phenylephrine-hydrochloride and Weight-Loss

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent condition that covaries with cardiovascular complications and most likely with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.. The present paper is a review of the current status of OSAS.. Definitions and diagnostic criteria as well as known risk factors, prevalence, symptoms, covariance with other diseases and consequences as traffic accidents are described. OSAS is characterised by daytime sleepiness symptoms that range from mild to severe. Risk factors such as anatomical upper airway abnormalities, overweight, smoking, excessive alcohol intake and use of muscle relaxants are related to the development of sleep apnoea. Various diagnostic procedures and treatment modalities are considered. Overnight polysomnography is the reference standard for sleep apnoea recording. Treatment modalities include mechanical [continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliances], surgical, pharmacological and 'conservative' lifestyle modifications. Finally, Nordic accreditation guidelines for sleep medicine clinics and sleep medicine specialists are described.. The diagnosis of OSAS should be performed with a polygraph, and the first-line treatment of moderate to severe OSAS is CPAP. Lastly, compliance for this treatment should be optimised with regular clinical controls.

Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Nasal Obstruction; Nose; Orthodontic Appliances; Pharynx; Polysomnography; Prevalence; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss

Exposure to food odors are known to increase food intake. Olfaction declines from age 50 years.. We examined changes in the sense of smell, body weight, food preferences, and parameters of metabolic status, following the use of a specially designed nasal device.. This is a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants wore a nasal device (soft silicone insert) for 5-12 h daily (device group) or inserted 2 drops of normal saline into each nostril daily (control group). Follow-up visits occurred every 2 weeks. All participants were given a 500 kcal/day reduced diet and instructed not to change their regular physical activity. Weight, food preferences, olfactory sensitivity, and blood tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks.. Of 156 participants, 65 (42%) completed the study. Sense of smell decreased in the device group (from 6.4 ± 0.9 to 4.4 ± 1.5, on a scale of 0-7, p < 0.001), and did not change in the control group. Weight loss decreased by 6.6 ± 3.7% (p = 0.001) and by 5.7 ± 3.5% (p = 0.001) in the respective groups (between-group difference, p > 0.05). Among participants aged ≤50 years, weight loss was greater in the device than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.2% vs. 4.1 ± 2.9%, p = 0.02). Insulin level and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly reduced in the device group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), but not in the control group. Food preferences for sugar (p < 0.02), sweet beverages (p < 0.001), and artificial sweeteners (p < 0.02) were significantly reduced in the device group compared to the control group.. The use of a novel self-administrated nasal device led to reduced olfactory sensitivity, improved insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lesser preference for sweets in adults aged ≤50 years.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nose; Smell; Weight Loss; Young Adult

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Image; Female; Humans; Nose; Obesity; Personal Satisfaction; Respiration; Stress, Psychological; Students; Treatment Outcome; Universities; Waist Circumference; Weight Loss; Yoga; Young Adult

Obesity is a reversible risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Weight loss can potentially improve OSA by reducing fat around and within tissues surrounding the upper airway, but imaging studies are limited. Our aim was to study the effects of large amounts of weight loss on the upper airway and volume and fat content of multiple surrounding soft tissues.. Participants undergoing bariatric surgery were recruited. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at baseline and six-months after surgery. Volumetric analysis of the airway space, tongue, pharyngeal lateral walls, and soft palate were performed as well as calculation of intra-tissue fat content from Dixon imaging sequences.. Among 18 participants (89% women), the group experienced 27.4 ± 4.7% reduction in body weight. Velopharyngeal airway volume increased (large effect; Cohen's d [95% CI], 0.8 [0.1, 1.4]) and tongue (large effect; Cohen's d [95% CI], - 1.4 [- 2.1, - 0.7]) and pharyngeal lateral wall (Cohen's d [95% CI], - 0.7 [- 1.2, - 0.1]) volumes decreased. Intra-tissue fat decreased following weight loss in the tongue, tongue base, lateral walls, and soft palate. There was a greater effect of weight loss on intra-tissue fat than parapharyngeal fat pad volume (medium effect; Cohen's d [95% CI], - 0.5 [- 1.2, 0.1], p = 0.083).. The study showed an increase in velopharyngeal volume, reduction in tongue volume, and reduced intra-tissue fat in multiple upper airway soft tissues following weight loss in OSA. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of these anatomical changes on upper airway function and its relationship to OSA improvement.

Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Nose; Palate, Soft; Pharynx; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Weight Loss

The effects of increasing weaning age in a commercial production system on nursery and finishing performance were evaluated. A total of 1,176 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 14 and 10 replications/weaning age on the nursery and finishing phases, respectively. Treatments included weaning litters at 19, 22, 25, or 28 d of age. In the nursery, as weaning age increased, initial (5.04, 5.70, 6.52, and 7.26 kg) and final body weight (BW) (18.2, 19.8, 23.0, and 25.1 kg) increased (linear, P < 0.001). Increasing the weaning age reduced (linear, P < 0.001) the prevalence of pigs exhibiting belly nosing (27.6%, 15.0%, 6.5%, and 1.4%) during the first 3 wk. The percentage of pigs losing weight during the first week after weaning (35.1%, 28.7%, 12.4%, and 9.2%) decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as weaning age increased. Average daily gain (ADG; 295, 320, 374, 406 g/d) and average daily feed intake (493, 534, 619, 661 g/d) increased (linear, P < 0.001), while feed efficiency (G:F) (596, 599, 604, and 615) tended to increase (linear, P = 0.081) with weaning age. Removal rate (8.01%, 3.79%, 2.29%, and 1.65%) declined (linear, P = 0.001) as weaning age increased, while there was no evidence of difference (P = 0.463) in mortality rate (0.71%, 0.36%, 0.96%, 1.04%). In the finishing period, BW at 136 d post-weaning (114.9, 117.8, 124.7, and 126.5 kg) and ADG (1.02, 1.04, 1.08, and 1.07 kg/d) improved (linear, P < 0.001). There was no evidence of differences (P > 0.24) in removal (1.5%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.0%) or mortality rates (0.9%, 1.0%, 1.0%, and 1.4%) with changes in weaning age. When performance was analyzed at a common day of life (164 d of age), no effects of weaning age (P > 0.25) were found for BW (125.2, 124.4, 128.0, and 126.5 kg) and lifetime ADG (growth rate from birth to market) (754, 751, 774, and 762 g/d). The BW sold per pig weaned increased (linear, P < 0.001) with weaning age. Even though the slope indicated a linear response, the magnitude of improvement was high until 25 d, before exhibiting diminishing returns from 25 to 28 d. Thus, the study suggests that increasing the weaning age can be an effective strategy to improve the overall performance in a commercial system. Although lifetime performance was not affected by the weaning age range studied, the consistent effect in the nursery and the increment in the number of pigs reaching the market facilitated by the improvement in the removal rate in the nursery phase imply th

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Nose; Prevalence; Random Allocation; Stress, Physiological; Sucking Behavior; Swine; Weaning; Weight Loss

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes in the face of obese patients during massive weight loss using a more reliable method than two dimensional photographs or tape measures. The faces of 23 patients were recorded prior to and six months after bariatric surgery. Distances between important anatomical landmarks of the face were calculated and the volume of the neck was compared. The distance between the Tragion and Subnasale (132.7 ± 6.804 mm to 131.5 ± 6.866 mm; p = 0.0003), and the distance between Tragion and Stomion became significantly longer 136.0 ± 8.016 mm to 134.3 ± 7.698 mm; p = 0.0031), while distances between the Tragion and Pogonion (150.2 ± 8.216 mm to 148.3 ± 8.383 mm; p < 0.0001), Tragion and Menton (152.3 ± 9.037 mm to 148.9 ± 9.623 mm; p < 0.0001), and Tragion and tip of the nose (144.9 ± 7.273 mm to 144.0 ± 7.416 mm; p = 0.0023) were significantly reduced. The mean volume loss of the neck was 75.218 ± 40.197 ml. No significant correlation was found between total weight loss and cervical volume loss (r = 0.3447; p = 0.1072). The morphological changes of the face after massive weight loss vary in different areas of the face. Patients and their attending physicians must be aware of the face's morphology change after massive weight loss in an extent that does not correlate with the total weight loss of the patient.

Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Cephalometry; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Nose; Weight Loss

The effect of dose fractionation on the radiation response of mouse tongue epithelium was quantified in fractionation protocols involving 1, 3, 4, 5 and 10 fractions, separated by at least 4 h. Fractionated irradiation was given either to the whole snout by 300 kV X-rays or locally to the tongue using 25 kV X-rays. Each protocol was terminated by a final local top-up dose (25 kV X-rays) of 5 Gy. The frequency of complete local denudation within the test area was used as the quantal end point. The kinetics of repair of sublethal damage was studied by snout irradiation with four equally spaced fractions, delivered at intervals of 35, 60, 90, 480 or 540 min, again followed by a local top-up dose of 5 Gy. The linear-quadratic model gave a satisfactory fit to the data with the exception of the four fraction/30-h data, suggesting cell cycle effects in this schedule. Analysis of the results with different two-step methods and with direct analysis yielded similar results. The alpha/beta ratio was determined to be approximately 11 GY (direct analysis: 11.6 Gy with 95% confidence limits of 8.1 and 16.4 Gy) and T1/2 was found to be 46 min (35-69 min). Both these values are in the range described for other acutely responding rodent tissues.

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Epithelium; Female; Kinetics; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Nose; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Salivation; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Time Factors; Tongue; Tongue Diseases; Ulcer; Weight Loss; Wound Healing