phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Zygomatic-Fractures

This article reviews the trends in management of preadolescent facial fractures - a challenging population because of the need to consider growth, dynamic changes in dentition, and evolving fracture patterns.. Recent findings are a more thorough understanding of fracture patterns and distribution because of recent comprehensive studies isolating the preadolescent age cohort; the role of rigid internal fixation for significantly displaced fractures; and the potential applications and indications for the use of resorbable hardware for fracture fixation in the preadolescent.. As preadolescent fractures occur in a period of growth and evolving dentition in the facial skeleton, it is mandatory for the treating surgeon to have a thorough knowledge of standard and alternative treatment options to optimally manage these patients.

Topics: Child; Facial Bones; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Radiography; Skull Base; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Maxillofacial skeletal injuries account for a large proportion of emergency department visits and often result in surgical consultation. Although many of the principles of detection and repair are basic, the evolution of technology and therapeutic strategies has led to improved patient outcomes. This article aims to provide a review of the imaging aspects involved in maxillofacial trauma and to delineate its relevance to management.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Frontal Sinus; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Middle Aged; Multidetector Computed Tomography; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Fracture Fixation; Humans; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Preoperative Care; Prognosis; Radiography; Zygomatic Fractures

"Young adulthood" is a term used to define individuals falling within the 18- to 22-year-old age range. Injuries account for more than a third of emergency department visits in this population. A particular area of concern is accidents that lead to injuries of the facial bones because they can have long-term functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial impacts. As many as 30 million young adults participate in some sort of sport in the United States per year, and facial injuries from these activities are not uncommon and thus require further exploration.. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to conduct a retrospective review to explore patterns of maxillofacial fractures in young adult patients between the ages of 18 and 22 years from 2004 through 2017. The data analyzed yielded information about patient demographics, diagnoses, and associated products.. A total of 3486 emergency department visits were included in the study. The most common facial fractures were nasal fractures (64.4%), mandible fractures (12.3%), and orbital fractures (6.1%). The most common causes of fractures were sports (55.48%), fixed structures (6.39%), and stairs or steps (5.60%). The top 3 sports associated with facial fractures were basketball (25.4%), baseball (11.6%), and football (10.4%).. For young adult individuals, some sort of sporting activity is common outside of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The overwhelming majority of facial fractures in this population were caused by sports, and the authors believe this issue warrants further exploration and discussion. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 8.6 million sports- and recreation-related injuries occurred per year between 2011 and 2014. Despite ever growing research and guidelines into sports injury incidence and prevention, it is clear that sports are the cause of a large portion of maxillofacial fractures in the United States.

Topics: Accidents; Adolescent; Athletic Injuries; Emergency Service, Hospital; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Retrospective Studies; Skull Fractures; United States; Young Adult; Zygomatic Fractures

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fracture is a common type of maxillofacial fracture. In addition to facial depression and diplopia, paresthesia of the lower eyelid, malar regions, nose skin, upper lip skin, and mucous membranes occurs because of infraorbital nerve injury. This article reviewed the anatomy, diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and prognosis of ZMC fracture-related infraorbital nerve injury.. 颧上颌复合体（ZMC）骨折是颌面部最常见的骨折类型之一，除了面部凹陷、复视等临床症状外，还常常因损伤邻近的眶下神经导致患侧下睑、颧面部、鼻、上唇皮肤及黏膜的感觉异常。本文对眶下神经损伤的解剖基础、ZMC骨折中眶下神经损伤的诊断和评估、治疗及预后进行综述。.

Topics: Cheek; Humans; Male; Nose; Skin; Zygomatic Fractures

This clinical report describes the use of a mandibular repositioning splint and the subsequent prosthodontic treatment of a unilateral dislocated condyle fracture for a patient whose injury resulted in significant mandibular deviation and malocclusion. The use of a mandibular repositioning splint considerably reduced the mandibular deviation, and a stable mandibular position was maintained with the definitive prosthesis.

Topics: Crowns; Facial Asymmetry; Humans; Joint Dislocations; Male; Malocclusion; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Sinus; Middle Aged; Nose; Occlusal Splints; Palate, Hard; Zygomatic Fractures

Although not an uncommon occurrence from displaced zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, localized air emphysema tends to resolve without consequence. Nevertheless, when accentuated by nose blowing or other forms of positive pressure soon after trauma, local air emphysema can spread via fascial planes into distant sites.

Topics: Facial Bones; Fractures, Comminuted; Frontal Bone; Humans; Male; Maxillary Sinus; Mediastinal Emphysema; Middle Aged; Nasal Bone; Nose; Orbital Diseases; Orbital Fractures; Pneumopericardium; Pressure; Skull Fractures; Subcutaneous Emphysema; Zygomatic Fractures

By definition, degloving is skin and subcutaneous tissue detachment, most often affecting the limbs and extremities and occasionally the scalp. Degloving generally stems from high-energy trauma, but can also be intentional, such as in the case of planned surgical access in the anterior region of the mandible in oral-maxillofacial surgery. This paper describes an extreme case of complete traumatic maxillofacial degloving that caused partial avulsion of the soft tissues and maxilla. This is an extremely rare condition that has not previously been described in the literature, as the patient survived despite the risk of imminent death. This case report addresses the decisions made regarding the prevention of necrosis and infection that guided the emergency care and subsequent elective steps.

Topics: Adult; Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Facial Muscles; Female; Frontal Sinus; Humans; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Patient Care Planning; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Skull Fractures; Soft Tissue Injuries; Zygomatic Fractures

Injuries to the nose and perinasal region are common. Although the nasal fractures are commonly recognized and properly addressed, injuries to adjacent structures such as the orbit, medial canthus, and midface skeleton can be missed or misdiagnosed, leading to improper primary treatment and subsequent secondary deformities. In this discussion, three common injuries will be discussed, including nasomaxillary fractures, limited naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures, and severe central facial injuries with naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures. For instructional purposes, a case example of inadequate primary diagnosis and subsequent delayed or secondary management will be followed by a case example of proper initial diagnosis and proper primary management.

Topics: Adult; Bone Substitutes; Bone Transplantation; Cicatrix; Durapatite; Enophthalmos; Ethmoid Bone; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Middle Aged; Nasal Bone; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Nose Deformities, Acquired; Orbital Fractures; Postoperative Complications; Rhinoplasty; Skull Fractures; Surgical Flaps; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Zygomatic Fractures

The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the frequency, indications, and outcomes of airway management by submental intubation in maxillofacial trauma patients.. Data were collected from patients during a 10-year period (1999-2009) from clinical notes and surgical records from each patient using a standardized data collection form that was specifically developed to investigate the epidemiological features of maxillofacial trauma. Data about anesthetic management were assessed.. During the study period, 3,149 patients, victims of facial trauma, were evaluated: 2,090 patients presented facial fractures; 674 were submitted to surgery under general anesthesia. There were 449 nasal intubations, 204 oral intubations, 6 tracheotomies, and 15 submental intubations. Submental intubation permitted reduction and fixation of all the fractures without the interference of the tube during surgical procedure in all of the patients. There were no intra- or postoperative complications.. Submental intubation is a simple, safe, with low morbidity technique for operative airway management in maxillofacial trauma patients when there are fractures involving the nasal region and concomitant dental occlusion disturbances.

Topics: Adult; Airway Management; Anesthesia, General; Facial Bones; Female; Fracture Fixation; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Middle Aged; Mouth Floor; Neck; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Retrospective Studies; Safety; Skull Fractures; Tracheotomy; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Zygomatic Fractures

Pattern and aetiology of maxillofacial injuries varies from one country to another and even within the same country depending on prevailing socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors. Various studies have been carried out in various countries to study the epidemiology and demographics of the maxillofacial injuries but the studies from India are few.. Retrospective study was undertaken at Christian Medical College Ludhiana (India) from January 2006 to December 2009. Treatment records of the patients was checked and age, gender, aetiology of injury, associated injuries, maxillofacial fractures and treatment offered were recorded.. A total of 1075 fractures were recorded in 718 patients, ranging from 11 months to 85 years of age. Male:female ratio was 6.6:1. Maxillofacial injuries were most common in third decade of life. A total of 517 patients suffered injuries because of road traffic accident, 115 because of accidental fall and 67 because of interpersonal violence. A total of 184 patients had 221 associated injuries of which 56.1% head injuries, 29.0% orthopaedic injuries and 14.9% other injuries were present. Of 596 middle third fractures, 29.8% were managed conservatively; for 21.7% and 48.7% of fractures, closed reduction and open reduction were performed respectively. Of 479 mandibular fractures, 1.8% was managed conservatively; for 16.7% and 81.5% fractures, closed reduction and open reduction were performed respectively.. Better socio-economic status of people, increased vehicular movements and non-implementation of road safety norms have increased road traffic accidents. Proper education of the people who are most commonly involved in the RTA can be one of the possible ways to reduce the maxillofacial injuries.

Topics: Accidental Falls; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fracture Fixation; Humans; India; Infant; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Middle Aged; Multiple Trauma; Nose; Retrospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Violence; Young Adult; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Humans; Nose; Postoperative Complications; Pressure; Travel; Zygomatic Fractures

The aim of this study was to define if the alterations in sensory modalities could be a predictive factor in the prognostic recovery of the ION. Ten patients that had suffered facial trauma, associated with sensitivity alterations of the ION were evaluated prospectively. Touch detection thresholds (TD) were measured using Von Frey's filaments aesthesiometer. A warm/cold discrimination (W/C) was also done to the patients, on the same areas. The patients were examined in both sides of the face, using the non-traumatized side as control. The tests were done before surgery and several times postoperatively. For statistical analysis of the results, the two-sample t test was used. A significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the mean tactile recovery time between the areas without thermal sensitivity before surgery and those with normal thermal sensitivity before surgery was observed. Therefore, we propose that during the preoperative examination, the surgeon examines the thermal discrimination in order to establish prognosis and approximate recovery times.

Topics: Adult; Cheek; Cold Temperature; Eyelids; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Forecasting; Gingiva; Hot Temperature; Humans; Lip; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Orbit; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Recovery of Function; Sensation Disorders; Sensory Thresholds; Tooth; Touch; Zygomatic Fractures

We studied the records of children and adolescents admitted to our hospital with facial fractures between 1993 and 2002. During the 10-year period, 492 patients with 555 midfacial fractures were treated. Their ages ranged from 1 to 18 years, the peak incidence being between 16 and 18. Three-hundred and eighty (77%) were boys. The zygoma was the most commonly fractured bone (n = 286), and the hard palate the least commonly fractured (n = 6). Motor-vehicles were responsible for 272 (55%) of all fractures. Most fractures were treated by closed reduction, and only 139 (25%) were treated by observation. Complications, including unsatisfactory fracture repair and infection, were recorded in 18 (4%) and the overall mortality was 1% (n = 8).

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Air Bags; Child; Child, Preschool; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Multiple Trauma; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Palate; Portugal; Seat Belts; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

To determine current professional advice to patients about refraining from nose blowing and air travel following treatment of zygomatic fractures.. A postal questionnaire was sent to 261 consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS) in the UK. They were asked about advice given to patients regarding length of time to refrain from nose blowing and air travel following treatment of zygomatic fractures.. A total of 184 (71%) replies were received. Advice regarding the length of time to refrain from nose blowing and air travel ranged from no advice to 8 weeks. About 90% of respondents based their advice on common sense and traditional practice.. Advice given to the patients following the treatment of zygomatic fractures varies widely. Most consultants based their advice on traditional practice and common sense. In the absence of widely accepted guidelines, there is a need for an agreement among clinicians on advice given to the patients.

Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Humans; Hygiene; Nose; Orthopedics; Patient Education as Topic; Postoperative Complications; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Travel; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Alveolar Process; Artifacts; Cervical Vertebrae; Cranial Sutures; Diagnosis, Differential; Haversian System; Humans; Hyoid Bone; Jaw Fractures; Lip; Mandible; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Pharynx; Radiography, Panoramic; Sphenoid Bone; Tooth Fractures; Turbinates; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures

Midfacial degloving was used as an approach in 14 patients to correct post-traumatic deformities in the midface. In eight patients, deformities in the naso-orbito-ethmoid region were corrected by orbitonasal osteotomy, telecanthus correction, orbital grafting and nasal augmentation procedures. Zygomatic osteotomies were performed in five patients with orbitozygomatic deformity. In one patient, a midface fracture (Le Fort II/III) was reconstructed after midfacial degloving. By combination of transoral vestibular, intranasal and preseptal transconjunctival incisions a complete degloving of the midface up to the nasofrontal angle and the zygoma prominence was possible. All osteotomies could be completed after midfacial degloving. Additional coronal incisions were not required. Orbitonasal osteotomies for nasal lengthening as well as fixation of the medial canthal ligament by a miniplate could be performed under direct vision. There were no postoperative complications such as stenosis of the nasal aperture or disturbances of the mimic musculature. Midfacial degloving offers good exposure, specially of the central part of the midface, without leaving an external scar. It is useful for reconstructive procedures in patients after midface trauma.

Topics: Adult; Bone Plates; Ethmoid Bone; Facial Bones; Female; Humans; Male; Maxillofacial Injuries; Middle Aged; Nasal Bone; Nose; Oral Surgical Procedures; Orbit; Orbital Fractures; Osteotomy; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Collaborative care pathways (CCPs) provide a framework for multidisciplinary patient care. They provide guidelines and a mechanism for audit, and were first introduced at the Regional Unit, Walton Hospital, Liverpool, in November 1994. They have been designed for many surgical groups. Between August 1996 and 31 July 1997, 955 patients were admitted on to the nine established pathways: fractured mandible (n=213), fractured zygoma (n=117), minor oral surgery (n=244), abscess (n=18), examination under anaesthesia (n=73), nasal surgery (n=73), osteotomy (n=80), salivary (n=63), and temporomandibular joint (n=74). The purpose of this article is to report the introduction of CCP in a maxillofacial ward and give results from a one-year audit. CCP have proved to be an extremely useful tool and have several advantages over traditional documentation. They are more accurate, easily computerized, and facilitate audit. They promote the development of guidelines and standardized perioperative care, and this in turn facilitates training and raises standards of care.

Topics: Abscess; Anesthesia, General; Critical Pathways; Documentation; England; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Medical Audit; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Minor Surgical Procedures; Mouth Diseases; Nose; Oral Surgical Procedures; Osteotomy; Perioperative Care; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Salivary Glands; Surgery, Oral; Temporomandibular Joint; Zygomatic Fractures

One hundred forty-four orbital fractures treated between 1982 and 1987 were examined with special attention to the specific anatomic architecture and biomechanical aspects of the craniofacial skeleton. The following parameters were examined: lesion mechanism, the bony lesion observed at surgery, clinical signs of fracture and morphological, functional and esthetic sequellae. All operated patients had undergone an ophthalmological examination prior to surgery, with special attention on binocular vision and ocular motility. Fractures were classified into pathological groups according to the parameters studied. For each group, clinical signs and accompanying sequellae were described. Seven clinical and pathological groups of orbital fractures were described, each with its specific mechanism of trauma, bony lesions, clinical signs, sequellae and appropriate treatment.

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Athletic Injuries; Biomechanical Phenomena; Child; Child, Preschool; Esthetics; Eye Movements; Female; Frontal Bone; Humans; Joint Dislocations; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Middle Aged; Nose; Orbit; Orbital Fractures; Skull Fractures; Violence; Vision, Binocular; Zygomatic Fractures

This article reports the use of nasal septal cartilage for the repair of traumatic orbital wall defects.. Five patients with disruption of the orbital wall after facial trauma were included in this retrospective review. All of the patients underwent open reduction with internal fixation of the fractures as well as repair of the orbital wall defect with autogenous septal cartilage.. Nasal septal cartilage was used in four cases of orbital floor defect and one case of orbital roof defect. All of the cases were successfully treated by restoration of the orbital wall continuity.. Nasal septal cartilage is a readily accessible autogenous material that can be easily harvested with minimal donor site morbidity, and it should be considered when an autogenous orbital implant is needed for the repair of a traumatic orbital wall defect.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cartilage; Facial Injuries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Male; Nasal Septum; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Retrospective Studies; Transplantation, Autologous; Treatment Outcome; Zygomatic Fractures

Traumatic loss of midface soft tissue and supporting structures may result in communication between the oral and nasal cavities. Reconstruction requires both oral and nasal lining, as well as supporting structures. The need for multilaminar tissue, as well as the paucity of local tissue, creates a reconstructive challenge. This case report describes the reconstruction of a traumatic defect of the alveolus, hard palate, inferior orbits, and local soft tissues. An intraoperative alginate mold facilitated a three-dimensional understanding of the wound, and allowed translation of an osseomyocutaneous groin flap to reconstruct the defect in one stage.

Topics: Adult; Alveolar Process; Bone Transplantation; Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Fractures, Comminuted; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Models, Anatomic; Muscle, Skeletal; Nose; Orbital Fractures; Palate, Hard; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Skin Transplantation; Skull Fractures; Soft Tissue Injuries; Surgical Flaps; Zygomatic Fractures

In 1980 a survey was conducted of the methods employed by OMF surgeons in the United Kingdom on the treatment of facial injuries. In 1986 a similar questionnaire was circulated in the UK with the addition of questions about clinical management. Towards the end of 1986 at a meeting in Amsterdam, arrangements were made for similar questionnaires to be circulated in The Netherlands, the USA and later in India and Hong Kong. The results recorded were as follows: UK: 164; The Netherlands: 94; USA: 1999; India: 20; Hong Kong: 5. This survey has revealed differences in the treatment of maxillofacial injuries in the countries concerned. There were differences in the means of fixation of fractured mandibles and in the types of anaesthesia used. The Americans were more likely to use extra oral surgical approaches for their lower border wirings or platings and were liable to operate on fractured mandibular condyles. The acceptability of patients being sent from the operating room with jaws wired together is confirmed by the fact that 95% of British and American OMF surgeons do this. The British OMF surgeons are much more likely to use fixation other than IMF in middle third injuries and are likely to use extra oral cranial fixation. Both the Dutch and the Americans are not so concerned about maxillary mobility and when they do employ fixation almost always use internal skeletal fixation. The approach to the reduction of a fractured malar is markedly different. The British are mainly using the Gillies approach, whereas the Dutch use the facial hook and the Americans a lower lid or brow approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adult; Bone Plates; Facial Bones; Fracture Fixation; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Nose; Skull Fractures; United Kingdom; United States; Zygomatic Fractures

Our experience with a rapid and reliable method for the repair of selected unstable malar fractures using external pin fixation is reported. Following reduction through a Gillies temporal incision, a Kirschner wire is introduced on the contralateral side, advanced through the nasal vault and septum and the reduced malar bone is engaged. This method of immobilization can be used in isolated malar fractures or in conjunction with the repair of other facial injuries. In 38 patients where this procedure was utilized, there was low morbidity as well as excellent cosmetic and functional results. The advantages of this technique as well as a comparison with other available methods of malar fixation are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Bone Wires; Female; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Orthopedic Fixation Devices; Postoperative Complications; Radiography; Zygomatic Fractures

This study has described the UCLA experience over a 5 year period in the treatment of secondary traumatic deformities utilizing the craniofacial techniques originally proposed by Tessier. Because of scarring, absent parts, and the malposition of segments, correction of long-standing traumatic deformities remains difficult and treatment results remain less than ideal. Primary correction utilizing the principles we have described herein still provides the best functional and aesthetic results. Facial fractures can no longer be considered as an independent and unrelated entity when dealing with the traumatized patient. If primary reconstruction continues to be compromised, correction of residual disfigurement will result in unnecessary patient morbidity and disturbances of facial form and function.

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Bone Transplantation; Child; Facial Bones; Female; Forehead; Humans; Male; Mandibular Injuries; Methods; Nose; Orbit; Reoperation; Retrospective Studies; Skull Fractures; Time Factors; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Plates; Ear, External; Face; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Nose; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Prostheses and Implants; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Rhinoplasty; Surgery, Plastic; Zygomatic Fractures

Evaluation in maxillofacial trauma is primarily an extension of the art of the physical examination, with inspection, palpation, and evaluation of loss of normal function as the primary requisites. X-ray evaluation is critical, and best results are usually obtained by taking films as soon following the injury as possible, before opacification of the sinus with blood, swelling, or hematoma obscures critical bone landmarks. Primary reduction and surgical management of these fractures can usually be delayed for a reasonable period; however, the most accurate findings on both physical examination and x-ray studies are those obtained as soon as possible after the injury.

Topics: Child; Emergencies; Fractures, Bone; Frontal Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Development; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Injuries; Female; Humans; Jaw Fractures; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Nose; Tracheotomy; Zygomatic Fractures

This chapter has emphasized the relative infrequency of severe skeletal maxillofacial injuries in children. When they do occur, it is extremely important that they be approached by a team of physicians, each of whom is competent to manage the injury and complications related to his specialty. Particular attention must be given to the issues of general facial bone growth as well as future dental development. All operative procedures must be designed to avoid further injury to unerupted teeth, and the traditional methods of immobilization must be modified in order to avoid the avulsion of deciduous teeth.

Topics: Child; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Development; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Bone Transplantation; Child; Ear, External; Emergencies; Eyelids; Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Facial Nerve Injuries; Female; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nasal Bone; Nose; Orbit; Parotid Gland; Prostheses and Implants; Skull Fractures; Transplantation, Autologous; Triage; Zygomatic Fractures

A retrospective study of 122 facial fractures in 109 children, under 16 years of age, is reported. The data are analyzed in terms of fracture type, sex, age, etiology, therapy, and complications.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Facial Bones; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Mandibular Injuries; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Child; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Frontal Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Skull Fractures; Time Factors; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Arteries; Epistaxis; Ethmoid Bone; Facial Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Ligation; Male; Nasal Bone; Nose; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Airway Obstruction; Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea; Edema; Facial Injuries; Fracture Fixation; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Methods; Nose; Orbit; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Brain Injuries; Fracture Fixation; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orthopedic Fixation Devices; Tracheotomy; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Eating; Facial Bones; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; Humans; Hygiene; Malocclusion; Mandibular Fractures; Maxilla; Methods; Nose; Orthopedic Equipment; Palpation; Skull Fractures; Splints; Surgery, Plastic; Surgical Instruments; Suture Techniques; Tomography, X-Ray; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Cervical Vertebrae; Craniocerebral Trauma; Education, Medical; Education, Nursing; Fractures, Bone; Head; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Models, Structural; Neck; Neck Injuries; Neurologic Manifestations; Nose; Pupil; Teaching; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Middle Aged; Nose; Orbit; Radiography; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Ethanol; Female; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Prospective Studies; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Fractures, Cartilage; Frontal Sinus; Humans; Laryngeal Cartilages; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Temporal Bone; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Age Factors; Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Facial Injuries; Female; Frontal Bone; Humans; Jaw Fractures; Male; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Parietal Bone; Sex Factors; Sports; Tooth Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Airway Obstruction; Child; Child, Preschool; Facial Injuries; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Tracheotomy; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Airway Obstruction; Dental Occlusion; Diplopia; Female; Functional Laterality; Hemiplegia; Humans; Jaw Fractures; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Palpation; Radiography; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Craniocerebral Trauma; Facial Injuries; Glass; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Seat Belts; Suture Techniques; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Protective Devices; Recreation; Sports Medicine; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Angiography; Carotid Arteries; Cervical Vertebrae; Craniocerebral Trauma; Debridement; Facial Injuries; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Orbit; Palate; Spinal Injuries; Wounds, Gunshot; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Orbit; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Fracture Fixation; Humans; Male; Maxillary Fractures; Nose; Orbit; Paranasal Sinuses; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Adult; Athletic Injuries; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Protective Devices; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Injuries; Fracture Fixation; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Maxillofacial Injuries; Nose; Orbit; Physical Examination; Radiography; Skull Fractures; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mandibular Fractures; Maxillary Fractures; Middle Aged; Nose; Orbit; Seasons; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Sports; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Bones; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Nasal Bone; Nose; Skull Fractures; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Bones; Facial Injuries; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Jaw Fractures; Nose; Skull Fractures; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Bones; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Nose; Paranasal Sinuses; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures

Topics: Facial Bones; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Nose; Skull Fractures; Zygoma; Zygomatic Fractures