J (C57) strains were dosed with phenytoin (PHT) every 48 hr throughout pregnancy by gastric intubation to test the hypothesis that maternal plasma PHT concentration may be the significant factor in determining PHT reproductive and developmental toxicity."	3.68	Phenytoin teratogenicity and midgestational pharmacokinetics in mice. ( Laborde, JB; Roberts, LG; Slikker, W, 1991)
" The groups A and B were supplemented with a mixture of folic acid (FA) or with FA alone in the food fed during pregnancy."	3.68	[Effect of diphenylhydantoin sodium in causing deformity and that of folic acid preparations for its prevention]. ( Zhu, MX, 1990)
" 6-Aminonicotinamide-induced cleft palate and phenytoin-induced cleft lip with or without cleft palate are also influenced by this genetic region but not as strongly."	3.68	Major effects on teratogen-induced facial clefting in mice determined by a single genetic region. ( Erickson, RP; Karolyi, J; Killewald, L; Liu, S, 1990)
"An infant with dysmorphic features was born to an epileptic mother who had taken phenytoin and sodium valproate throughout pregnancy."	3.68	Neocerebellar hypoplasia in a neonate following intra-uterine exposure to anticonvulsants. ( Hope, PL; Lindenbaum, RH; Squier, W, 1990)
"The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AED) on infants during pregnancy and delivery were studied in a total of 82 epileptic mothers on various monotherapies; 29 cases receiving valproic acid (VPA), 20 receiving phenytoin (PHT), 18 on carbamazepine (CBZ) and 15 on phenobarbital (PB)."	3.68	[Effects of antiepileptic drugs on delivery and early childhood--comparison among mono-therapies of valproic acid, phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital]. ( Ishikawa, S; Izumi, M; Okada, H; Takeda, A; Tanaka, H, 1991)
" Of the study group, 106 children had been exposed to antiepileptic drugs (82 to phenytoin) during pregnancy; 44 (36%) mothers had had generalized convulsions during pregnancy."	3.67	Minor anomalies in offspring of epileptic mothers. ( Bardy, A; Gaily, E; Granström, ML; Hiilesmaa, V, 1988)
"Both phenytoin (PHT) and glucocorticoid (GC) have been reported to be an effective teratogen for the production of cleft palate."	3.67	The relation between phenytoin-receptor and glucocorticoid in the induction of cleft palate with phenytoin in mice. ( Inayoshi, K; Kurisu, K; Nagata, K; Ohsaki, Y, 1989)
" However, mothers who had one affected child appeared to be at much higher risk for having subsequent affected children (9 of 10) if phenytoin use was continued through future pregnancies than were mothers whose first-born child was unaffected despite being exposed to phenytoin during the pregnancy (5 of 52 among all families, or 1 of 48 when only children exposed throughout the entire pregnancy were included)."	3.67	Family studies in fetal phenytoin exposure. ( Heide, F; Hill, LR; Hodge, SE; Van Dyke, DC, 1988)
"Inbred and congenic strains of mice have been studied for susceptibility to phenytoin-induced cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) and isolated cleft palate (CP)."	3.66	Phenytoin teratogenicity in the primary and secondary mouse embryonic palate is influenced by the H-2 histocompatibility locus. ( Baker, MK; Fishman, CL; Goldman, AS, 1983)
"Pregnant female mice of various congenic strains were injected on days 11 through 14 of gestation with phenytoin, and the fetuses were examined for the occurrence of cleft palate."	3.66	Susceptibility to phenytoin-induced cleft palate in mice is influenced by genes linked to H-2 and H-3. ( Baker, MK; Gasser, DL; Goldman, AS, 1983)
" Administering phenytoin in the drinking water of females homozygous for the quaking allele reduced the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures typical for this mutant from a background rate of 2."	3.66	Mouse fetal hydantoin syndrome: effects of maternal seizures. ( Chernoff, GF; Finnell, RH, 1982)
"Phenytoin is a highly effective anticonvulsant medication that is considered to be the treatment of choice for generalized major motor and focal epileptic seizures."	3.66	Phenytoin: pharmacokinetics and clinical therapeutics. ( Finn, AL; Olanow, CW, 1981)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	3.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
"Birth defects associated with phenytoin and phenobarbital taken during pregnancy include craniofacial and limb deformities."	3.66	Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets. A unique experiment of nature. ( Bustamante, SA; Stumpff, LC, 1978)
" The treatment of status epilepticus with intravenous phenytoin is effective."	3.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. ( Bruni, J; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
", raise the possibility that fetal damage previously attributed to phenytoin and other anticonvulsant drugs, principally phenobarbitone, may be due to epilepsy itself."	3.65	Anticonvulsants and parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects. ( Hartz, SC; Heinonen, OP; Mitchell, AA; Monson, RR; Rosenberg, L; Shapiro, S; Siskind, V; Slone, D, 1976)
"This editorial was prompted by the published association of maternal diethylstilbestrol (DES) ingestion during pregnancy and subsequent development of vaginal adenocarcinoma among female offspring, and explores various factors involved in transplacental chemical carcinogenesis in humans."	3.65	Transplacental chemical carcinogenesis in man. ( Miller, RW, 1971)
" In the Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register use of the anticonvulsants diazepam and phenobarbiturates during pregnancy was determined in infants delivered with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, posterior cleft palate and, as a control, anencephaly and spina bifida."	3.65	A teratological evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. ( Czeizel, E; Lakos, P, 1977)
"A second case of severe limb malformations was observed following maternal use of haloperidol early in the first trimester of pregnancy."	3.65	Limb malformations following maternal use of haloperidol. ( Heggeness, L; McCullar, FW, 1975)
"Fluconazole (FCZ) is an antifungal bis-triazole with potent inhibitory effect on the principal CYP-dependent metabolic pathway of PHT."	2.69	Teratological interaction between the bis-triazole antifungal agent fluconazole and the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin. ( Bellati, U; Di Ilio, C; Giampietro, F; Iammarrone, E; Lamonaca, D; Tiboni, GM, 1999)
" Instead, single dosing on specific days is proposed to be a better way to characterize the teratogenic potential of Ikr blocking drugs."	2.44	Embryonic cardiac arrhythmia and generation of reactive oxygen species: common teratogenic mechanism for IKr blocking drugs. ( Danielsson, BR; Danielsson, C; Nilsson, MF, 2007)
" It can cause generalized cutaneous eruptions that include a maculopapular exanthem, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, vasculitis, and fixed-drug eruptions."	2.42	Phenytoin in cutaneous medicine: its uses, mechanisms and side effects. ( Scheinfeld, N, 2003)
"Valproic acid is an anticonvulsant that has been associated with open neural tube defects."	2.38	Valproic acid prenatal exposure. Association with lipomyelomeningocele. ( Carter, BS; Stewart, JM, 1989)
"Phenytoin is a known human teratogen with unknown etiology."	1.62	The effect of phenytoin on embryonic heart rate in Vivo. ( Ababneh, D; Abela, D; Farrell, E; Hegedus, E; Howe, AM; Ritchie, HE, 2021)
"Evidence for the comparative teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drugs is insufficient, particularly in relation to the dosage used."	1.48	Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. ( Battino, D; Bonizzoni, E; Craig, J; Lindhout, D; Perucca, E; Sabers, A; Thomas, SV; Tomson, T; Vajda, F, 2018)
"Phenytoin was embryopathic in all strains without altering catalase activity but less so in the WT embryos for the aCat and hCat strains, which exhibited about half the catalase activity of CD-1 embryos."	1.37	Embryoprotective role of endogenous catalase in acatalasemic and human catalase-expressing mouse embryos exposed in culture to developmental and phenytoin-enhanced oxidative stress. ( Abramov, JP; Wells, PG, 2011)
"A number of drugs induced arrhythmias and these appeared to be related to either sodium channel blockade, which resulted in a double atrial beat for each ventricular beat, or I(Kr)/hERG blockade, which caused irregular atrial and ventricular beats."	1.36	The effect of drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the early embryonic rat heart. ( Ababneh, D; Abela, D; Carlsson, K; Gavin, C; Khan, MK; Nilsson, MF; Ritchie, H; Webster, WS, 2010)
"Phenytoin (PHT) is an antiepileptic drug known to have teratogenic effects."	1.32	Effect of prenatal phenytoin administration on the fine structure of rat myocardium and aorta. ( Dubovický, M; Guller, L; Mach, M; Okruhlicová, L; Sotníková, R; Tribulová, N; Ujházy, E, 2003)
" Embryonic heart rate was also recorded on individual days after dosing days 9-16."	1.31	Phenytoin-induced cleft palate: evidence for embryonic cardiac bradyarrhythmia due to inhibition of delayed rectifier K+ channels resulting in hypoxia-reoxygenation damage. ( Azarbayjani, F; Danielsson, BR, 2001)
" Plasma concentration curves and pharmacokinetic parameters did not show remarkable differences between the dose groups, indicating that absorption is the limiting factor at the dose range used."	1.31	Comparison of in vitro and in vivo developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in the rat. ( Beekhuijzen, ME; Klaassen, R; Piersma, AH; Rompelberg, CJ; Verhoef, A, 2000)
" Pharmacokinetic data correlated well with pregnancy outcome data."	1.31	Pharmacokinetic data support pharmacologically induced embryonic dysrhythmia as explanation to Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome in rats. ( Azarbayjani, F; Danielsson, B; Ohman, I; Sköld, AC; Webster, W, 2000)
"She had growth retardation, mental deficiency, craniofacial dysmorphism and iris colomobata specific to FHS."	1.30	Polydactyly and fetal hydantoin syndrome: an additional component of the syndrome? ( Cenani, A; Somay, G; Tüysüz, B; Yalçinkaya, C, 1997)
"05), and dose-response studies (10-50 KU/kg) at 8 h showed maximal respective 4-fold and 2-fold increases in maternal and embryonic activities with a 50 KU/kg dose (p < ."	1.30	Maternal administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase in phenytoin teratogenicity. ( Wells, PG; Winn, LM, 1999)
"We report on a newborn girl with lobar holoprosencephaly and clinical signs of hydantoin syndrome."	1.29	Hydantoin syndrome with holoprosencephaly: a possible rare teratogenic effect. ( Huk, W; Kotzot, D; Rott, HD; Weigl, J, 1993)
"Thanatophoric dwarfism is not as rare as once thought."	1.28	Thanatophoric dwarfism; drugs and antenatal diagnosis; a case report. ( Meehan, FP; Rafla, NM, 1991)
" Pharmacokinetic sampling in oral and i."	1.28	Developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous phenytoin in the rat. ( Binkerd, PE; Hendrickx, AG; Rowland, JR, 1990)
"The developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetic fate of phenytoin in the pregnant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) were examined."	1.28	Developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in the rhesus macaque: an interspecies comparison. ( Binkerd, PE; Hendrickx, AG; Hendrie, TA; Rowland, JR, 1990)
" Both p-HPPH and m-HPPH were much less developmentally toxic than DPH."	1.28	Use of Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus and an exogenous metabolic activation system to evaluate the developmental toxicity of diphenylhydantoin. ( Bantle, JA; Fort, DJ, 1990)
" Previous work had demonstrated that PHT treatment significantly increased endogenous maternal corticosterone concentrations for approximately 48 hr after dosing in A/J mice."	1.28	Embryotoxicity of phenytoin in adrenalectomized CD-1 mice. ( Branham, WS; Hansen, DK; Holson, RR; Sheehan, DM, 1992)
"Dimethadione was given similarly on Days 11 and 12, or 12 and 13, in a dose (900 mg/kg ip) that was equimolar to 1000 mg/kg of trimethadione."	1.28	Inhibition of trimethadione and dimethadione teratogenicity by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid: a unifying hypothesis for the teratologic effects of hydantoin anticonvulsants and structurally related compounds. ( Greco, GS; Nagai, MK; Wells, PG, 1989)
" A dose-response study was followed by a detailed teratological study using a single dose of 3 mg."	1.28	Teratogenic effects of phenytoin on chick embryos. ( Shah, GL; Singh, M, 1989)
" In the first experiment, the lower end of the malformation dose-response curves for diphenylhydantoin (DPH), trimethadione (TMD) and phenobarbital (PB) were established."	1.27	Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome in rats: dose- and period-response relationships of prenatal diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione and phenobarbital exposure on the structural and functional development of the offspring. ( Vorhees, CV, 1983)
" Maternal Balb/c mice were dosed by gavage on gestation days 9 through 18 with 0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg DPH."	1.27	Humoral immune dysfunction as a result of prenatal exposure to diphenylhydantoin: correlation with the occurrence of physical defects. ( Chapman, JR; Roberts, DW, 1984)
"The objective of this investigation was to study the teratogenic effects of dosage levels and time of administration of three anticonvulsant drugs (carbamazepine [CMZ], sodium valproate [NaV], and diphenylhydantoin [DPH]) on craniofacial development in the CD-1 mouse fetus."	1.27	Teratogenic effects of dosage levels and time of administration of carbamazepine, sodium valproate, and diphenylhydantoin on craniofacial development in the CD-1 mouse fetus. ( Eluma, FO; Hayes, TG; Paulson, RB; Sucheston, ME, 1984)
"Acetaminophen was administered to pregnant CD-1 mice 1 hour prior to phenytoin, both given i."	1.27	Pharmacological studies on the potentiation of phenytoin teratogenicity by acetaminophen. ( Lum, JT; Wells, PG, 1986)
" Many experts avoid the long-term use of phenytoin because of its insidious and potentially dangerous side effects."	1.27	Side effects of phenobarbital and phenytoin during long-term treatment of epilepsy. ( Iivanainen, M; Savolainen, H, 1983)
"Phenytoin has been the preferred drug for treating grand mal epilepsy for more than 40 years."	1.26	Summary of an International Symposium on phenytoin-induced teratology and gingival pathology. ( Dudley, KH; Hassell, TM; Hirsch, PF; Hutchens, LH; Johnston, MC; Moriarty, JD, 1979)
"A case is presented of fetal teratogenic damage from an unusually high maternal dosage of diphenylhydantoin, 600 mg daily, to a 40-kg woman throughout pregnancy."	1.26	Diphenylhydantoin teratogenicity in man. ( Chang, MJ; Chi, CC; Tsai, CJ; Yang, TS, 1978)
"The incidence of malformations in fetal mice exposed to phenytoin depends on drug dosage and the strain of mice."	1.26	Teratogenic effects of anticonvulsants. ( Paulson, GW; Paulson, RB, 1981)
"Phenytoin is a drug of considerable medical use, but very little is known about the various possible intermediate steps involved in its action."	1.26	Phenytoin administration to pregnant mice: a mutagenic action? ( Ehrensperger, M; Lombard, MN; Petter, C, 1981)
"The fetal hydantoin syndrome is a variable pattern of altered growth (pre and postnatal), mental deficiency, unusual facies, distal phalangeal hypoplasia, and other defects occurring in some infants exposed in utero to hydantoins."	1.26	[The fetal hydantoin syndrome (author's transl)]. ( Cabezuelo-Huerta, G; Frontera-Izquierdo, P; Mulas, F, 1981)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	194 (67.83)	18.7374
1990's	51 (17.83)	18.2507
2000's	29 (10.14)	29.6817
2010's	11 (3.85)	24.3611
2020's	1 (0.35)	2.80

Trial			Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs II: the NEAD Study[NCT00021866]				331 participants (Actual)	Observational	2000-09-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Article	Year
Hypoxia and the Edema Syndrome: elucidation of a mechanism of teratogenesis. Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology, 2010, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Blister; Chick Embryo; Cocaine; Edema; Epinephrine; Hematoma;	2010
Effects of intraperitoneal administration of the phenytoin on the skeletal system of rat fetus. Seizure, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Embryo, Mammalia	2011
Phenytoin in cutaneous medicine: its uses, mechanisms and side effects. Dermatology online journal, 2003, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Inter	2003
Impact of phenytoin therapy on the skin and skin disease. Expert opinion on drug safety, 2004, Volume: 3, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Connective Tissue Diseases; Drug Eruptio	2004
Embryonic cardiac arrhythmia and generation of reactive oxygen species: common teratogenic mechanism for IKr blocking drugs. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 2007, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anticonvulsants; Arrhythmias, Cardiac;	2007
Antiepileptic drugs as human teratogens. Expert opinion on drug safety, 2008, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbital	2008
Fetal preventive medicine: teratogens and the unborn baby. Pediatric annals, 1981, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Dronabinol; Drug Evaluation; Ethanol; Female; Heroin; Hormones; Hot Tem	1981
The epileptic mother and her child. Epilepsia, 1982, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Breast Feeding; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Fetal	1982
An overview of perinatal clinical pharmacology. Clinics in laboratory medicine, 1981, Volume: 1, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Analgesics; Bupivacaine; Carbamazepine; Chloramphenicol; Diazepam; Digo	1981
Biochemical and molecular teratology of fetal hydantoin syndrome. Neurologic clinics, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Cleft Lip; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Face; Female; Fet	1994
Pregnancy, teratogenesis, and epilepsy. Neurologic clinics, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newb	1994
Prenatal exposure to phenytoin, facial development, and a possible role for vitamin K. American journal of medical genetics, 1995, Sep-11, Volume: 58, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Chondrodysplasia Punctata; Face; Female;	1995
Hand anomalies in fetal-hydantoin syndrome: from nail/phalangeal hypoplasia to unilateral acheiria. American journal of medical genetics, 1996, Apr-24, Volume: 62, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Face; Female; Fetal Diseases; Hand Deformities, Congen	1996
Oxidative damage in chemical teratogenesis. Mutation research, 1997, Dec-12, Volume: 396, Issue:1-2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antioxidants; Benzo(a)pyrene; Biotransformati	1997
[Dysmorphisms and psychomotor retardation in infants of mothers treated with anticonvulsants in pregnancy]. Minerva pediatrica, 1979, Sep-15, Volume: 31, Issue:17 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Fetus; Humans;	1979
[On certain embryopathies induced by teratogenic agents (author's transl]. Monatsschrift fur Kinderheilkunde, 1977, Volume: 125, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Aminopterin; Busulfan; Chlorambucil; Cyclophosphamide; Ethanol; Germany	1977
Drugs and chemicals associated with intrauterine growth deficiency. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 1978, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Aminopterin; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Ethanol; Female; F	1978
Is there a genetic relationship between epilepsy and birth defects? Neurology, 1992, Volume: 42, Issue:4 Suppl 5 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Congenital Abnormalities; Dis	1992
Differences in phenytoin biotransformation and susceptibility to congenital malformations: a review. DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy, 1991, Volume: 25, Issue:9 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Biotransformation; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Disease Sus	1991
Valproic acid prenatal exposure. Association with lipomyelomeningocele. Clinical pediatrics, 1989, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cleft Palate; Female;	1989
[Problems of neurological drug therapy in pregnancy]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1989, Apr-30, Volume: 129, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Antiparkinson Agents; Carbamazepine; Chelating Agents;	1989
Efficacy and adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. Pediatric clinics of North America, 1989, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phenobarbital	1989
Current concepts. Seizure disorders and pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine, 1985, Feb-28, Volume: 312, Issue:9 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsy;	1985
[Pharmacologic problems with teratogenic drugs]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1985, Mar-15, Volume: 112, Issue:5 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anesthetics; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anticonvu	1985
[Teratogenic and mutagenic effects of anticonvulsive and psychotropic drugs (review of the literature)]. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952), 1972, Volume: 72, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressive Agent	1972
Potential environmental chemical hazards. I. Drugs. The Science of the total environment, 1972, Volume: 1, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Alkylating Agents; Analgesics; Animals; Aspirin; Carcinogens; Drug-Rela	1972
Anticonvulsants during pregnancy: a danger to the developing fetus? Clinical pediatrics, 1974, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Chromosome	1974
Anticonvulsant drugs. II. Clinical pharmacological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 1972, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cerebellum; Drug Interact	1972
Advances in toxicology. The Practitioner, 1971, Volume: 207, Issue:240 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Barbiturates; Cannabis; Diazepam; Drug	1971

Article	Year
Evaluation of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in a Jordanian army hospital. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 2005, Volume: 11, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clinical Protocols; Drug Monitor	2005
In utero antiepileptic drug exposure: fetal death and malformations. Neurology, 2006, Aug-08, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cognition; Female; Fetal Death;	2006
[Anti-epileptic agents during pregnancy. A prospective study on the course of pregnancy, malformations and child development]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1983, Feb-18, Volume: 108, Issue:7 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Anencephaly; Ant	1983
Teratological interaction between the bis-triazole antifungal agent fluconazole and the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin. Teratology, 1999, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antifungal Agents; Body Weight; Cleft Palate;	1999

phenytoin and Abnormalities, Drug-Induced

Research Excerpts

Research

Studies (286)

Authors

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

Authors	Studies
Ritchie, HE	1
Abela, D	3
Ababneh, D	2
Howe, AM	3
Farrell, E	1
Hegedus, E	1
Hegde, A	1
Kaur, A	1
Sood, A	1
Dhanorkar, M	1
Varma, HT	1
Singh, G	1
Saini, AG	1
Kumar, P	1
Tomson, T	2
Battino, D	2
Bonizzoni, E	1
Craig, J	1
Lindhout, D	4
Perucca, E	1
Sabers, A	1
Thomas, SV	1
Vajda, F	1
Karbhari Pawar, M	1
Zawar, V	1
Orup, HI	2
Deutsch, CK	1
Holmes, LB	13
Azzato, EM	1
Chen, RA	1
Wacholder, S	1
Chanock, SJ	1
Klebanoff, MA	1
Caporaso, NE	1
Chernoff, N	1
Rogers, JM	1
Yüksel, M	1
Sarıkaya, R	1
Bostanci, N	1
Ritchie, H	1
Gavin, C	1
Nilsson, MF	2
Khan, MK	1
Carlsson, K	1
Webster, WS	3
Abramov, JP	2
Wells, PG	11
Soysal, H	1
Unur, E	1
Düzler, A	1
Karaca, O	1
Ekinci, N	1
Bokhari, A	3
Coull, BA	6
Connolly, S	1
Harvey, EA	4
Winn, LM	3
Murki, S	1
Dutta, S	1
Mahesha, V	1
Keith, DA	5
Scheinfeld, N	2
Okruhlicová, L	1
Ujházy, E	2
Mach, M	2
Sotníková, R	1
Tribulová, N	1
Guller, L	1
Dubovický, M	2
Lyon, HM	1
Huang, T	1
Navarová, J	1
Soltés, L	1
Juránek, I	1
Brucknerová, I	1
Zeman, M	1
Shorvon, SD	1
Dorfman, J	1
Rosenberger, PB	1
Oakes, DA	1
Barqawi, R	1
Meador, KJ	1
Baker, GA	1
Finnell, RH	10
Kalayjian, LA	1
Liporace, JD	1
Loring, DW	1
Mawer, G	2
Pennell, PB	1
Smith, JC	1
Wolff, MC	1
Kjaer, D	1
Horvath-Puhó, E	1
Christensen, J	1
Vestergaard, M	1
Czeizel, AE	2
Sørensen, HT	1
Olsen, J	1
Puhó, EH	1
Szunyogh, M	1
Métneki, J	1
Danielsson, BR	7
Danielsson, C	1
Eadie, MJ	1
Taylor, WF	1
Myers, M	1
Taylor, WR	1
Chitayat, D	1
Keisar, N	1
Legum, C	1
Vorhees, CV	1
Chernoff, GF	4
Jones, KL	2
Koch, S	1
Göpfert-Geyer, I	1
Jäger-Roman, E	1
Jakob, S	1
Huth, H	1
Hartmann, A	1
Rating, D	1
Helge, H	1
Friis, ML	1
Iivanainen, M	2
Savolainen, H	1
Chapman, JR	1
Roberts, DW	1
Eluma, FO	1
Sucheston, ME	2
Hayes, TG	1
Paulson, RB	2
Mallow, DW	1
Herrick, MK	1
Gathman, G	1
Silver, L	1
Pearl, KN	1
Dickens, S	1
Latham, P	1
Krauss, CM	1
VanLang, Q	1
Guzmán Toledano, R	1
Coeto Anaya, H	1
Biale, Y	2
Lewenthal, H	2
Furrow, BR	1
Watkinson, WP	1
Millicovsky, G	2
Meinardi, H	2
Hansen, DK	4
Hodes, ME	1
El-Sayed, MG	1
Aly, AE	1
Kadri, M	1
Moustafa, AM	1
Paulson, GW	1
Philbert, A	1
Dam, M	1
Pai, GS	1
Skalko, RG	1
Kwasigroch, TE	1
Goldman, AS	4
Fishman, CL	1
Baker, MK	2
Gasser, DL	1
Albengres, E	1
Tillement, JP	1
Krzelj, F	1
Rumboldt, Z	1
Jurica, A	1
Besker, M	1
Poskitt, EM	1
Hensey, OJ	1
Smith, CS	1
Zenk, KE	1
Bartoshesky, LE	1
Bhan, I	1
Nagpaul, K	1
Pashayan, H	1
Wilker, R	1
Nathenson, G	1
Kousseff, BG	2
Root, ER	1
Maeda, K	1
Shimizu, H	1
Satomi, N	1
Endo, K	1
Hashiba, M	1
Shimoji, K	1
Lorente, CA	1
Tassinari, MS	2
Olanow, CW	1
Finn, AL	1
Nakane, Y	1
Johnston, MC	2
Petter, C	1
Lombard, MN	1
Ehrensperger, M	1
Johnson, RB	1
Goldsmith, LA	1
Goldner, JC	1
Frontera-Izquierdo, P	1
Cabezuelo-Huerta, G	1
Mulas, F	1
Nagy, R	1
Michalodimitrakis, M	1
Parchas, S	1
Coutselinis, A	1
McCrea, ES	1
Rao, CV	1
Diaconis, JN	1
Evans, AN	1
Brooke, OG	1
West, RJ	1
Allen, RW	1
Ogden, B	1
Bentley, FL	1
Jung, AL	1
Swaiman, KF	1
Zapadlo, M	1
Kredba, V	1
McClain, RM	1
Langhoff, L	1
Raymond, GV	1
Buehler, BA	5
Rao, V	1
Yerby, MS	1
High, KA	1
Kubow, S	2
Yu, WK	1
Martin, PJ	1
Millac, PA	1
Bick, D	1
Delimont, D	2
Kotzot, D	1
Weigl, J	1
Huk, W	1
Rott, HD	1
Liu, L	1
Lipson, AH	1
Sheffield, LJ	1
Haan, EA	1
Halliday, JL	1
Jenson, F	1
David, DJ	1
Ozolins, TR	1
Siksay, DL	1
Sabry, MA	1
Farag, TI	1
Danielson, K	1
Ten Have, TR	1
Hartzel, T	1
Bennett, GD	2
Lau, F	1
Calvin, JA	1
Diehl, SR	1
Erickson, RP	2
Yalçinkaya, C	1
Tüysüz, B	1
Somay, G	1
Cenani, A	1
Kim, PM	1
Laposa, RR	1
Nicol, CJ	1
Parman, T	1
Trousdale, RT	1
Azarbayjani, F	4
Gelineau-van Waes, J	1
Tiboni, GM	1
Iammarrone, E	1
Giampietro, F	1
Lamonaca, D	1
Bellati, U	1
Di Ilio, C	1
Grech, V	1
Vella, C	1
Canger, R	1
Canevini, MP	1
Fumarola, C	1
Guidolin, L	1
Vignoli, A	1
Mamoli, D	1
Palmieri, C	1
Molteni, F	1
Granata, T	1
Hassibi, P	1
Zamperini, P	1
Pardi, G	1
Avanzini, G	1
Gigantelli, JW	1
Braddock, SR	1
Johnson, LN	1
Danielsson, B	1
Sköld, AC	1
Ohman, I	1
Webster, W	1
Moore, SJ	2
Turnpenny, P	1
Quinn, A	1
Glover, S	1
Lloyd, DJ	1
Montgomery, T	1
Dean, JC	2
Beekhuijzen, ME	1
Verhoef, A	1
Klaassen, R	1
Rompelberg, CJ	1
Piersma, AH	1
Huntington, KB	1
Khoshbin, S	1
Hayes, AM	1
Ryan, LM	1
Glover, SJ	1
Quinn, AG	1
Barter, P	1
Hart, J	1
Turnpenny, PD	1
Hassell, TM	1
Dudley, KH	1
Hirsch, PF	1
Hutchens, LH	1
Moriarty, JD	1
Shapiro, S	2
Hartz, SC	2
Siskind, V	1
Mitchell, AA	1
Slone, D	2
Rosenberg, L	2
Monson, RR	2
Heinonen, OP	2
Visner, GH	1
Huisjes, HJ	1
Elshove, J	3
Corcoran, R	1
Rizk, MW	1
Sherman, S	1
Roizen, N	1
Livingston, S	2
Pruce, I	1
Pauli, LL	1
Gaetti, MT	1
Carotti, G	1
Vianelli, P	1
Pellegrini, L	1
Bini, PL	1
Scalseggi, V	1
Witkowski, CE	1
Majewski, F	1
Conomy, JP	1
Pinto, W	1
Gardner, LI	1
Rosenbaum, P	1
Hoyt, CS	1
Billson, FA	1
Swanson, PD	1
Strauss, RG	1
Ramsay, RE	1
Willmore, LJ	2
Spellacy, WN	2
Wilder, BJ	1
Labadarios, D	1
Hill, RM	4
Seeler, RA	1
Israel, JN	1
Royal, JE	1
Kaye, CI	1
Rao, S	1
Abulaban, M	1
Wood, BP	1
Young, LW	1
Netzloff, ML	1
Streiff, RR	1
Frias, JL	1
Rennert, OM	1
Bruni, J	1
Char, F	1
Hearty, JB	1
Dungan, WT	1
Ramilo, J	1
Harris, VJ	1
Gimes, M	1
Földes, G	1
Shepard, TH	2
Gallop, PM	1
Khera, KS	2
Hayden, M	1
Lakos, P	1
Czeizel, E	1
Janz, D	1
Bustamante, SA	1
Stumpff, LC	1
Annegers, JF	3
Hauser, WA	3
Elveback, LR	3
Anderson, VE	1
Kurland, LI	1
Prakash, P	1
Saxena, S	1
Raturi, BM	1
Yang, TS	1
Chi, CC	1
Tsai, CJ	1
Chang, MJ	1
Goodman, RM	1
Katznelson, MB	1
Hertz, M	1
Katznelson, D	1
Rotem, Y	1
Sullivan, FM	1
McElhatton, PR	1
Anderson, RC	1
Fritz, H	1
Waziri, M	1
Ionasescu, V	1
Zellweger, H	2
Hawkins, DF	1
Miller, RP	1
Becker, BA	7
Bishun, NP	1
Smith, NS	1
Williams, DC	1
Husquinet, H	1
Hirschberger, M	1
Kleinberg, F	1
Dabee, V	1
Hart, AG	1
Hurley, RM	1
Aderet, NB	1
Mackler, B	1
Grace, R	1
Tippit, DF	1
Lemire, RJ	1
Kelley, VC	1
Kurland, LT	2
McCullar, FW	1
Heggeness, L	1
Reisner, SH	1
Weitz, R	1
Korczyn, AD	1
Danielson, MK	1
Marchner, H	1
Lundin, M	1
Rundqvist, E	2
Reiland, S	2
Branham, WS	1
Sheehan, DM	1
Holson, RR	1
Kerr, BM	1
Ager, PL	1
Levy, RH	1
Durner, M	1
Greenberg, DA	1
Delgado-Escueta, AV	1
Dravet, C	1
Julian, C	1
Legras, C	1
Magaudda, A	1
Guerrini, R	1
Genton, P	1
Soulayrol, S	1
Giraud, N	1
Mesdjian, E	1
Trentin, G	1
Meijer, JW	1
Nau, H	1
Gladstone, DJ	1
Bologa, M	1
Maguire, C	1
Pastuszak, A	1
Koren, G	1
al-Shammri, S	1
Guberman, A	1
Hsu, E	1
Danielson, M	1
Van Dyke, DC	3
Berg, MJ	1
Olson, CH	1
Roberts, LG	1
Laborde, JB	1
Slikker, W	1
Collins, MD	2
Walling, KM	1
Resnick, E	1
Scott, WJ	2
Tanaka, H	1
Takeda, A	1
Izumi, M	1
Okada, H	1
Ishikawa, S	1
Rafla, NM	1
Meehan, FP	1
D'Souza, SW	1
Robertson, IG	1
Donnai, D	1
Fradkin, R	1
Rowland, JR	2
Binkerd, PE	2
Hendrickx, AG	2
Hendrie, TA	1
Squier, W	1
Hope, PL	1
Lindenbaum, RH	1
Karolyi, J	1
Liu, S	1
Killewald, L	1
van Waes, M	1
Fort, DJ	1
Bantle, JA	1
Zhu, MX	1
Carter, BS	1
Stewart, JM	1
Zubovits, JT	1
Wong, ST	1
Molinari, LM	1
Ali, S	1
Nanda, A	2
Kaur, S	2
Bhakoo, ON	1
Kapoor, MM	1
Kanwar, AJ	1
Inayoshi, K	1
Ohsaki, Y	1
Nagata, K	1
Kurisu, K	1
Abbott, LC	1
Taylor, SM	1
Piccione, E	1
Ticconi, C	1
Cennamo, M	1
Lambotte-Vandepaer, M	1
Brams, A	1
Crutzen-Fayt, MC	1
Duverger-Van Bogaert, M	1
Dumont, P	1
Léonard, A	1
Nagai, MK	1
Greco, GS	1
Singh, M	1
Shah, GL	1
Zhang, C	1
Zhou, SS	1
Pellock, JM	1
Kanwar, A	1
Bag, S	1
Behari, M	1
Ahuja, GK	1
Karmarkar, MG	1
Zengel, AE	1
Barcellona, PS	1
Barale, R	1
Campana, A	1
Zucconi, D	1
Rossi, V	1
Caranti, S	1
Shields, HE	1
Verloes, A	1
Pierquin, G	1
Lambotte, C	1
Durá, T	1
Moya, M	1
Muñoz, M	1
Juste, M	1
Castaño, C	1
Bertollini, R	1
Källen, B	1
Mastroiacovo, P	1
Robert, E	1
Wladimiroff, JW	1
Stewart, PA	1
Reuss, A	1
van Swaay, E	1
Sachs, ES	1
Kucera, P	1
Burnand, MB	1
Gaily, E	1
Granström, ML	1
Hiilesmaa, V	1
Bardy, A	1
Hodge, SE	1
Heide, F	1
Hill, LR	1
Kleiner, BC	1
Leppig, KA	1
Cann, CI	1
Muñoz, A	1
Polk, BF	1
Gupta, C	2
Katsumata, M	2
Chodirker, BN	1
Chudley, AE	1
Reed, MH	1
Persaud, TV	1
Billings, RE	2
Lum, JT	1
Davies, SM	1
Trice, JE	1
Ambler, M	1
Brown, KS	1
Evans, MI	1
Harne, LC	1
Dalessio, DJ	1
Cann, C	1
Cook, C	1
Fossati, C	1
Stumpf, DA	1
Skolnick, M	1
Lowe, CR	1
Loughnan, PM	1
Gold, H	1
Vance, JC	1
Lewin, PK	1
Mann, DE	1
Gautieri, RF	1
Marsh, L	1
Fraser, FC	1
Barry, JE	1
Danks, DM	1
Barr, M	1
Poznanski, AK	1
Schmickel, RD	1
Mercier-Parot, L	1
Tuchmann-Duplessis, H	1
Miller, RW	1
Watson, JD	1
Poswillo, D	1
Harbison, RD	5
Ho, NK	1
Loo, DS	1
Schardein, JL	1
Dresner, AJ	1
Hentz, DL	1
Petrere, JA	1
Fitzgerald, JE	1
Kurtz, SM	1
Shapiro, IuL	1
Vaĭntrub, MIa	1
Grinberg, KN	1
Zhurkov, VS	1
Fishbein, L	1
Flamm, WG	1
Kutt, H	1
Louis, S	1
Fedrick, J	1
Lunde, PK	1
Meyer, JG	1
Tuchmann Duplessis, H	1
Mercier Parot, L	1
Navarro, J	1
Loiseau, P	1
Henry, TP	1
Verniaud, WM	1
Horning, MG	1
McCulley, LB	1
Morgan, NF	1
Aase, JM	1
Cameron, JM	1
Mirkin, BL	2
Ringrose, CA	1
Super, M	1
Muller, A	1
Dunstone, M	1
Fahey, WJ	1
Pritchard, JA	1
Scott, DE	1
Whalley, PJ	1
Stenchever, MA	1
Jarvis, JA	1
van Eck, JH	1
Gibson, JE	1
Sinclair, JG	1
Abreu, BE	1
Massey, KM	1